Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1924. / Autobiography. Autographed from type-written copy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Vanderbilt University, 1933. / Bibliography: p. 48-49.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1924. / Autobiography. Autographed from type-written copy.

Thèse--Université de Toulouse. / At head of title: ... H. Margulis ... "Bibliographie": p. [115]-116.

Este trabalho aborda a caracterização da matéria orgânica existente num ácido fosfórico de pureza industrial (AFPI), oriundo do Marrocos, objetivando sua remoção através de flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD). O AFPI é um líquido escuro que exibe densidade (2020 kg/m³) e viscosidade dinâmica (1,94 x 10-² Pa.s at 20°C) muito mais alta do que os tipos mais puros de ácido fosfórico, como o grau alimentar e o de pureza analítica. Por outro lado, o AFPI apresenta tensão superficial mais baixa que o ácido de grau alimentício (55,2 mN/m versus 63,7 mN/m a 25°C), indicando a presença de espécies surfactantes dissolvidas (ácidos carboxílicos de cadeia aromática). O teor de 447ppm de carbono orgânico total (TOC) evidencia a alta contaminação do AFPI marroquino por matéria orgânica, que pode ocorrer dissolvida (ácidos carboxílicos aromáticos) ou na forma de minúsculas placas que exibem diâmetro (média aritmética ponderada) de 4µm. Ensaios FAD foram executados usando ar pressurizado a 3,5kgf/cm², que após alívio de pressão, produziu uma população de bolhas com diâmetro de 2,41 x 10`POT´-5m (média aritmética ponderada) e altíssimo desvio padrão (2,94 x10`POT´-5m). A medida do diâmetro de bolhas (db), através de difração de laser, somente foi factível com mistura contendo 40% de ácido fosfórico grau alimentar e 60% de água. Devido a isto, os valores reais de db nos ensaios FAD podem diferir os valores medidos. Ensaios DAF foram executados sob diferentes tempos de flotação (15-60 minutos), todavia a mais alta remoção de TOC (somente de 17,7%) foi obtida com 45 minutos de flotação. A remoção muito baixa de TOC (e também de As, Mg e sulfato) gerada pelos ensaios FAD pode ser explicada pela baixa eficiência de colisão (EC) exibida por minúsculas placas (partículas orgânicas suspensas no AFPI) que precisam colidir com bolhas de ar muito maiores para que possam aderir às mesmas, flutuar e serem removidas do AFPI. Esta possibilidade foi corroborada por um valor de EC da ordem de 0,04 (EC~0,04), que foi determinada pelo modelo de Yoon-Luttrell. / This thesis approaches the characterization of the organic matter which exists in a Moroccan phosphoric acid of industrial grade (PAIG), aiming at its removal via Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF). PAIG is a dark liquid which exhibits specific gravity 2020 kg/m³ (26°C) and dynamic viscosity 1.94 x 10-² Pa.s (20°C) very much higher than other purified types of phosphoric acid (food or analytical grade). Conversely it presents surface tension lower than phosphoric acid food grade (55.2 mN/m versus 63.7 mN/m at 25°C), indicating the presence of dissolved surfactants (carboxylic acids bearing aromatic chains). The content of 447ppm of total organic carbon (TOC) evidences its high contamination by organic matter, which may occur either as dissolved species (aromatic carboxylic acids) or suspended platy-shaped particles (weighed average diameter of 4Êm). DAF experiments were conducted using an air pressurization of 3.5kgf/cm², which, after pressure release, yielded a bubble swarm of weighed average size of 2.41 x 10-5m and a large standard deviation of 2.94 x 10-5m. Because bubble size (db) measurements were conducted via laser diffraction with a mixture of 40% phosphoric acid food grade plus 60% of water, actual values of db may be different from the measured ones. DAF tests were conducted under different length of time (15-60 minutes), but the highest removal of TOC (17.7%) was accomplished at 45 minutes of flotation time. The very low removal of TOC (and also Mg, As and sulfate) yielded by DAF experiments may be explained by a low efficiency of collision (EC) exhibited by small platelets (suspended organic particles) which must collide with bigger air bubbles in order to attach to them and be floated. This possibility was corroborated by efficiency of collision (EC) = 0.04, determined by Yoon-Luttrell Model.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:31:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02245.pdf: 2619284 bytes, checksum: 920d3ab52801f80334d14ea5aa1bf92b (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Este trabalho aborda a caracterização da matéria orgânica existente num ácido fosfórico de pureza industrial (AFPI), oriundo do Marrocos, objetivando sua remoção através de flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD). O AFPI é um líquido escuro que exibe densidade (2020 kg/m³) e viscosidade dinâmica (1,94 x 10-² Pa.s at 20°C) muito mais alta do que os tipos mais puros de ácido fosfórico, como o grau alimentar e o de pureza analítica. Por outro lado, o AFPI apresenta tensão superficial mais baixa que o ácido de grau alimentício (55,2 mN/m versus 