Mae’r traethawd hwn yn ymchwilio i sut y gall technoleg cyfieithu, sef Cyfieithu Awtomatig a Chofion Cyfieithu, fod o fudd i’r cyfieithydd proffesiynol mewn perthynas ag ymdrech wybyddol, cynhyrchu testun a chynhyrchedd, a sut y gall fod o gymorth o’r herwydd i’r gwaith o greu Cymru ddwyieithog. Ystyrir hefyd yr effaith a gaiff y defnydd o’r technolegau hyn ar ansawdd terfynol y cyfieithiadau, yn ôl cyfieithwyr profiadol a darpar ddefnyddwyr y cyfieithiadau hyn. Defnyddir dulliau ymchwil cofnodi trawiadau bysell a thracio llygaid, ynghyd â theclynnau ymchwil sefydliad Translation Automation Users Society (TAUS), sef dulliau nad ydynt wedi eu defnyddio hyd yma wrth ymchwilio i gyfieithu proffesiynol Cymraeg. Mae’r defnydd o dracio llygaid wrth ymchwilio i ansawdd cymharol hefyd yn wreiddiol yn rhyngwladol, a’r astudiaeth hon yw’r gyntaf i ddefnyddio’r dechnoleg hon i ymchwilio i effaith testunau a ôl-olygwyd ar y darllenydd. Hon yw’r astudiaeth gyntaf o’i bath hefyd i ymchwilio i fuddion ymarferol defnyddio technoleg cyfieithu i’r cyfieithydd proffesiynol Cymraeg y tu fewn i fframwaith rhagdybiaethol-diddwythol, gan ddefnyddio ystadegaeth gasgliadol berthnasol. Dengys y canlyniadau fod modd i’r defnydd o dechnoleg cyfieithu hwyluso gwaith y cyfieithydd yn wybyddol, lleihau’r gwaith wrth gynhyrchu testun ynghyd â chynyddu cynhyrchedd cyfieithwyr. Darganfuwyd hefyd nad yw’r defnydd o dechnoleg cyfieithu yn effeithio’n negyddol ar ansawdd cyfieithiadau terfynol, a hynny yn ôl cyfieithwyr proffesiynol profiadol a’r gymuned Gymraeg sy’n darllen gwaith cyfieithwyr. Y traethawd hwn yw’r cyntaf i ddadlau hyn ar gyfer y Gymraeg. Mae’r ymchwil a gyflwynir yma felly yn gyfraniad sylweddol i Astudiaethau Cyfieithu o safbwynt y Gymraeg, gan mai hwn yw’r traethawd cyntaf i ddadansoddi defnyddioldeb Cof Cyfieithu a Chyfieithu Awtomatig ar gyfer cyfieithwyr y Gymraeg mewn un astudiaeth sylweddol. Ar adeg pan fydd cyfieithu i’r Gymraeg yn tyfu (cf. Pennod 2), cyfraniad gwreiddiol y traethawd hwn yw dangos, trwy arbrofion rheoledig, fod Cyfieithu Awtomatig a Chof Cyfieithu yn medru bod yn arfau gwirioneddol bwerus i gyfieithwyr proffesiynol y Gymraeg.

