En raison du risque de perturbation des fonctions exécutives (FE), les recommandations médicales préconisent un suivi systématique du développement neuropsychologique des enfants atteints de phénylcétonurie, diagnostiqués et traités précocement (PCU-TP). En revanche, des divergences existent quant aux modalités pratiques d’évaluation. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’interroger la pertinence de différents outils d’évaluation des FE en regard de la compréhension du phénotype neuropsychologique de ces enfants. Il s’agit d’apporter des préconisations d'évaluation puis de les confronter aux recommandations actuellement en vigueur. Dans ce contexte, 31 enfants PCU-TP ont été évalués à l’aide de tâches exécutives basées sur la performance et d’un questionnaire évaluant les comportements exécutifs à la maison et à l'école. Les résultats confirment la présence de difficultés exécutives par rapport à des enfants contrôles. Les difficultés décrites par l'entourage semblent majorées en regard des troubles observés aux tâches, suggérant que ces deux types d’outil évaluent des aspects exécutifs différents. Ce travail incite à préconiser l’utilisation d’outils variés et complémentaires et justifie la pertinence d’une évaluation plurielle et exhaustive des différentes composantes exécutives.Reste le problème majeur des outils actuellement disponibles. Dans cette perspective, la dynamique pluridisciplinaire associant cliniciens et universitaires est à encourager afin de proposer des outils fiables, permettant une évaluation puis une prise en charge au plus près des difficultés des patients. / Due to the risk of the impairment of Executive functions (EF), medical recommendations advocate asystematic follow up of the neuropsychological development for children with early and continuously treated phenylketonuria (ECT-PKU). However, there are discrepancies in the practical modalities of evaluation.This thesis is looking to question the relevance of the different evaluation tools for the EF with regards to the understanding of these children’s neuropsychological phenotype. It is about bringing evaluation recommendations and comparing them with the current guidelines. In this context, thirty one children with ECTPKU have been evaluated with executive tasks based on performance, and with a questionnaire assessing everyday executive functioning at home and at school.The results confirm some executive difficulties compared to control children. The difficulties described by the parents and teachers seem to be increased in relation to the disorders observed during the tasks. This suggests that these two types of tools evaluate different executive aspects. This work recommends the use of varied and complementary tools and it justifies the relevance of a plural and exhaustive evaluation of the different executive components. The major issue of the tools currently available remains. In this perspective, the pluridisciplinary dynamic associating clinicians and scholars is to be encouraged in order to offer reliable tools and thus allowing an evaluation, and a care and support, that are closer and more appropriate to the patient's difficulties.

The work deals with communication options, the power line and particularly the use of this technology in home automation to control heating and reduction in standby mode for selected domestic appliances. The issue is outlined in detail first and then examined in detail. The publication outlines a possible variant of such a device that can detect movement in the house and on the basis of such information to adjust the energy profile. The device is from its base designed to minimize the consumption of heat and electricity.

Nitrogen is an essential plant nutrient in the biosphere. Although N is necessary and beneficial for life, it is also a common pollutant in the atmosphere and hydrosphere as it may be lost to the atmosphere as ammonia (NH3) or nitrous oxide (N2O) gases or to groundwater as nitrate (NO3-) following fertilization. Polymer coated urea (PCU) is one type of N fertilizer which uses temperature-controlled diffusion to control N release to better match plant demand and mitigate environmental losses of N. The objectives of this project were to simultaneously compare the effects of PCU on gaseous (as N2O and NH3) and aqueous (as NO3-) N losses to the environment as compared to uncoated urea in grass systems over the entire PCU N-release period and to investigate the viability of photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy as a method to ascertain N2O and NH3 losses following fertilization. Two field studies were conducted on established turfgrass sites with a mixture of Kentucky bluegrass (KBG; Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne L.) in sand (Site 1) and loam (Site 2) soils. Each study compared an untreated control to 200 kg N ha-1 applied as either uncoated urea or PCU (Duration 45 CR®). In these studies PCU reduced NH3 emissions by 41-49% and N2O emissions by 16-54%, while improving growth and verdure. Leachate NO3- observations were inconclusive at each site. Glasshouse studies were conducted to compare N2O and NH3 emissions from PCU and uncoated urea to an untreated control utilizing a non-static, non-flow-through chamber in conjunction with photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy (PAIRS) for gas collection and analysis. Three short-term studies (17-21 d) were done with sand, sandy loam, and loam soils and a full-term (45 d) study with the loam soil. Each study was done in maize (Zea mays L.). Volatilization of ammonia was reduced by 72% and 22% in the sandy loam and loam soils, respectively, in 2008-2009 and by 14% in the loam in 2010. Evolution of N2O was reduced by 42% and 63% in the sandy loam and loam soils in 2008-2009 and by 99% in the loam in 2010. Overall, PCU decreased gaseous losses of N following fertilization while providing a steady supply of N to the plant. The utilization of PAIRS is a viable analysis method which gives higher temporal resolution analysis than is typically reported. These considerable decreases in environmental losses of N are major steps toward conserving natural resources and mitigating the negative environmental impacts associated with N fertilization in grass systems.