Diencephalic development requires the transcription factors Pax6 and Barhl2 in order to proceed correctly. Both genes are necessary for the normal development of the organizer region known as the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI). The ZLI goes on to pattern the diencephalon via its secretion of the morphogen Shh, which inhibits the expression of Pax6. These findings suggest that interactions between Pax6, Barhl2 and Shh may be involved in the control of diencephalic development. This project aims to characterise these interactions and investigate their roles. The expression domains of Pax6 and Barhl2 were mapped during the early development of the mouse diencephalon. Qualitative approaches were employed to confirm the high complementarity of their expression domains and obtain evidence of a mutually repressive relationship existing between the two genes. The findings from a quantitative analysis suggested that this inhibition is incomplete within the thalamus. Investigations using the Pax6-null mutant mouse confirmed that in the absence of Pax6 the thalamic Barhl2 expression domain expands beyond the ventricular zone, the site of thalamic neurogenesis. The influence of Shh signalling on the expression of Pax6 and Barhl2 was investigated via a gain-of-function approach utilising in utero electroporation to activate the Shh pathway. This led to a downregulation of both Pax6 and Barhl2 within the thalamus. In Shh loss-of-function experiments drug treatment with the Shh antagonist vismodegib led to an upregulation of Barhl2 and the loss of the GABAergic pTh-R in the Pax6-null mutant thalamus, but not in the wild type thalamus, suggesting that Pax6 and Shh may be required to inhibit Barhl2 in order for GABAergic neurogenesis to proceed. Barhl2 expression was detected in the Shh-null mutant mouse confirming that, in contrast with their homologues in Drosophila, Shh may be expressed downstream of Barhl2. Together these findings have been used to develop a novel model of thalamic development in which Barhl2 induces ZLI development, inhibition of Barhl2 by Pax6 restricts its expansion, and secretion of Shh by the ZLI then goes on to inhibit Pax6 and Barhl2 in the pTh-R while mutual repression between Pax6 and Barhl2 modulates neurogenesis in the more caudal regions of the thalamic neuroepithelium.

Cells must employ a diversity of strategies to regulate the quantity and functionality of different proteins during development and adult homeostasis. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene transcripts by microRNAs (miRNAs) is recognized as an important mechanism by which the dosage of proteins is regulated. Despite this, the physiological relevance of direct regulation of an endogenous gene transcript by miRNAs in vivo is rarely investigated. PAX6 is a useful model gene for studying miRNA regulation directly. PAX6 is highly dosage-sensitive transcription factor that is dynamically expressed during development of the eye, nose, central nervous system, gut and endocrine pancreas, and is mutated in the haploinsufficiency disease aniridia. Several miRNAs have been implicated in regulating PAX6 in different developmental contexts. Notably, miR-7 appears to regulate Pax6 during specification of olfactory bulb interneurons in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the brain and during development of the endocrine pancreas. Here, we produced a bioinformatics tool to enable selective mutation of candidate microRNA recognition elements (MREs) for specific miRNAs while ensuring that new MREs are not inadvertently generated in the process. We then performed the first comprehensive analysis of the mouse Pax6 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) to identify MREs that may mediate miRNA regulation of Pax6 and to identify miRNAs capable of interacting with the 3’UTR of Pax6. Using Pax6 3’UTR genetic reporter assay, we confirmed that two MREs for miR-7-5 located at 3’UTR positions 517 and 655 function together to regulate PAX6. We generated mice harbouring mutations in the Pax6 3’UTR that disrupt these miR-7-5p MREs, individually or in combination, to explore the biological relevance of miRNA regulation directly. PAX6 protein abundance was elevated in double miR-7-5p MRE mutants relative to wild type and single mutants in the ventral V-SVZ. However, this increase in PAX6 was not associated with an altered dopaminergic periglomerular neuron phenotype in the olfactory bulb. Our findings suggest that, in vivo, microRNA regulation can be mediated through redundant MRE interactions. This work also reveals that directly mutating predicted MREs at the genomic level is necessary to fully characterize the specific phenotypic consequences of miRNA-target regulation. / Graduate

No description available.

