This thesis presents my findings on the Peruvian spiritual tourism industry in both Cusco and Iquitos, based on six weeks of fieldwork during Summer 2005. New Age and Peruvian spiritual belief systems have converged to form current Andean mystical and Amazonian shamanic practices. Increasing numbers of foreign tourists, whether believers in the New Age or not, are coming to gain a deeper understanding of these spiritual belief systems through participation in sacred rituals and ceremonies. The effects of such tourism are similar to other cultural tourism industries, such as increased competition, matters of authenticity, and performance of culture. Other issues are more specific to the spiritual tourism industry, such as the physical and sexual exploitation of tourists. But there are also many positive outcomes of this spiritual interchange, such as individual physical, mental, and emotional healing.

The Marcona district of littoral south-central Perú represents the largest concentration of iron oxide-copper-gold deposits in the Central Andes. Hydrothermal activity occurred episodically from 177 to 95 Ma and was controlled by NE-striking faults. At Marcona, emplacement of massive magnetite orebodies with subordinate, overprinted magnetite-sulphide assemblages coincided with a 156-162 Ma episode of eruption of andesitic magma in the Jurassic arc, but mineralization is hosted largely by underlying, Lower Paleozoic metaclastic rocks. The magnetite orebodies exhibit smoothly curving, abrupt contacts, dike-like to tubular apophyses and intricate, amoeboid interfingering with dacite porphyry intrusions, interpreted as evidence for the commingling of hydrous Fe oxidic and silicic melts. An evolution from magnetite - biotite - calcic amphibole ± phlogopite assemblages, which are inferred to have crystallized from an Fe-oxide melt, to magnetite - phlogopite - calcic amphibole - sulphide assemblages coincided with quenching from above 700°C to below 450°C and with the exsolution of aqueous fluids with magmatic stable isotopic compositions. Subsequent, subeconomic chalcopyrite - pyrite - calcite ± pyrrhotite ± sphalerite assemblages were deposited from cooler fluids with similar δ34S, δ18O and δ13C values, but higher δD, which may record the involvement of both seawater and meteoric water. The much younger (95-110 Ma), entirely hydrothermal, Mina Justa Cu (-Ag) deposit is hosted by Middle Jurassic andesites intruded, on a district scale, by small dioritic stocks at the faulted SW margin of an Aptian-Albian shallow-marine volcano-sedimentary basin. Intense albite-actinolite alteration (ca. 157 Ma) and K-Fe metasomatism (ca. 142 Ma) long preceded the deposition of magnetite-pyrite assemblages from 500-600°C fluids with a magmatic isotopic signature. In contrast, ensuing chalcopyrite - bornite - digenite - chalcocite - hematite - calcite mineralization was entirely the product of non - magmatic, probably evaporite-sourced, brines. Marcona and Mina Justa therefore represent contrasted ore deposit types and may bear minimal genetic relationships. The former shares similarities with other Kiruna-type magnetite (-apatite) deposits. In contrast, the latter is a hydrothermal system recording the incursion of fluids plausibly expelled from the adjacent Cañete basin. Non-magmatic fluids are inferred to be a prerequisite for economic Cu mineralization in the Cu-rich IOCG deposits in the Central Andes and elsewhere. / Thesis (Ph.D, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-05-13 14:39:21.43

The purpose of this study was to analize the combined effects of the two agrarian reforms 1969 and 1980 on a peasant group in the Chicama valley - Peru. Until now Magdalena de Cao, a peasant group in Chicama valley had not been examined in light of the recent agrarian reforms and their effects on this peasant group. The data were collected mainly through informal interviews with minimum participant observation. Comparative information on lifestyles among the people representing all types of agrarian constituents were obtained as part of the data. Some questions, if not hypotheses, have been generated and raised. A census of 177 families or 870 individuals was obtained by this researcher alone. Magdalena de Cao, as a peasant group, provides an empirical case of independent peasants and their adaptive strategies to confront the challenge of social development. Their strife is not only relevant to Chicama valley, but also in the broader national picture. / Department of Anthropology

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 371-403).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2009. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 253-284).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-94).

Thesis (doctoral)--München, 1982.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [243]-279).

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Burton Atkins, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Program in International Affairs. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 26, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 88 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.