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Ymdrinia’r traethawd hwn â dwy wedd ar gynllunio ieithyddol i adfywio’r Gymraeg yng Nghymru heddiw, a’r berthynas rhyngddynt. Y wedd gyntaf yw Hyfforddiant Ymwybyddiaeth am y Gymraeg i staff sefydliadau cyhoeddus wedi Deddf yr Iaith Gymraeg 1993, ac yn neilltuol, esblygiad ffurf feirniadol arno. Y wedd arall yw’r model cynllunio ieithyddol cynhwysol a arddelir gan Lywodraeth Cymru ers 2003, model a bennai i’r gymdeithas sifil rôl bartneriaethol allweddol yn y prosiect adfywio ieithyddol. Olrheinir yn gyntaf ddatblygiad y mudiad ymwybyddiaeth iaith ym maes addysgeg dysgu iaith yn Lloegr yn negawdau olaf yr 20fed ganrif, ac esblygiad ei bersbectifau beirniadol. Olrheinir wedyn ddatblygiad Hyfforddiant Ymwybyddiaeth Iaith yng Nghymru, nid ym maes addysgeg iaith, ond fel ymyriad eilaidd gan gyrff is-lywodraethol i esbonio i’w staff y gofynion statudol newydd iddynt drin y Gymraeg a’r Saesneg yn gyfartal wrth ddarparu gwasanaethau cyhoeddus. Gofynnai hyn am gryn newid arferion, wedi tros 450 mlynedd o eithrio’r Gymraeg o beuoedd swyddogol. Esblygodd cyfeiriadedd beirniadol ar yr hyfforddiant i gyflwyno’r cyd-destun ehangach i hyfforddeion, sef ffurf a amlyga natur ideolegol polisïau ieithyddol. Ar sail tystiolaeth wreiddiol ac eilaidd, gan gynnwys arolwg ansoddol a meintiol o hyfforddeion, dadleuir ei fod yn borth mynediad pwysig i ddinasyddion i wybodaeth a disgwrs prin am y Gymraeg. O droi at fodel cynllunio ieithyddol y Llywodraeth, olrheinir rhethreg gynhwysol testunau polisi, a chymherir y rhethreg â’r cynhyrchion polisi a gafwyd. Cyflwynir tystiolaeth mai prin fu’r ymyriadau cynhwysol, ac y methodd y prif asiantau cynllunio ieithyddol ag adnabod potensial Hyfforddiant Ymwybyddiaeth Feirniadol fel porth mynediad arwyddocaol i ddisgwrs cynhwysol. Argymhellir y dylid cynnwys yr hyfforddiant yn yr amrediad o brif ymyriadau a ystyrir gan Lywodraeth Cymru i weithredu’r model cynhwysol, a’i brif-ffrydio mewn sawl pau gymdeithasol er cynyddu mynediad dinasyddion at wybodaeth a disgwrs ieithyddol, gan fraenaru’r tir ar gyfer ‘newid ymddygiad ieithyddol’.

This thesis examines representations of Welsh masculinity in six South Wales anglophone novels: Gwyn Jones’s ‘Times Like These’ (1936), Lewis Jones’s ‘Cwmardy’ (1937), Menna Gallie’s ‘Strike for a Kingdom’ (1959), Ron Berry’s ‘So Long, Hector Bebb’ (1970), Roger Granelli’s ‘Dark Edge’ (1997), and Kit Habianic’s ‘Until Our Blood is Dry’ (2014). Understanding masculinity as a cultural construct, the following chapters analyse the interconnection between the patriarchal, industrialised social context from which such masculinities emerge, as well as the generic forms through which they are fictionally inscribed in these novels. This thesis applies a broad range of literary and gender theories to close readings of Welsh industrial fiction. Specifically, it draws extensively on R. W. Connell’s formulation of hegemonic masculinity, supplemented by the prominent work of Judith Butler, Michael Kimmel and others. Pierre Macherey and Raymond Williams inform much of the understanding of the interrelationship of culture and society. And the work of Stephen Knight, Katie Gramich and Dai Smith, among many others, has been vital to this study’s understanding of the broad field of Welsh fiction in English. Chapter One adapts Raymond Williams’s tripartite schema of ‘dominant’, ‘residual’ and ‘emergent’ energies in social process to read masculinities in ‘Times Like These’ as studies inflected through a historicised perspective. Focusing on the construction of the individual rather the politicising of the community in ‘Cwmardy’, Chapter Two examines how the coercive paradigms of patriarchal masculinity in the novel fragment both the debilitatingly sensitive Len Roberts and his physically robust, though emotionally suppressed father, Jim. Chapter Three examines how Menna Gallie’s whodunnit ‘Strike for a Kingdom’ manipulates a traditionally patriarchal sub-genre to feminise and infantilise Welsh miners, thereby challenging both the gendering and genre of earlier male-authored industrial novels. Chapter Four diverges from considering masculinity as a cultural construct to argue that in Ron Berry’s paean to ‘authentic’ masculinity, ‘So Long, Hector Bebb’, Hector is an intertextualised amalgam of heroic, mythical characteristics whose lineage extends back to antiquity. The final chapter analyses how, in ‘Dark Edge’ and ‘Until Our Blood is Dry’, the 1984-85 miners’ strike subjects Welsh masculinities to fundamental challenges of self identity when confronted by a radical government and a politically engaged feminism. Although the critical field devoted to studying masculine representations in the Valleys is expanding, it remains relatively small. With the passing of the mining industry and its associated signifiers like boxing, a whole tranche of Welsh literary history is threatened with elision from public consciousness, or incorporation into a mythical retrospective of stabilised masculinity predicated on unassailable patriarchal hegemony. As becomes apparent in the following chapters, a gendered reading of the texts exposes ‘masculinity’ as an elusive concept, as capable of incarcerating men in a patriarchal code of practice as of liberating them.