Forebrain development is controlled by a set of transcription factors which are expressed in dynamic spatiotemporal patterns in the embryonic forebrain and are known to regulate complex gene networks. Pax6 is a transcription factor that regulates corticogenesis and mutations affecting Pax6 protein levels cause neurodevelopmental defects in the eyes and forebrain in both humans and mice. In previous studies, it was shown that the graded expression pattern of Pax6 protein, which is high rostro-laterally to low caudo-medially in the cerebral cortex, is critical for its control of cell cycle progression and proliferation of cortical progenitors. However the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Based on a microarray analysis carried out in our laboratory, a number of cell cycle-related candidate genes that may be affected by Pax6 have been identified. One such gene, Cell division cycle associated 7 (Cdca7) is expressed in a counter-gradient against that of Pax6. In my current study, I found that Cdca7 mRNA expression in the telencephalon is upregulated in Pax6 null (Small eye) mutants and downregulated in mice that overexpress PAX6 (PAX77) across developing time points from E12.5 to E15.5. There are several potential Pax6 binding motifs located in the genomic locus upstream of Cdca7. However, by chromatin immunoprecipitation, it is showed that none of the predicted binding sites are physically bound by Pax6. Promoter luciferase assays using fragments combining five suspected binding motifs show that Pax6 is functionally critical. Cdca7 is also identified as a Myc and E2F1 direct target and is upregulated in some tumours but its biological role is not fully understood. Current work using in utero electroporation to overexpress Cdca7 around the lateral telencephalon, where Cdca7 expression levels are normally low, tested the effects on the proliferation and differentiation of cortical progenitor cells in this region. In E12.5 mice embryos, overexpression of Cdca7 protein causes fewer intermediate progenitor cells and post-mitotic neurons to be produced but these effects were not found in E14.5 embryos. This result implies that Cdca7 may affect cell fate decision during cortical development.

Sleep health and sufficient sleep are particularly important during adolescence when important physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes occur. Given the potential role of PAX6 in pineal development and circadian regulation, adolescents with PAX6 haploinsufficiency may be more likely to experience sleep-related problems compared to adolescents without these deletions or mutations. Haploinsufficiency of PAX6 can result from WAGR syndrome, a contiguous gene deletion syndrome in which multiple genes are involved, or point mutations and microdeletions affecting only PAX6, which result in isolated aniridia. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine pineal volume, melatonin concentrations, and sleep disturbance in individuals with PAX6 haploinsufficiency, as well describe validity of self-report measures of sleep problems in adolescents. Results are presented in three papers. Although PAX6 haploinsufficiency is rare and minimal research has focused on the role of PAX6 in circadian regulation, irregular patterns of sleep-wake rhythm have been studied in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism spectrum disorders), another population with possible abnormalities in melatonin physiology. The first paper presents an integrative review to synthesize the literature regarding the sleep-related measures currently being used to assess sleep disturbance in adolescents with a neurodevelopmental disorder. The second paper reports significantly reduced pineal volume, reduced melatonin secretion, and greater parent-report of sleep disturbance in individuals with PAX6 haploinsufficiency versus controls. Paper 3 further characterizes the sleep-related-phenotype associated with an abnormality in the PAX6 gene using self-report questionnaires and actigraphy in adolescents with PAX6 haploinsufficiency, as well as performs preliminary validation studies on age-appropriate self-report tools to measure sleep in adolescents. Results demonstrate similar self-reported daytime sleepiness, sleep disturbance, and sleep-related impairment in adolescents with PAX6 haploinsufficiency compared to the healthy comparison group; however, actigraphy data documented increased time from lights off to sleep in the PAX6 haploinsufficiency group. Self-reported sleep questionnaire scores and objective actigraphy variables (e.g. total sleep time) were significantly correlated in the healthy comparison group only; however, a lack of correlation among sleep-related measures in adolescents with PAX6 haploinsufficiency suggests potential limitations in using self-reported sleep measures in this population. This study used a combination of physiological and patient-reported health measures, and although WAGR syndrome and isolated aniridia due to PAX6 insufficiency are rare disorders, describing the sleep-related phenotypes in this population contributes to knowledge of assessment and treatment of sleep disorders in general, facilitating research in additional adolescent populations.