63,7 mN/m a 25°C), indicando a presença de espécies surfactantes dissolvidas (ácidos carboxílicos de cadeia aromática). O teor de 447ppm de carbono orgânico total (TOC) evidencia a alta contaminação do AFPI marroquino por matéria orgânica, que pode ocorrer dissolvida (ácidos carboxílicos aromáticos) ou na forma de minúsculas placas que exibem diâmetro (média aritmética ponderada) de 4µm. Ensaios FAD foram executados usando ar pressurizado a 3,5kgf/cm², que após alívio de pressão, produziu uma população de bolhas com diâmetro de 2,41 x 10`POT´-5m (média aritmética ponderada) e altíssimo desvio padrão (2,94 x10`POT´-5m). A medida do diâmetro de bolhas (db), através de difração de laser, somente foi factível com mistura contendo 40% de ácido fosfórico grau alimentar e 60% de água. Devido a isto, os valores reais de db nos ensaios FAD podem diferir os valores medidos. Ensaios DAF foram executados sob diferentes tempos de flotação (15-60 minutos), todavia a mais alta remoção de TOC (somente de 17,7%) foi obtida com 45 minutos de flotação. A remoção muito baixa de TOC (e também de As, Mg e sulfato) gerada pelos ensaios FAD pode ser explicada pela baixa eficiência de colisão (EC) exibida por minúsculas placas (partículas orgânicas suspensas no AFPI) que precisam colidir com bolhas de ar muito maiores para que possam aderir às mesmas, flutuar e serem removidas do AFPI. Esta possibilidade foi corroborada por um valor de EC da ordem de 0,04 (EC~0,04), que foi determinada pelo modelo de Yoon-Luttrell. / This thesis approaches the characterization of the organic matter which exists in a Moroccan phosphoric acid of industrial grade (PAIG), aiming at its removal via Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF). PAIG is a dark liquid which exhibits specific gravity 2020 kg/m³ (26°C) and dynamic viscosity 1.94 x 10-² Pa.s (20°C) very much higher than other purified types of phosphoric acid (food or analytical grade). Conversely it presents surface tension lower than phosphoric acid food grade (55.2 mN/m versus 63.7 mN/m at 25°C), indicating the presence of dissolved surfactants (carboxylic acids bearing aromatic chains). The content of 447ppm of total organic carbon (TOC) evidences its high contamination by organic matter, which may occur either as dissolved species (aromatic carboxylic acids) or suspended platy-shaped particles (weighed average diameter of 4Êm). DAF experiments were conducted using an air pressurization of 3.5kgf/cm², which, after pressure release, yielded a bubble swarm of weighed average size of 2.41 x 10-5m and a large standard deviation of 2.94 x 10-5m. Because bubble size (db) measurements were conducted via laser diffraction with a mixture of 40% phosphoric acid food grade plus 60% of water, actual values of db may be different from the measured ones. DAF tests were conducted under different length of time (15-60 minutes), but the highest removal of TOC (17.7%) was accomplished at 45 minutes of flotation time. The very low removal of TOC (and also Mg, As and sulfate) yielded by DAF experiments may be explained by a low efficiency of collision (EC) exhibited by small platelets (suspended organic particles) which must collide with bigger air bubbles in order to attach to them and be floated. This possibility was corroborated by efficiency of collision (EC) = 0.04, determined by Yoon-Luttrell Model.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:31:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02245.pdf: 2619284 bytes, checksum: 920d3ab52801f80334d14ea5aa1bf92b (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

The performance of a phosphoric acid fuel cell reactor, (PAFC), with n-hexadecane, C16H34, canola biodiesel, soybean biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel has been investigated. Fifteen-hour steady-state operation was achieved with each of the diesel fuels. This is the first extensive study reported in the literature in which n-hexadecane is used directly as the fuel. It is also the first study of a fuel cell operated with petroleum diesel fuel. Identification of steady-state conditions (temperature = 190oC, molar ratio of fuel to water = 414) is significant because it demonstrates that stable fuel cell operation is technically feasible when operating a PAFC with diesel fuels. Degradation in fuel cell performance was observed prior to reaching steady-state. The degradation was attributed to a carbonaceous material forming on the surface of the anode. After treating the anode with water the fuel cell performance recovered. However, the fuel cell performance degraded again prior to obtaining another steady-state operation. Several consistent observations suggested that the carbonaceous material formed from the diesel fuels might be a reaction intermediate necessary for steady-state operation. Finally, the experiments indicated that water in the phosphoric acid electrolyte could be used as the water required for the anodic reaction. The water formed at the cathode could provide the replacement water for the electrolyte, thereby eliminating the need to provide a water feed system for the fuel cell.

No description available.