Orientador: Sandra Denise Gasparini Bastos / Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva apresentar uma trajetória de gramaticalização para os juntores concessivos "aunque", "a pesar de (que)" e "por mucho (que)", adotando como aparato teórico os estudos em gramaticalização (TRAUGOTT, 1997; BYBEE, 2003, 2006; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003, entre outros) e o modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF), de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Na análise sincrônica realizada por Parra (2016) sob a perspectiva da GDF, a autora observa que o juntor "aunque" pode marcar uma relação concessiva em três camadas distintas no espanhol peninsular atual: na do Conteúdo Proposicional, pertencente ao Nível Representacional, e nas camadas do Ato Discursivo e do Movimento, localizadas no Nível Interpessoal. A partir desse resultado, levantamos a hipótese de que, quando analisados diacronicamente, os usos de "aunque" podem revelar uma trajetória de gramaticalização que parte de um uso semântico para usos pragmáticos, e de que tal trajetória pode corresponder a um processo comum sofrido pelos juntores concessivos dessa língua. Assim, selecionamos para este estudo, além do juntor "aunque", os juntores "a pesar de (que)" e "por mucho (que)", por serem, dentre os juntores apontados por Flamenco García (1999), os que se mostraram mais frequentes nos dados e por advirem de origens distintas, tendo em vista as fontes para o desenvolvimento de juntores concessivos apontadas por König (1994). O universo de investigação desta pesquisa reúne ocorrências dos três juntores na fase ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This paper aims to present a path of grammaticalization for the concessive connectives "aunque", "a pesar de (que)" and "por mucho (que)" adopting as a theoretical apparatus the studies on grammaticalization (TRAUGOTT, 1997; BYBEE, 2003, 2006; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003, among others) and the model of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). In the synchronic analysis performed by Parra (2016) from the perspective of the FDG, the author notes that the connective "aunque" can mark a concessive relationship in three distinct layers in the current Peninsular Spanish: that of Propositional Content, belonging to the Representational Level, and the layers of the Move and Discourse Act, located at the Interpersonal Level. From this result, we hypothesize that, when analyzed diachronically, the uses of "aunque" may reveal a grammaticalization trajectory that starts from a semantic use for pragmatic uses, and that such trajectory may correspond to a common process suffered by the concessive connectives of that language. Thus, we selected for this study, in addition to the connective "aunque", the connectives "a pesar de (que)" and "por mucho (que)", since they are among the connectives pointed out by Flamenco García (1999), those who had the highest number of occurrences in a previous research, and because they come from different origins, considering the sources for the development of concessive joints pointed out by König (1994). The universe of this resear... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This dissertation analyzes the ways in which the Spanish Generation X writers José Ángel Mañas (b. 1971), Lucía Etxebarria (b. 1966), Gabriela Bustelo (b. 1962), and Pedro Maestre (b. 1967) represent Madrid and other late twentieth-century cityscapes in their respective novels Ciudad rayada (1998), Beatriz y los cuerpos celestes (1998), Veo veo (1996), and Matando dinosaurios con tirachinas (1996). These novels sketch an alarming social portrait of youth dissent in Spain's nascent democracy, which had relatively recently joined social, political, and economic arms with the rest of Western Europe. I read the representations of Madrid, Edinburgh, Elda, and Alcoy in these narratives as antagonistic and anthropomorphic spaces that stalk, coerce, and then attack the first-person narrators who scurry about them, rat-like. But these characters demonstrate impressive instincts that protect them from death and emotional destruction and strengthen their identities in the face of a postauthoritarian society enmeshed in the forces of global capitalism. These Generation X authors introduce their characters to a discordant physical environment, one that works against the grain of the image Spain sought to show the world in 1992 as Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympics, Seville held the Universal Exposition, and Madrid was recognized as the European Union's Capital of Culture. Spain was trying to show the world that it had resurrected itself from the ashes of dictatorship to become a modern democracy worthy of a seat at Europe's table. But Mañas, Etxebarria, Bustelo, and Maestre do not accept that line of thinking. In their renderings, Spain does not emerge as successful in international political and economic arenas but as a highly conflictive nation.

Bibliography: leaves 393-408.

