Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa / Banca: Afonso José do Prado / Banca: José Carlos da Costa Campos / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar uma metodologia para estimar os parâmetros de linhas de transmissão. O método é baseado na teoria de decomposição modal de linhas de transmissão e é desenvolvido a partir das medições das correntes e tensões nos terminais da linha. Conforme testes realizados por Kurokawa, et al., (2006), o método de estimação de parâmetros é exato se a matriz de decomposição modal é conhecida. Desse modo, neste trabalho, o método será aplicado em uma linha de transmissão trifásica de 440 kV não transposta, em uma frequência de 60 Hz, para vários comprimentos de linhas, onde será utilizada a matriz de Clarke como sendo uma matriz de decomposição modal / Abstract: The objective of this work is to show a methodology to estimate the transmission lines parameters. The method is based the theory of modal decomposition of transmission lines and is developed from measurements of currents and voltages at the terminals of the line. According to tests realized by Kurokawa, et al. (2006), the method of parameter estimation is exact if the modal transformation matrix is known. Thus, in this work, the method will be apllied in three phase transmission line of 440 kV non transposed, in a frequency of 60 Hz, for various lengths of lines, were the matrix will be used Clarke as a modal decomposition matrix / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-05-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bueno_ss_me_ilha.pdf: 1064602 bytes, checksum: fd46f925f2d20ccedc49c80672da6280 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um modelo numérico distribuído para a simulação dos escoamentos do fluido refrigerante e do ar, no regime transiente, em evaporadores de expansão seca de serpentina com tubos aletados, comuns em sistemas de refrigeração e ar condicionado. No modelo proposto, o escoamento do fluido refrigerante no interior dos tubos é dividido em duas regiões: uma de escoamento bifásico líquido-vapor e uma de escoamento de vapor superaquecido. Considera-se a queda de pressão no interior dos tubos e a condensação do vapor d'água do ar que escoa em fluxo cruzado na parte externa dos tubos. O escoamento bifásico do fluido refrigerante é simplificado como um escoamento unidimensional, considerando o deslizamento entre as fases de líquido e de vapor. Para o escoamento do refrigerante, resolvem-se as equações de conservação da massa, da quantidade de movimento e de conservação da energia. Para o escoamento de ar, são resolvidas as equações de conservação da energia e de conservação da massa (umidade). Resolve-se, também, a equação da conservação da energia para a parede do tubo, para se obter a sua temperatura. O método de volumes finitos é utilizado na discretização das equações governantes e o método de Newton-Raphson é utilizado para a solução do sistema de equações resultante. Inicialmente, condições de regime permanente são assumidas e, posteriormente, para avaliar o comportamento transiente do evaporador, uma variação em degrau da vazão em massa de refrigerante é imposta em sua entrada. O modelo permite o cálculo da vazão de refrigerante, conhecidas as condições de operação e os parâmetros geométricos, usando-se o processo de estimativa de parâmetros, com o método de minimização de Levenberg-Marquardt. Além disso, o modelo permite a análise de algumas configurações de... . / This work presents a numerical model to simulate the unsteady refrigerant fluid flow and air flow in dry-expansion finned-tube coil evaporators, the kind widely used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. The model considers the refrigerant flow inside the tubes divided in a region of two-phase flow and a single-phase region, where the refrigerant is in the superheated state. The refrigerant pressure drop and the moisture condensation on the air flow crossing the outside of the tubes are also taking into account. The refrigerant two-phase flow is taken as one-dimensional and the slip between the liquid and vapor phases is considered. For the refrigerant flow, mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are solved in order to evaluate the specific mass, velocity, and temperature of the refrigerant fluid, respectively. For the air flow, energy and mass (humidity) conservation equations are solved, to obtain, respectively, the temperature and absolute humidity of the air crossing the evaporator. Also, the solution of energy conservation equation for the tube wall is used to determine the wall temperature distribution. Finite Volume Method is used all over to discretize the governing equations and a Newton-Raphson Scheme is utilized for the solution of the resulting system of equations. To analyze the evaporator unsteady behavior, the steady conditions are obtained initially and later a step change in the mass flow rate is imposed at the tube inlet. Obtained results such as superheating degree along the coil and air temperature at the outlet are compared to experimental data available in the open literature. From the model the refrigerant mass flow rate can be determined, from a known operating conditions and geometry parameters, using the process of parameter estimation with the method of Levenberg-Marquardt... (Complete abstract click electronic address below).