Η πρωτεΐνη ΒΜ88 είναι νευροειδική πρωτεΐνη με ευρεία κατανομή σε κύτταρα του κεντρικού και περιφερικού νευρικού συστήματος των θηλαστικών. O βιοχημικός χαρακτηρισμός του μορίου έδειξε ότι πρόκειται για διαμεμβρανική πρωτεΐνη που εντοπίζεται κυρίως στις μεμβράνες ενδοκυττάριων οργανιδίων (μιτοχόνδρια, ενδοπλασματικό δίκτυο) ενώ το μεγαλύτερο τμήμα του μορίου της προσανατολίζεται προς το κυτταρόπλασμα. Στο ενήλικο κεντρικό νευρικό σύστημα η πρωτεΐνη ΒΜ88 εκφράζεται σε νευρώνες ενώ δεν ανιχνεύεται σε γλοιοκύτταρα. Αναπτυξιακά, η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 ανιχνεύεται κατά την έναρξη της νευρογένεσης στον εγκέφαλο του αρουραίου ενώ τα επίπεδα της έκφρασή της αυξάνονται µε την ηλικία και παραµένουν υψηλά στο ενήλικο ζώο. Λειτουργικά πειράματα in vitro υπερέκφρασης της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 συσχετίζουν την πρωτεΐνη ΒΜ88 με την έξοδο των κυττάρων από τον κυτταρικό κύκλο και την έναρξη της διαδικασίας διαφοροποίησής τους προς νευρωνικό φαινότυπο. Τα παραπάνω δεδομένα μας ώθησαν να μελετήσουμε την έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 κατά τη διαδικασία της νευρογένεσης και της διαφοροποίησης των νευρώνων in vivo, έτσι ώστε να διερευνήσουμε το ρόλο της κατά την ανάπτυξη του εγκεφάλου. Για το σκοπό αυτό επιλέξαμε ως σύστημα μελέτης τον αναπτυσσόμενο φλοιό του τελεγκεφάλου των τρωκτικών. Αρχικά χαρτογραφήθηκε η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 στο φλοιό του αναπτυσσόμενου τελεγκεφάλου κατά την εμβρυϊκή ηλικία Ε14-Ε18 και πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα διπλού ανοσοφθορισμού με αντισώματα έναντι της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 και έναντι μαρτύρων του κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού όπως είναι η κυκλίνη D1 (μάρτυρας της φάσης G2/M του κυτταρικού κύκλου) και το ανάλογο της θυμιδίνης BrdU (που ενσωματώνεται κατά τη φάση της αντιγραφής του DNA - φάση S του κυτταρικού κύκλου). Τα αποτελέσματα αυτών των πειραμάτων έδειξαν ότι η πρωτεΐνη ΒΜ88 εκφράζεται τόσο στους διαφοροποιημένους νευρώνες, όσο και σε ενεργά πολλαπλασιαζόμενα προγονικά κύτταρα του αναπτυσσόμενου φλοιού του αρουραίου και του ποντικού. Κατόπιν, διερευνήσαμε αν η πρωτεΐνη ΒΜ88 εκφράζεται κατά την περίοδο της νευρογένεσης ειδικά, σε προγονικά κύτταρα της γενεαλογίας των νευρώνων ή αν εκφράζεται και σε πρόδρομα κύτταρα της γλοιϊκής γενεαλογίας του τελεγκεφάλου. Για το σκοπό αυτό πραγματοποιήθηκαν διπλές και τριπλές ανοσοϊστοχημικές χρώσεις με αντισώματα έναντι της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 και έναντι νευρωνικών ή γλοιΐκών μαρτύρων, σε συνδυασμό με αντισώματα έναντι μαρτύρων κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι η πρωτεΐνη ΒΜ88 εκφράζεται αποκλειστικά και μόνο σε κύτταρα της νευρωνικής γενεαλογίας και όχι σε πολλαπλασιαζόμενα ή διαφοροποιημένα κύτταρα της γλοιϊκής γενεαλογίας. Τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώθηκαν από το γεγονός ότι η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 προσδιορίστηκε και σε νευροεπιθηλιακά κύτταρα του τύπου «ακτινωτής γλοίας» που σύμφωνα με την τρέχουσα αντίληψη, αποτελούν την πλειοψηφία του πληθυσμού των πρόδρομων νευρογενετικών κυττάρων του φλοιού κατά την εμβρυϊκή ηλικία Ε14-Ε18. Αργότερα μόνο, τα κύτταρα αυτά θα αποτελέσουν προδρόμους της γλοιϊκής γενεαλογίας, και συγκεκριμένα μετά τη 18η εμβρυϊκή ημέρα και κατά τις πρώτες ημέρες μετά τη γέννηση. Στη συνέχεια πραγματοποιήθηκαν συνδυαστικά πειράματα σήμανσης των πρόδρομων κυττάρων του εγκεφάλου με δύο διαφορετικούς μάρτυρες της φάσης S του κυτταρικού κύκλου, με τα οποία έγινε εφικτή η παρακολούθηση in vivo, και για το διάστημα 12 και 24 ωρών, του πολλαπλασιασμού, της μετανάστευσης και της διαφοροποίησης μιας ομάδας πρόδρομων νευρικών κυττάρων. Τα πειράματα αυτά οδήγησαν στο συμπέρασμα ότι η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 