Phonetic accommodation is the process whereby speakers in an interaction modify their speech in response to their interlocutor. The social-psychological theory of Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles 1973) predicts that speakers will converge towards (become more similar to) their interlocutors in order to decrease social distance, whereas they will diverge from (become less similar to) their interlocutors to accentuate distinctiveness or show disdain. Previous studies have found that phonetic accommodation is affected by many social, situational and linguistic factors (Abrego-Collier et al. 2011; Black 2012; Babel 2009, 2010, 2012; Babel et al. 2012; Kim, Horton & Bradlow 2011; Nielsen 2011; Pardo et al. 2012). With respect to accommodation across dialects, a handful of studies have suggested that the perceptual salience of the various differences between two dialects might affect the pattern; however, these studies make conflicting predictions. Trudgill (1986) predicts that speakers will converge more towards the more salient dialectal differences, while Kim et al. (2011) and Babel (2009, 2010) suggest the opposite: that speakers will converge on the less salient differences. This thesis investigates how the perceptual salience of 6 differences between Buenos Aires Spanish and Madrid Spanish affect the pattern of phonetic accommodation in conversation. The results are considered both in terms of the magnitude of the changes that the participants make as well as the direction of the change (convergence or divergence). The results show that perceptual salience has a significant effect on the magnitude of the change, with all participants making greater changes as perceptual salience increases. On the other hand, perceptual salience was found not to have a consistent effect for all speakers on the likelihood of converging or diverging on the dialectal differences. I argue that the lack of consistent effect of salience on the direction of the change stems from individual differences in motivation to take on the opposing dialect norms and issues of personal identity, whereas the very consistent effect of salience on the magnitude of the change suggests that there is something more basic or systematic about how salience interacts with the extent to which speakers accommodate.

Phonetic accommodation is the process whereby speakers in an interaction modify their speech in response to their interlocutor. The social-psychological theory of Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles 1973) predicts that speakers will converge towards (become more similar to) their interlocutors in order to decrease social distance, whereas they will diverge from (become less similar to) their interlocutors to accentuate distinctiveness or show disdain. Previous studies have found that phonetic accommodation is affected by many social, situational and linguistic factors (Abrego-Collier et al. 2011; Black 2012; Babel 2009, 2010, 2012; Babel et al. 2012; Kim, Horton & Bradlow 2011; Nielsen 2011; Pardo et al. 2012). With respect to accommodation across dialects, a handful of studies have suggested that the perceptual salience of the various differences between two dialects might affect the pattern; however, these studies make conflicting predictions. Trudgill (1986) predicts that speakers will converge more towards the more salient dialectal differences, while Kim et al. (2011) and Babel (2009, 2010) suggest the opposite: that speakers will converge on the less salient differences. This thesis investigates how the perceptual salience of 6 differences between Buenos Aires Spanish and Madrid Spanish affect the pattern of phonetic accommodation in conversation. The results are considered both in terms of the magnitude of the changes that the participants make as well as the direction of the change (convergence or divergence). The results show that perceptual salience has a significant effect on the magnitude of the change, with all participants making greater changes as perceptual salience increases. On the other hand, perceptual salience was found not to have a consistent effect for all speakers on the likelihood of converging or diverging on the dialectal differences. I argue that the lack of consistent effect of salience on the direction of the change stems from individual differences in motivation to take on the opposing dialect norms and issues of personal identity, whereas the very consistent effect of salience on the magnitude of the change suggests that there is something more basic or systematic about how salience interacts with the extent to which speakers accommodate.

Much of the success of the Allied Peninsular Army was due to the effectiveness of Wellington's supply system. The ability of Wellington to keep his army supplied presented him with an enormous advantage over the French. This paper examines the role logistics played in deciding the outcome of the war in the Peninsula as well as detailing the needs of the troops. The primary focus of this paper is the procurement, transport, and payment of supplies for the use of the Allied Army during the Peninsular War. Wellington's ability to consistently defeat French forces despite a substantial numerical disadvantage presents the thesis that the efficiency of Wellington's logistical system impacted the strategic situation to a significant degree. While superior logistics alone cannot win a war, their absence can lead to defeat, as the French learned to their detriment.

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. Donald Horward, Florida State University, College of Arts & Sciences, Dept. of History. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 15, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 84 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Following the Drum: British Women in the Peninsular War examines the lives of British women, soldiers' and officers' wives, for the most part, who followed the British army on campaign in Portugal, Spain, and southern France during the Peninsular War (1808-1814). Because most of the women were of the working class, their major roles, as wives, mothers, widows, workers, and criminals, have been contrasted with those roles as defined in British working-class culture.

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