Hard-to-heal ulcers are resource intensive due to the fact that they are difficult to treat and especially vulnerable to bacterial invasion. The bacterial culture contaminating these wounds often consist of several different bacterial organisms that originate from endogenous sources. Necrotic material in ischemic ulcers provide nutrition which support bacterial reproduction, increasing the risk of infection. Determining causative pathogen in infected ulcers proves to be difficult when culturing swab samples, however Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococci generally act as primary pathogens.     The aim of the study was to investigate if the detection rate increased for S. aureus and hemolytic streptococci when culturing swab samples from ulcers on Columbia CNA; a media selective for gram-positive bacteria. In the experimental procedure the inhibitory action of CNA upon gram-negative bacterial growth was evaluated, using simulated ulcer samples (n=6) containing bacterial quality control strains in arbitrary concentrations. Additionally, patient samples (n=51) were cultured and screened for primary pathogens to investigate differences in the detection rate for CNA and the current culture media; Blood agar, Chocolate agar, Gentian violet blood agar and CLED agar.    Results from simulated ulcer samples showed excellent inhibitory function regarding the antibiotic substances of the CNA agar. Culturing patient samples from lower leg- and pressure ulcers on CNA, provided indications of diverse circumstances yielding higher respectively lower detection rate concerning S. aureus and hemolytic streptococci. Samples containing mixed flora with gram-negative bacteria generated higher detection rate and samples containing S. aureus yielded a lower detection rate when culturing on CNA, compared with that of the routine method.

As infecções por bactérias representam um grave problema hoje e para o futuro, devido ao fato de que estes microrganismos desenvolvem mecanismos de resistência aos antibióticos ao longo do tempo de uso. A formação de biofilmes também é um fator a ser discutido no cenário atual por estar associado a muitas infecções bacterianas humanas, principalmente àquelas envolvendo dispositivos médicos aumentando assim os riscos de infecções hospitalares. O ácido ursólico (AU) é um triterpeno conhecido por suas atividades biológicas relatadas. Apresenta moderada atividade antibacteriana, porém tem demonstrado importante citotoxicidade frente a algumas linhagens celulares. Em vista disso, neste trabalho se desenvolveu uma série de novas moléculas derivadas do AU com alterações nas posições C-3 e C-28. Quatro moléculas com substituição em C-3 (derivados 2, 3, 4e 5) e uma com substituição em C-3 e C-28 (derivado 6) foram comparadas ao AU (1) quanto a atividade antibacteriana. As cepas utilizadas foram Salmonela Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus aureus. Os compostos 3 e 6 apresentaram melhor perfil inibitório de forma geral, onde 3 apresentouse bactericida para S. aureus e S. epidermidis (Gram positivas) e paraP. mirabilis (Gram negativa) apresentou-se bacteriostático. / The ursolic acid (UA) is a triterpene known for their biological activities reported. Thus, become useful techniques semi-synthesis starting from natural products extracted, for example residue industries in order to improve the pharmacological properties decreasing toxicity. The bacterial infections are a serious problem today and in the future due to the fact that these organisms develop resistance mechanisms to antibiotics over time of use. The formation of biofilms is also a factor to be discussed in the current scenario because of being responsible for a very high number of rejections and other prosthetic devices by increasing the risk of nosocomial infections. The AU has a moderate antibacterial activity reported in the literature, but showed significant cytotoxicity against some cell lines. In view of this it developed a series of new molecules derived from AU residues extracted from apples (Mallus domestica) from the juice industry by promoting the so-called green chemistry. The molecules undergo changes in C-3 and C-28. Four molecules with substitution at C-3 (derived from 2, 3, 4 and 5) and one with substitution at C-3 and C-28 (derived 6) were compared with au (1). The strains used in the tests of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration were Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 3 and 6 had better inhibitory profile in general, where three presented bactericidal to S. aureus and S. epidermidis (Gram positive) and P. mirabilis (Gram negative) appeared bacteriostatic.