σχετίζεται με τις ασύμμετρες κυτταρικές διαιρέσεις, η εμφάνιση των οποίων σηματοδοτεί την έναρξη της νευρογένεσης στο φλοιό και την εμφάνιση των πρώτων μεταμιτωτικών νευρώνων. Έτσι, φαίνεται ότι η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 στα πρόδρομα νευρογενετικά κύτταρα προκαλεί την έξοδό τους από τον κυτταρικό κύκλο. Η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 μελετήθηκε και στον εγκέφαλο του ενήλικου αρουραίου όπου εντοπίστηκε, εκτός από τους ώριμους νευρώνες, και στα πρόδρομα κύτταρα του πρόσθιου μεταναστευτικού τόξου (RMS) όπου λαμβάνει χώρα η δευτερογενής νευρογένεση. Το αποτέλεσμα αυτό έρχεται σε συμφωνία με τις προηγούμενες παρατηρήσεις μας και συνδέουν επιπλέον την έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 με τη διαδικασία της νευρογένεσης στον ενήλικο εγκέφαλο. Τέλος, μελετήσαμε τόσο την έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 όσο και τα επίπεδα μεταγραφής του γονιδίου ΒΜ88 στον αναπτυσσόμενο εγκεφαλικό φλοιό ποντικών που φέρουν τη μετάλλαξη Small eye (ποντίκια Sey/Sey). Στα ποντίκια αυτά δεν είναι λειτουργικό το γονίδιο Pax6 που είναι υπεύθυνο για την επαγωγή της νευρογένεσης στο ραχιαίο μέρος του τελεγκεφάλου. Έτσι, ο αριθμός των νευρώνων που παράγονται στο φλοιό αυτών των μεταλλαγμένων ποντικών είναι ελαττωμένος στο μισό από αυτόν που συναντάμε στα ποντίκια φυσικού τύπου. Όπως αναμενόταν, παρατηρήθηκε ότι τόσο η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 όσο και τα επίπεδα μεταγραφής του γονιδίου ΒΜ88 είναι μειωμένα στα ποντίκια Sey/Sey. Συμπερασματικά, τα αποτελέσματα της εργασίας μας έδειξαν ότι η πρωτεΐνη ΒΜ88 χαρακτηρίζει τη γενεαλογία των νευρώνων από τα πρόδρομα εμβρυϊκά κύτταρα μέχρι τους ώριμους νευρώνες και επομένως αποτελεί ένα νέο μάρτυρα της νευρωνικής γενεαλογίας. Επιπλέον, δείξαμε ότι η πρωτεΐνη ΒΜ88 συγκεντρώνει τις απαραίτητες ιδιότητες που χαρακτηρίζουν ένα «νευρογενετικό παράγοντα». Συγκεκριμένα: α) εκφράζεται τόσο στους διαφοροποιημένους νευρώνες όσο και σε ενεργά πολλαπλασιαζόμενα κύτταρα της νευρωνικής γενεαλογίας, β) δεν εκφράζεται σε πρόδρομα κύτταρα της γλοιϊκής γενεαλογίας, γ) εκφράζεται σε πρόδρομα κύτταρα νευρώνων κατά τη διάρκεια της νευρογένεσης στο ενήλικο άτομο και τέλος δ) η έκφρασή της μειώνεται σε ζώα που φέρουν μεταλλάξεις οι οποίες έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα την εμφάνιση ελαττωματικής νευρογένεσης. Η κατανομή της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 κατά την ανάπτυξη του εγκεφάλου καθώς και ο εντοπισμός της σε βλαστικά κύτταρα του ενήλικου εγκεφάλου, η συσχέτιση της έκφρασης του μορίου με τις ασύμμετρες νευρογενετικές κυτταρικές διαιρέσεις καθώς και η χαρακτηριστική αύξηση των επιπέδων έκφρασης της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 κατά τη μετάβαση των προγονικών κυττάρων σε διαφοροποιημένους νευρώνες, όλα συνηγορούν για τη συμμετοχή του μορίου στις διαδικασίες της εξόδου από τον κυτταρικό κύκλο και τη διαφοροποίηση των νευρώνων in vivo. Οι παρατηρήσεις αυτές, όχι μόνον είναι συμβατές με προηγούμενα πειραματικά δεδομένα όσον αφορά τον προσδιορισμό του ρόλου της πρωτεΐνης σε in vitro βιολογικά συστήματα, αλλά δημιουργεί ενδιαφέρουσες προοπτικές για την αξιοποίηση της πρωτεΐνης ΒΜ88 σε θεραπευτικές προσεγγίσεις για την αντιμετώπιση νευροεκφυλιστικών ασθενειών ή/και τραυματισμών του εγκεφάλου. / BM88 is a neuron-specific protein widely expressed in the cells of the mammalian central and peripheral nervous system. Its biochemical characterization revealed that is an integral membrane protein, located at the membranes of intra-cellular organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum) with the bulk of the protein facing towards the cytoplasm. In the adult central nervous system BM88 is expressed in neurons but it is not detected in glial cells. During development, BM8 is initially expressed at the onset of neurogenesis in the rat