Statistics show that the world wide web is dominated by a few widely spoken languages. However, in quieter corners of the web, clusters of minority language speakers can be found interacting and sharing content. This study is the first to compare three such clusters of Irish language social media users. Social network analysis of the most active public sites of interaction through Irish – the Irish language blogosphere, the Irish language Twittersphere and a popular Irish language Facebook group – reveals unique networks of individuals communicating through Irish in unique and innovative ways. Firstly, it describes the members and their activity, and the size and structure of the networks they share. Then through focused discourse analysis of the core prolific users in each network it describes how the language has been adapted to computer-mediated communication. This study found that the largest networks of Irish speakers comprised between 150-300 regular participants each. Most members were adults, male, and lived in towns and cities outside of the language’s traditional heartland. Moreover, each group shared one common trait: though scattered geographically, through regular online interaction between core members they behave like communities. They were found to have shared histories, norms and customs, and self-awareness that their groups were unique. Furthermore, core users had adapted the language in new and innovative ways through their online discourse. This study is the first comprehensive audit of who is using the Irish language socially on the web, where they are forming networks online, and how they are adapting the language to online discourse. It makes a unique contribution in re-imagining what constitutes an Irish language community in the context of the Network Society. In the process, it contributes to the growing body of sociolinguistic research into globalisation and local identity on the web.

Mae’r traethawd hwn yn archwilio’r portread o amlddiwylliannedd yn ne Cymru a geir mewn ffuglen Gymraeg a Saesneg er 1990. Trwy ddefnyddio cysyniad theoretig yr ‘arall’ a damcaniaethau ôl-drefedigaethol cysylltiedig, mae’r astudiaeth hon yn ceisio osgoi pegynu rhwng cymunedau Cymraeg a Saesneg eu hiaith Cymru, fel y mae astudiaethau eraill ar amlddiwylliannedd Cymreig wedi’i wneud. Eir ati, yn hytrach, i drafod sut y mae’n bosib i gymeriadau o unrhyw gefndir ethnig, hiliol, crefyddol neu ieithyddol brofi aralledd oherwydd safbwyntiau goddrychol gwahanol, ac oherwydd y cyfuniad o wahanol elfennau sy’n creu hunaniaeth yr unigolyn. Trwy ystyried yr hybridedd hwn a berthyn i’r cymeriadau a’r nofelau fel ei gilydd, cynigir ffordd newydd o feddwl am amlddiwylliannedd yng Nghymru. Gesyd fframwaith theoretig trwy olrhain datblygiad cysyniadau aralledd a hybridedd yng ngwaith Hegel, de Beauvoir, Fanon, Said a Bhabha, gan fanylu ar berthnasedd eu damcaniaethau i ddadleuon am amlddiwylliannedd yng Nghymru. Ceir wedyn bedair pennod o ddadansoddi testunol. Mae’r cyntaf yn tynnu ar waith Bakhtin i drafod sut y mae awduron yn defnyddio nofelau hybrid, aml-leisiol fel gofod hybrid lle y gall cymeriadau archwilio’u haralledd. Defnyddia’r ail bennod ddamcaniaethau Bhabha am yr ystrydeb drefedigaethol a phegynau deuaidd i ystyried sut y mae aralledd a hybridedd cymeriadau’r nofelau yn herio delweddau ystrydebol a phegynol o Gymreictod. Mae’r drydedd bennod yn troi at ystrydebau am y siaradwyr Cymraeg a Saesneg a thrafodir sut y mae’r cymeriadau yn defnyddio lleoliad y dafarn er mwyn eu herio. Ystyria’r bedwaredd pennod effaith mudo a mewnfudo ar aralledd y mudwyr yng ngoleuni theorïau Said am alltudiaeth. Daw’r traethawd i gasgliad ar berthynas y portread llenyddol hwn ag amlddiwylliannedd yn y byd go iawn, gan awgrymu bod darllen testunau Cymraeg a Saesneg ochr yn ochr â’i gilydd yn gallu’n annog i ddatblygu’n genedl fwy cynhwysol.