Image recovery, especially image denoising and deblurring is widely studied during the last decades. Variational models can well preserve edges of images while restoring images from noise and blur. Some variational models are non-convex. For the moment, the methods for non-convex optimization are limited. This thesis finds new non-convex optimizing method called difference of convex algorithm (DCA) for solving different variational models for various kinds of noise removal problems. For imaging system, noise appeared in images can show different kinds of distribution due to the different imaging environment and imaging technique. Here we show how to apply DCA to Rician noise removal and Cauchy noise removal. The performance of our experiments demonstrates that our proposed non-convex algorithms outperform the existed ones by better PSNR and less computation time. The progress made by our new method can improve the precision of diagnostic technique by reducing Rician noise more efficiently and can improve the synthetic aperture radar imaging precision by reducing Cauchy noise within. When applying variational models to image denoising and deblurring, a significant subject is to choose the regularization parameters. Few methods have been proposed for regularization parameter selection for the moment. The numerical algorithms of existed methods for parameter selection are either complicated or implicit. In order to find a more efficient and easier way to estimate regularization parameters, we create a new image quality sharpness metric called SQ-Index which is based on the theory of Global Phase Coherence. The new metric can be used for estimating parameters for a various of variational models, but also can estimate the noise intensity based on special models. In our experiments, we show the noise estimation performance with this new metric. Moreover, extensive experiments are made for dealing with image denoising and deblurring under different kinds of noise and blur. The numerical results show the robust performance of image restoration by applying our metric to parameter selection for different variational models.

Orientador: André Luiz Seixlack / Banca: Marco Antonio Soares de Paiva / Banca: Sérgio Said Mansur / Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um modelo numérico distribuído para a simulação dos escoamentos do fluido refrigerante e do ar, no regime transiente, em evaporadores de expansão seca de serpentina com tubos aletados, comuns em sistemas de refrigeração e ar condicionado. No modelo proposto, o escoamento do fluido refrigerante no interior dos tubos é dividido em duas regiões: uma de escoamento bifásico líquido-vapor e uma de escoamento de vapor superaquecido. Considera-se a queda de pressão no interior dos tubos e a condensação do vapor d'água do ar que escoa em fluxo cruzado na parte externa dos tubos. O escoamento bifásico do fluido refrigerante é simplificado como um escoamento unidimensional, considerando o deslizamento entre as fases de líquido e de vapor. Para o escoamento do refrigerante, resolvem-se as equações de conservação da massa, da quantidade de movimento e de conservação da energia. Para o escoamento de ar, são resolvidas as equações de conservação da energia e de conservação da massa (umidade). Resolve-se, também, a equação da conservação da energia para a parede do tubo, para se obter a sua temperatura. O método de volumes finitos é utilizado na discretização das equações governantes e o método de Newton-Raphson é utilizado para a solução do sistema de equações resultante. Inicialmente, condições de regime permanente são assumidas e, posteriormente, para avaliar o comportamento transiente do evaporador, uma variação em degrau da vazão em massa de refrigerante é imposta em sua entrada. O modelo permite o cálculo da vazão de refrigerante, conhecidas as condições de operação e os parâmetros geométricos, usando-se o processo de estimativa de parâmetros, com o método de minimização de Levenberg-Marquardt. Além disso, o modelo permite a análise de algumas configurações de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: This work presents a numerical model to simulate the unsteady refrigerant fluid flow and air flow in dry-expansion finned-tube coil evaporators, the kind widely used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. The model considers the refrigerant flow inside the tubes divided in a region of two-phase flow and a single-phase region, where the refrigerant is in the superheated state. The refrigerant pressure drop and the moisture condensation on the air flow crossing the outside of the tubes are also taking into account. The refrigerant two-phase flow is taken as one-dimensional and the slip between the liquid and vapor phases is considered. For the refrigerant flow, mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are solved in order to evaluate the specific mass, velocity, and temperature of the refrigerant fluid, respectively. For the air flow, energy and mass (humidity) conservation equations are solved, to obtain, respectively, the temperature and absolute humidity of the air crossing the evaporator. Also, the solution of energy conservation equation for the tube wall is used to determine the wall temperature distribution. Finite Volume Method is used all over to discretize the governing equations and a Newton-Raphson Scheme is utilized for the solution of the resulting system of equations. To analyze the evaporator unsteady behavior, the steady conditions are obtained initially and later a step change in the mass flow rate is imposed at the tube inlet. Obtained results such as superheating degree along the coil and air temperature at the outlet are compared to experimental data available in the open literature. From the model the refrigerant mass flow rate can be determined, from a known operating conditions and geometry parameters, using the process of parameter estimation with the method of Levenberg-Marquardt... (Complete abstract click electronic address below). / Mestre