brain, its levels rise along age and remain high in the adult. In vitro experiments of BM88 protein over-expression suggest that BM88 is implicated in cell cycle exit and the initiation of differentiation into a neuronal phenotype. These findings lead us to study the expression of BM88 during neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation in vivo in purpose to investigate its role in brain development. For this reason, we have chosen as a model of study the developing cortex of rodent telencephalon. Initially, we investigated the distribution of BM88 protein in the developing cortex. To this end, we performed double-labeling experiments in sections from the developing rat brain at embryonic days E14 and E18 using antibodies to BM88 and markers of the cell cycle such as cyclin D1 (G2/M phase marker) and BrdU, a thymidine analogue that is incorporated during DNA replication (S phase marker). The findings from these experiments revealed that BM88 protein is expressed in the differentiated neurons as well as in actively proliferating progenitor cells of the developing cortex of rat and mouse. We next sought to investigate whether BM88 is expressed during neurogenesis specifically in the progenitor cells of the neuronal lineage or in the progenitor cells of the glial lineage of the telencephalon as well. For this reason we performed double and triple-labeling experiments with antibodies to BM88 and to markers of the neuronal or glial lineages, in combination with markers of the cell cycle. We observed that BM88 protein is expressed exclusively in the neuronal progenitors and never in the proliferating or differentiated cells of the glial lineage. The above results were supported also by the fact that BM88 protein was detected in neuroepithelial “radial glial” cells that are cells recently reported to be the majority of neuronal progenitors of the cortex during the embryonic days E14-E18. These cells will turn into glial progenitors only after the embryonic day E18 and during early postnatal days. Moreover, we developed an experimental protocol that allowed us to mark the progenitor cells of the brain with two different markers of the S phase of the cell cycle. Thus, we could observe in vivo, during a period of 12 and 24 hours, the migration and differentiation of a group of neural progenitor cells. The results from this experiment lead us to the conclusion that the expression of BM8 protein is associated with the asymmetric cell divisions that mark the onset of neurogenesis in the cortex and the appearance of the first post-mitotic neurons. Thus, it appears that the expression of BM88 protein in the neuronal progenitor cells causes their exit from the cell cycle. BM88 protein expression was also detected in the adult rat brain, not only in the mature neurons but also in the precursor cells of the rostral migratory stream (RMS), where the secondary neurogenesis occurs. This result is in accordance with our previous observations and support additionally that there is a correlation between BM88 expression and the process of neurogenesis in the adult brain. Finally, we investigated the expression of BM88 protein as well as the transcriptional levels of BM88 gene in the developing cortex of Small eye mutant mice (Sey/Sey mice). These mice lack the functional Pax6 gene that is responsible for the induction of neurogenesis in the dorsal telencephalon. Thus, the number of neurons that are produced in the cortex of the mutant mice is reduced by half in comparison to that of the wild type mice. As expected we observed reducer levels of expression both of BM88 protein and BM88 transcripts in the Sey/Sey mice. To conclude, the results of our study demonstrate that BM88 protein marks the lineage of neurons, all along from the stage of embryonic precursor cells to the stage of mature neurons, and for this reason is a