This thesis traces the relation between Anglophone Welsh fiction and politics, in light of the campaign for, and introduction, of devolution. Focusing primarily on the period 1970 – 2011, the thesis analyses a range of novels, short stories and journal articles produced in this period. The Introduction begins with an analysis of the history of devolution in Wales and considers theories of nationalism proposed by theorists including Benedict Anderson and Raymond Williams, both of whom suggest that heightened awareness of a wider national community is integral to the development of a cohesive nationalist impulse. Chapter I commences with an analysis of the relation between literature and politics in the years prior to the 1979 referendum on Welsh devolution. Taking as its starting point Fredric Jameson’s theory of political allegory in literature, this chapter considers the way in which the presentation of politics in Anglophone Welsh fiction becomes gradually more overt by the close of the 1970s. Chapter II examines the way in which Anglophone Welsh fiction writers responded to the outcome of the 1979 referendum, alongside other political events of the 1980s such as the Falklands War and widespread industrial decline. Chapter III charts the development of the relation between fiction and politics in 1990s Wales, suggesting that the years preceding the 1997 referendum on devolution witnessed a more overt engagement between Anglophone Welsh fiction and politics than had been evident in the 1970s. The final chapter argues that in the wake of devolution fiction from Wales has responded by presenting an increasingly diverse and multi-faceted image of Wales, characterised by a more overt engagement with politics and nationalism. The Conclusion considers how the changes outlined in this thesis relate to wider cultural developments in Wales and suggests how this research may be expanded to incorporate broader areas of the arts in Wales.

Kilroy F****n Jones is a PhD thesis of two parts: a novel, and an evaluative critical commentary based around elements explored in Kilroy F****n Jones. The novel itself is about a young man still grieving for what he sees as his abandonment by both parents. Denied a stable family home, he has set out on a path of hedonism and reactionary thinking which can only inevitably lead to tragedy. The critical commentary, consisting of five chapters, explores the themes of identity, masculinity, the underclass, the Welsh novel, and the two primary dialects of south east Wales: Cardiff English and Wenglish. These chapters demonstrate the critical decisions I made during the creative process, which in turn substantiate the significance of such elements as Kilroy's point of view and character. Taken as a whole, they explain the Welsh - and indeed Cymraeg - nature of the story itself.