L'objectif général du travail de cette thèse est de proposer des méthodes robustes pour permettre d’obtenir des critères sur l’évolution de la pathologie tumorale à partir d’études dynamiques. Actuellement, l’appréciation de l’efficacité d’un traitement antiangiogénique (destruction des vaisseaux alimentant la tumeur) repose principalement sur l’imagerie fonctionnelle dont l’objectif est de quantifier la microcirculation tumorale à partir d’acquisitions dynamiques de perfusion. Cependant, différentes limites concernant le suivi de la réponse précoce des lésions par imagerie existent (mauvaise maîtrise des mouvements respiratoires, pas de consensus sur les paramètres permettant de quantifier la microcirculation tumorale, estimation paramétrique faite à partir de données extrêmement bruitées et pour un grand nombre de zones - une estimation par voxel de la séquence dynamique d’images). Dans un contexte clinique extrêmement contraignant, nous avons mis en place un cadre rigoureux comprenant l’ensemble des étapes nécessaires pour une caractérisation plus fiable de la microcirculation tumorale à partir de séquences d’images acquises sous perfusion de produit de contraste : les contributions principales de cette thèse couvrent ainsi l’optimisation des paramètres de reconstruction, le développement d’une méthode de recalage adaptée à nos données, la sélection argumentée d’un modèle de perfusion et enfin le développement d’une méthode robuste d’estimation des paramètres. Ces travaux permettent d’envisager l’utilisation des modèles de perfusion pour la caractérisation et la prédiction de la réponse d’un patient à différents traitements antitumoraux. / The main objective is to propose robust methods to allow estimation of functional markers reflecting the tumor evolution from dynamic studies. Currently, in this domain, assessing of the efficiency evaluation of an anti-angiogenic therapy (destruction of vessels which feed the tumor) is mainly based on the functional imaging of the microcirculation, which the objective is to quantify the tumor microcirculation by dynamic acquisitions with injection of contrast product. However, several limitations are present (lack of control of the breathing movement, no consensus on the parameters permitting the quantification of tumor microcirculation, parameter estimation computed from noisy data and a large number of regions - one estimation by voxel or group of voxel of the dynamic image sequence). In a restrictive clinical context (noisy data, few number), we have developed a complete pipeline with a set of necessary steps to a reliable characterization of the tumor microcirculation from dynamic perfusion image sequence: the main contributions of this thesis cover the reconstruction parameters optimization, the development of a registration method, the argued selection of a perfusion model and the development of a robust method of parameter estimation. With these works, we can envision the utilization of these perfusion models to the characterization and the prediction of the therapy response of a patient

Abstract The multiple–input multiple–output (MIMO) technique, applying several transmit and receive antennas in wireless communications, has emerged as one of the most prominent technical breakthroughs of the last decade. Wideband MIMO parameter estimation and its applications to the MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO–OFDM) channel estimation and mobile positioning are studied in this thesis. Two practical MIMO channel models, i.e., correlated-receive independent-transmit channel and correlated-transmit-receive channel, and associated space-time parameter estimation algorithms are considered. Thanks to the specified structure of the proposed training signals for multiple transmit antennas, the iterative quadrature maximum likelihood (IQML) algorithm is applied to estimate the time delay and spatial signature for the correlated-receive independent-transmit MIMO channels. For the correlated-transmit-receive MIMO channels, the spatial signature matrix corresponding to a time delay can be further decomposed in such a way that the angle of arrival (AOA) and the angle of departure (AOD) can be estimated simultaneously by the 2-D unitary ESPRIT algorithm. Therefore, the combination of the IQML algorithm and the 2-D unitary ESPRIT algorithm provides a novel solution to jointly estimate the time delay, the AOA and the AOD for the correlated-transmit-receive MIMO channels. It is demonstrated from the numerical examples that the proposed algorithms can obtain good performance at a reasonable cost. Considering the correlated-receive independent-transmit MIMO channels, channel coefficient estimation for the MIMO–OFDM system is studied. Based on the parameters of the correlated-receive independent-transmit MIMO channels, the channel statistics in terms of the correlation matrix are developed. By virtue of the derived channel statistics, a joint spatial-temporal (JST) filtering based MMSE channel estimator is proposed which takes full advantage of the channel correlation properties. The mean square error (MSE) of the proposed channel estimator is analyzed, and its performance is also demonstrated by Monte Carlo computer simulations. It is shown that the proposed JST minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimator outperforms the more conventional temporal MMSE channel estimator in terms of the MSE when the signals in the receive antenna array elements are significantly correlated. The closed form bit error probability of the space-time block coded OFDM system with correlation at the receiver is also developed by taking the channel estimation errors and channel statistics, i.e., correlation at the receiver, into account. Mobile positioning in the non-line of sight (NLOS) scenarios is studied. With the knowledge of the time delay, the AOA and the AOD associated with each NLOS propagation path, a novel geometric approach is proposed to calculate the MS's position by only exploiting two NLOS paths. On top of this, the least squares and the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithms are developed to utilize multiple NLOS paths to improve the positioning accuracy. Moreover, the ML algorithm is able to estimate the scatterers' positions as well as those of the MSs. The Cramer-Rao lower bound related to the position estimation in the NLOS scenarios is derived. It is shown both analytically and through computer simulations that the proposed algorithms are able to estimate the mobile position only by employing the NLOS paths.