new marker of the neuronal lineage. Furthermore, we showed that BM88 protei has all the characteristics that can identify a molecule as a “neurogenic factor”. More specifically: a) it is expressed both in differentiated neurons and in actively proliferating cells of the neuronal lineage, b) it is absent in the precursors of the glial lineage, c) it is present in the adult neuronal precursors, and finally d its expression is reduced in mutants with neurogenic defects. The expression pattern of BM88 protein during brain development, its presence in stem cells in the adult brain, its association with the asymmetric divisions of neurons as well as the characteristic high levels of BM88 protein expression during the neuronal transition from the progenitor stage to the differentiated stage, all together coincides to the implication of BM88 in the exit from the cell cycle and in the differentiation of neurons in vivo. These observations not only agree with previous experimental data, but also create new perspectives for the use of BM88 protein in therapeutic approaches in order to control the neurodegenerative diseases or/and brain damages.

Orientadores: Maricilda Palandi de Mello, Monica Barbosa de Melo, Fernanda Caroline Soardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T10:51:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franca_EmersonSalvadordeSouza_M.pdf: 3804995 bytes, checksum: 694d80ade56340a0a1125338c03238ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O gene PAX6 é o principal gene para o controle da organização do sistema ocular durante a embriogênese. Este gene pertence a uma família de reguladores de transcrição denominada PAX, sendo que seus membros compartilham um domínio funcional de 128 aminoácidos chamado de paired domain. O PAX6 é o mais bem estudado dessa família. O gene PAX6 está localizado na banda 13 do braço curto do cormossomo11 em humanos, e apresenta 14 exons sendo que os três primeiros e parte do quarto exon não são traduzidos. A proteína do PAX6 possui dois domínios funcionais: o paired domain e o homeo domain, que são separados por um segmento de ligação denominado LNK e seguidos por uma região com importante função na ativação transcricional denominada PST. A proteína do gene PAX6 é um fator de regulação transcricional altamente conservado com funções importantes para o desenvolvimento normal dos olhos e do sistema nervoso. Alterações no gene PAX6 em humanos foram associadas ao fenótipo de aniridia, da síndrome de Morning Glory (MGS) e também de doenças associadas ao desenvolvimento ocular. A aniridia é um defeito congênito raro, a qual provoca uma formação incompleta ou a ausência da íris. Embora seus efeitos variem entre os indivíduos, pode causar perda de visão. A doença pode ser de herança autossômica dominante ou de manifestação esporádica. MGS é uma anomalia congênita do nervo óptico, comumente unilateral, podendo encontrar-se associada estrabismo, ambliopia e nistagmo. Freqüentemente essa síndrome pode encontrar-se associada a anomalias endócrinas, renais e do sistema nervoso central. Sendo assim, o projeto teve por objetivos a análise molecular do gene PAX6 através de seqüenciamento e da técnica de MLPA em pacientes com aniridia e pacientes portadores da síndrome de MGS, a fim de se detectar mutações e/ou polimorfismos que pudessem estar ligados ao quadro clínico dos indivíduos. A casuística do projeto foi de três famílias com segregação aniridia, um indivíduo esporádico com aniridia e quatro indivíduos portadores da síndrome de Morning Glory. O grupo controle consistiu de 50 indivíduos triados como não tendo alterações oftalmológicas. Foi encontrada uma mutação p.R240X no gene PAX6, que causa uma troca de uma arginina por um stop codon, segregando nos indivíduos afetados da Família 1 e assim explicando o fenótipo dos indivíduos. Essa mutação é a mais freqüente