As infecções por bactérias representam um grave problema hoje e para o futuro, devido ao fato de que estes microrganismos desenvolvem mecanismos de resistência aos antibióticos ao longo do tempo de uso. A formação de biofilmes também é um fator a ser discutido no cenário atual por estar associado a muitas infecções bacterianas humanas, principalmente àquelas envolvendo dispositivos médicos aumentando assim os riscos de infecções hospitalares. O ácido ursólico (AU) é um triterpeno conhecido por suas atividades biológicas relatadas. Apresenta moderada atividade antibacteriana, porém tem demonstrado importante citotoxicidade frente a algumas linhagens celulares. Em vista disso, neste trabalho se desenvolveu uma série de novas moléculas derivadas do AU com alterações nas posições C-3 e C-28. Quatro moléculas com substituição em C-3 (derivados 2, 3, 4e 5) e uma com substituição em C-3 e C-28 (derivado 6) foram comparadas ao AU (1) quanto a atividade antibacteriana. As cepas utilizadas foram Salmonela Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus aureus. Os compostos 3 e 6 apresentaram melhor perfil inibitório de forma geral, onde 3 apresentouse bactericida para S. aureus e S. epidermidis (Gram positivas) e paraP. mirabilis (Gram negativa) apresentou-se bacteriostático. / The ursolic acid (UA) is a triterpene known for their biological activities reported. Thus, become useful techniques semi-synthesis starting from natural products extracted, for example residue industries in order to improve the pharmacological properties decreasing toxicity. The bacterial infections are a serious problem today and in the future due to the fact that these organisms develop resistance mechanisms to antibiotics over time of use. The formation of biofilms is also a factor to be discussed in the current scenario because of being responsible for a very high number of rejections and other prosthetic devices by increasing the risk of nosocomial infections. The AU has a moderate antibacterial activity reported in the literature, but showed significant cytotoxicity against some cell lines. In view of this it developed a series of new molecules derived from AU residues extracted from apples (Mallus domestica) from the juice industry by promoting the so-called green chemistry. The molecules undergo changes in C-3 and C-28. Four molecules with substitution at C-3 (derived from 2, 3, 4 and 5) and one with substitution at C-3 and C-28 (derived 6) were compared with au (1). The strains used in the tests of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration were Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 3 and 6 had better inhibitory profile in general, where three presented bactericidal to S. aureus and S. epidermidis (Gram positive) and P. mirabilis (Gram negative) appeared bacteriostatic.

As infecções por bactérias representam um grave problema hoje e para o futuro, devido ao fato de que estes microrganismos desenvolvem mecanismos de resistência aos antibióticos ao longo do tempo de uso. A formação de biofilmes também é um fator a ser discutido no cenário atual por estar associado a muitas infecções bacterianas humanas, principalmente àquelas envolvendo dispositivos médicos aumentando assim os riscos de infecções hospitalares. O ácido ursólico (AU) é um triterpeno conhecido por suas atividades biológicas relatadas. Apresenta moderada atividade antibacteriana, porém tem demonstrado importante citotoxicidade frente a algumas linhagens celulares. Em vista disso, neste trabalho se desenvolveu uma série de novas moléculas derivadas do AU com alterações nas posições C-3 e C-28. Quatro moléculas com substituição em C-3 (derivados 2, 3, 4e 5) e uma com substituição em C-3 e C-28 (derivado 6) foram comparadas ao AU (1) quanto a atividade antibacteriana. As cepas utilizadas foram Salmonela Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus aureus. Os compostos 3 e 6 apresentaram melhor perfil inibitório de forma geral, onde 3 apresentouse bactericida para S. aureus e S. epidermidis (Gram positivas) e paraP. mirabilis (Gram negativa) apresentou-se bacteriostático. / The ursolic acid (UA) is a triterpene known for their biological activities reported. Thus, become useful techniques semi-synthesis starting from natural products extracted, for example residue industries in order to improve the pharmacological properties decreasing toxicity. The bacterial infections are a serious problem today and in the future due to the fact that these organisms develop resistance mechanisms to antibiotics over time of use. The formation of biofilms is also a factor to be discussed in the current scenario because of being responsible for a very high number of rejections and other prosthetic devices by increasing the risk of nosocomial infections. The AU has a moderate antibacterial activity reported in the literature, but showed significant cytotoxicity against some cell lines. In view of this it developed a series of new molecules derived from AU residues extracted from apples (Mallus domestica) from the juice industry by promoting the so-called green chemistry. The molecules undergo changes in C-3 and C-28. Four molecules with substitution at C-3 (derived from 2, 3, 4 and 5) and one with substitution at C-3 and C-28 (derived 6) were compared with au (1). The strains used in the tests of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration were Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 3 and 6 had better inhibitory profile in general, where three presented bactericidal to S. aureus and S. epidermidis (Gram positive) and P. mirabilis (Gram negative) appeared bacteriostatic.