The emphasis of this PhD is in the field of original/contemporary musical composition and I have submitted a portfolio of original compositions (volume 1/2, comprising of music scores of both acoustic and electroacoustic music compositions [totalling c. 114:30 minutes of music] as well as written material relating to notation and artistic motivation), along with an academic commentary (volume 2/2 [totalling c. 19,500 words], which places the original compositional work in the portfolio in its academic context). The composition works in first volume are varied and broad ranging in scope. In terms of pitch organisation, the majority of works adopt some form of modality or polymodality, whilst certain works also incorporate post-tonal chromaticism and serialism into their syntax. Certain key works also explore extended timbre and colouration (in particular for bowed strings, voices, flute and electronics) and adopt the use of timbral modifications, harmonics, microtones, multiphonics, sprechgesang (i.e. ‘speech-song’), phonetics and the incorporation of electroacoustic sampling, sound synthesis and processing. The academic commentary in the second volume sets out several initial theoretical pitch organisation models (namely relating to modes, polymodes, rows, serial techniques and intervallic cells), with a particular emphasis placed on the formation of a melodic/harmonic language which is fundamentally polymodal, polychordal and polyharmonic. The commentary then takes a closer look at various works within the portfolio which adopt modal, polymodal and chromatic forms of pitch-organisation (whilst intermittently discussing wider musical parameters, such as rhythm, counterpoint, timbre, structure etc.). Separate chapters also discuss a work for flute and electronics and a lengthy work for string quartet (inspired by urban dystopian film) in greater depth. The commentary also discusses my style of writing, placing individual works within the portfolio in their academic context alongside key influences as well as contextualising non-musical aesthetics and sources of artistic inspiration relating to my work.

Term i ddisgrifio'r ffenomen o gyfuno dwy iaith mewn un datganiad yw 'cyfnewid cod'. Mae defnyddio geiriau ac ymadroddion Saesneg yn nodwedd gyffredin o Gymraeg llafar, anffurfiol nifer o siaradwyr. Nid yw'r ffenomen hon yn unigryw i'r Gymraeg; yn rhyngwladol, ceir cymdeithasau sy'n defnyddio cyfnewid cod, gan gynnwys Canada ffrancoffon. Yn ogystal â bod yn nodwedd o iaith lafar, mae'n nodwedd hefyd mewn rhai testunau llenyddol. Bwriad y traethawd hwn yw astudio rhai o'r testunau hyn, gan archwilio patrymau o gyfnewid cod a'u cymharu â damcaniaethau ysgolheigion eraill. Datblygwyd methodoleg wreiddiol i ddadansoddi'r testunau'n ieithyddol gan dynnu ar fethodoleg ysgolheigion megis Callahan (2004) a Montes-Alcalá (2013b; 2015). Yn ogystal â thrafodaeth ieithyddol, dadansoddir y testunau yng ngoleuni damcaniaethau ôl-drefedigaethedd ac ôl-foderniaeth, gan bontio maes ieithyddiaeth a theori lenyddol er mwyn archwilio pa fath o destunau sy'n defnyddio cyfnewid cod ac i ba bwrpas. Rhennir y traethawd yn bedair prif adran. Mae'r bennod gyntaf yn cynnig arolwg o'r maes ac yn trafod gwaith ysgolheigion sy'n astudio cyfnewid cod, yn ogystal â darparu cyd-destun hanesyddol a chymdeithasol ar gyfer Cymru a Chanada. Mae'r ail bennod yn trafod methodoleg yr ymchwil presennol, yn arbennig y fethodoleg a ddefnyddir i ddadansoddi'r testunau. Yna, symudir i drafod canlyniadau'r gwaith codio (penodau 3-8), cyn trafod y corpws yn ei gyfanrwydd (pennod 9). Yn y bennod olaf, ehangir y drafodaeth gan ddadansoddi'r testunau fel llenyddiaeth yn hytrach na'u trin fel corpws ieithyddol. Bwriad y traethawd hwn yw deall elfennau o Gymru a Chanada'n well - eu hieithoedd, eu llenyddiaeth a'u cymdeithasau - drwy drafod y defnydd o gyfnewid cod mewn sampl o'u llenyddiaeth greadigol. Defnyddir methodoleg wreiddiol, sy'n defnyddio elfennau rhyngddisgyblaethol blaengar, gan gyfrannu at faes cyfnewid cod llenyddol a datblygu ar y modelau sy'n bodoli eisoes. Gobeithir y bydd yr astudiaeth yn cyfrannu at y drafodaeth ryngwladol wrth gymharu cyfnewid cod mewn llenyddiaeth o ddwy gymdeithas a chanddynt ieithoedd lleiafrifol.