associada à aniridia, porém é a primeira vez que ela foi descrita na população brasileira. Também foram encontradas diversas alterações descritas e não descritas que necessitam de mais estudos para que possam ser associadas à manifestação do fenótipo dos indivíduos afetados. Além disso, foi observada pela técnica de MLPA, uma possível micro-deleção ou alteração nucleotídica no exon 1 do gene RCN1 encontrada nos filhos das Famílias 1 e 3 podendo estar envolvida na regulação 5' do gene PAX6. Outra possível micro-deleção ou alteração nucleotídica foi também observada no exon 9 do gene ELP4, que pode estar associada a regulação 3' do gene PAX6. Esse estudo demonstrou que para a etiologia de aniridia e síndrome Morning Glory devem existir outros genes cuja expressão possa estar alterada durante o desenvolvimento. / Abstract: PAX6 gene is the major gene in the control of eye organization during development. It belongs to a family of transcription regulators called PAX, formed by several members which share a 128 aminoacid functional domain called paired domain. PAX6 is best studied within this family. In humans, it is located on chromosome 11p13 and is formed by 14 exons; the first three and part of the fourth are not translated. PAX6 protein comprises two functional domains: the paired domain and the homeo domain which are separated by a linker called LNK and followed by an important region with trancriptional activity called PST. The PAX6 protein is a highly conserved transcriptional regulator factor that is important for normal ocular and neural development. Mutations on human PAX6 gene were associated to aniridia, Morning Glory Syndrome and other ocular diseases. Aniridia is rare birth defect which leads to an incomplete formation or the absence of the iris. Although their effects vary between individual, aniridia can cause loss of vision. The disease may be autosomal dominant or sporadic event. The Morning Glory Syndrome (MGS) is a congenital optic disk dysplasia, generally unilateral, which can be associated with strabismus, amblyopia and nystagmus. This syndrome may be often associated with endocrine, renal and central nervous system abnormalities. Thus the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the molecular composition of PAX6 gene using direct sequencing and MLPA technique in patients with Aniridia and Morning Glory Syndrome, to detect mutations and/or polymorphisms associated with the patient's phenotypes. Were included in the study 1 family with segregation of aniridia, 1 family with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome, 1 sporadic individual with aniridia and 4 individuals carrying MGS. The control group comprised 50 individuals considered ophthalmologically normal. The nonsense mutation p.R240X was found in the PAX6 gene, segregating with the affected members in family 1, what explains their phenotypes. This mutation is one of the most frequent nonsense mutations associated with the aniridia, however this is the first report on a PAX6 gene mutation familial case of aniridia in Brazil. Several described and non-described nucleotide variations were found, but additional studies are required to correlate them to the phenotype of affected individuals. Furthermore, the MLPA technique showed possible micro-deletions or mutations in exon 1 of RCN1 gene, located 5' to PAX6. This result was observed in both male children of families 1 and 3. Other possible micro-deletion or mutation was observed in exon 9 of ELP4 gene, which can be associated to 3' regulation of PAX6 gene. This study demonstrated that the involvement of other gene whose expressions may be altered during the development cannot be excluded for the etiology of aniridia and Morning Glory Syndrome. / Mestrado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

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