D.Phil. / We consider two problems relating to location-scale families of distributions. Firstly, we consider methods of parameter estimation when two samples come from the same type of distribution, but possibly differ in terms of location and spread. Although there are methods of estimation that are asymptotically efficient, our interest is in fi…nding methods which also have good small-sample properties. Secondly, we consider tests for the hypothesis that two samples come from the same location-scale family. Both these problems are addressed using methods based on empirical distribution functions and empirical characteristic functions.

The dissertation forms part of an ongoing project for the modelling and eventual control of an electric arc furnace (EAF) process. The main motivation behind such a project is the potential benefits that can result from automation of a process that has largely been operator controlled, often with results that leave sufficient room for improvement. Previous work in the project has resulted in the development of a generic model of the process. A later study concentrated on the control of the EAF where economic factors were taken into account. Simulation results from both studies clearly demonstrate the benefits that can accrue from successful implementation of process control. A major drawback to the practical implementation of the results is the lack of a model that is proven to be an accurate depiction of the specific plant where control is to be applied. Furthermore, the accuracy of any process model can only be verified against actual process data. There lies the raison d'etre for this dissertation: to take the existing model from the simulation environment to the real process. The main objective is to obtain a model that is able to mimic a selected set of process outputs. This is commonly a problem of system identification (SID): to select an appropriate model then fit the model to plant input/output data until the model response is similar to the plant under the same inputs (and initial conditions). The model fitting is carried out on an existing EAF model primarily by estimation of the model parameters for the EAF refining stage. Therefore the contribution of this dissertation is a model that is able to depict the EAF refining stage with reasonable accuracy. An important aspect of model fitting is experiment design. This deals with the selection of inputs and outputs that must be measured in order to estimate the desired parameters. This constitutes the problem of identifiability: what possibilities exist for estimating parameters using available I/O data or, what additional data is necessary to estimate desired parameters. In the dissertation an analysis is carried out to determine which parameters are estimable from available data. For parameters that are not estimable recommendations are made about additional measurements required to remedy the situation. Additional modelling is carried out to adapt the model to the particular process. This includes modelling to incorporate the oxyfuel subsystem, the bath oxygen content, water cooling and the effect of foaming on the arc efficiency. / Dissertation (MEng (Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

Time series models are used to characterise uncertainty in many real-world dynamical phenomena. A time series model typically contains a static variable, called parameter, which parametrizes the joint law of the random variables involved in the definition of the model. When a time series model is to be fitted to some sequentially observed data, it is essential to decide on the value of the parameter that describes the data best, a procedure generally called parameter estimation. This thesis comprises novel contributions to the methodology on parameter estimation in time series models. Our primary interest is online estimation, although batch estimation is also considered. The developed methods are based on batch and online versions of expectation-maximisation (EM) and gradient ascent, two widely popular algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). In the last two decades, the range of statistical models where parameter estimation can be performed has been significantly extended with the development of Monte Carlo methods. We provide contribution to the field in a similar manner, namely by combining EM and gradient ascent algorithms with sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) techniques. The time series models we investigate are widely used in statistical and engineering applications. The original work of this thesis is organised in Chapters 4 to 7. Chapter 4 contains an online EM algorithm using SMC for MLE in changepoint models, which are widely used to model heterogeneity in sequential data. In Chapter 5, we present batch and online EM algorithms using SMC for MLE in linear Gaussian multiple target tracking models. Chapter 6 contains a novel methodology for implementing MLE in a hidden Markov model having intractable probability densities for its observations. Finally, in Chapter 7 we formulate the nonnegative matrix factorisation problem as MLE in a specific hidden Markov model and propose online EM algorithms using SMC to perform MLE.

Algorithms will be domonstrated for how to embed complete bipartite graphs onto 2xn type grids, where the imimum grid cutwidth is attained.