Thesis (Ph. D.)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Wang, Zhong Lin, Committee Chair ; Wong, C.P., Committee Member ; Summers, Christopher J., Committee Member ; Degertekin, F. Levent, Committee Member ; Bottomley, Lawrence A., Committee Member.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 213 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 206-213). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in electronic version.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-137).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, December 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-148).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pontes_dsl_dr_bauru.pdf: 4536733 bytes, checksum: 0e0e50403b6e1c3dfec710c1dc43dff6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Perovisquita é a estrutura mais comum vista nos materiais ferroelétricos, a qual tem sido amplamente utilizado na indústria de dispositivos nas últimas décadas. Dentre essa classe de materiais o PbTiO3 é um dos materiais extensamente estudado devido a sua ampla faixa de aplicações como, por exemplo, capacitores, sensores piroelétrico e piezelétricos, memórias ferroelétricas. A substituição do Pb2+ pelos íons Ba2+/Ca2+, Ba2+/Sr2+ e Ca2+/Sr2+ no siste ma PbtiO3, a qual conduziu a formação de sistemas PBCT, PBST e PCST, produziu varias mudanças nas propriedades elétricas e estruturais desses materiais. No entanto, poucos trabalhos têm sido dedicados a esses sistemas baseado numa incorporação complexa de dois diferentes íons no sítio A, com relação a um profundo estudo teórico e experimental. A caracterização experimental por difração de raios X, espectroscopia micro-Raman e FT-IR mostram uma diminuição no grau de tetragonalidade para esses materiais. Essa alteração estrutural em função dos substituintes foi também responsável pela diminuição do grau de polarização. Nesta tese, foi aplicado também o método computacional dos primeiros princípios para estudar esta importante classe de materiais. A estrutura eletrônica, energia do banc gap, a densidade e estados (DOS) nos cristais ferroelétricos PBCT, PBST e PCST foram estudadas usando a teoria do funcional de densidade combinada com B3LYP. Os resultados teóricos foram correlacionados com os resultados experimentais para investigar e interpretar melhor a influência dos pares de íons Ba/Ca, Ba/Sr e Ca/Sr na ferroeletricidade do sistema PT. Pela análise teórica o grau de polarização bem como de tetragonalidade diminuiu no sistema PCST comparado ao PBCT e PBST, devido à presença agora de um forte caráter de ligações iônicas dentro... / Perovskites are the most commonly seen ferroelectrics, which have been widely used in the industry of devices in the last few decades. In addition, Lead titanate (PbTiO3) is an extensively studied material wich a wide range of application, for intance as capacitors, piezoeletric and pyroelectric sensors and ferroelectric memories. The substitution of Pb2+ ions Ba2+/Ca2+, Ba2+/Sr2+ e Ca2+/Sr2+ ions in the PbTiO3 system, which leads to the formation of the PBCT, PBST e PCST systems, induces several change in the electric and structural properties of these materials. However, PBCT, PBST and PCST systems based on the complex incorporation of two different ions at site A have not been thoroughly investigated and the literature contains few reports concerning their experimental and theoretical study of these materials. The characterization with X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and spectroscopy techniques on the infrared region of these samples showed a decrease of the tetragonality degree. These structural modifications were also responsible by the decrease in the polarization degree of these samples. In this thesis, we also have applied first-principles computational methods to the study this important class of materials. The electronic structure, energy band structure, and density of states (DOS) in ferroelectric crystal PBCT and PCST are studied by using density functional theory (DFT) combined with the B3LYP. The theoretical results were correlated with experimentals results to investigate and interpret better the influence of pairs of ions Ba/Ca, Ba/Sr and Ca/Sr on the ferroelectricity of the system PT. By theoretical analysis the degree of polarization as well as ferroelectricity in the PCST decreased compared with the systems PBCT and PBST, due to the presence of strong ionic character in this crystal... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Fabricio Guimarães Baptista / Banca: Anna Diva Plasencia Lotufo / Banca: Marcelo Nicoletti Franchin / Resumo: Transdutores piezelétricos são amplamente utilizados em muitos métodos não destrutivos para a detecção de danos estruturais em aplicações de monitoramento de integridade estrutural ou SHM (Structural Health Monitoring). Dentre os vários métodos não destrutivos, a técnica da impedância eletromecânica (E/M) é conhecida por utilizar cerâmicas piezelétricas pequenas e finas que desempenham simultaneamente as funções de atuador e sensor. O método convencional de instalação dessas cerâmicas piezelétricas na estrutura é utilizando um adesivo de alta rigidez como cola a base de epóxi ou cianoacrilato. No entanto, alguns estudos propõem métodos alternativos de instalação do transdutor, visando a sua reutilização ou que permitam o monitoramento em condições adversas sob as quais a instalação direta do sensor não seria possível. Assim, esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma análise experimental comparativa entre os principais métodos de acoplamento entre o transdutor piezelétrico e a estrutura monitorada em sistemas de SHM baseados na técnica da impedância eletromecânica (E/M). Os acoplamentos dos transdutores piezelétricos foram realizados pelos métodos da instalação direta, também conhecida como instalação convencional, por acoplamento magnético e lâminas de alumínio. O transdutor utilizado para os métodos de acoplamento foi o diafragma piezelétrico, comumente conhecido como buzzer. Testes com os três métodos de instalação foram realizados em estruturas de alumínio e o dano estrut... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Piezoelectric transducers are widely used in many non-destructive methods for detecting structural damage in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) applications. Among the various techniques for detecting structural damage, the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique is known to use fine and small piezoelectric ceramics that simultaneously perform the actuator and sensor functions. The conventional method of installing these piezoelectric ceramics in the structure is by using a high stiffness adhesive such as epoxy or cyanoacrylate based glue. However, some studies propose alternative methods of installing the transducer for reuse or to allow monitoring under adverse conditions under which direct sensor installation would not be possible. Thus, this master's thesis presents a comparative experimental analysis between the main coupling methods between the piezoelectric transducer and the monitored structure in SHM systems based on the electromechanical impedance technique. The piezoelectric transducer couplings were made by direct installation methods, also known as conventional installation, by magnetic coupling and aluminum foils. The transducer used for the coupling methods was the piezoelectric diaphragm, commonly known as buzzer. Tests with these methods were carried out on aluminum structures and the structural damage was induced using metallic masses (steel nuts), fixed directly to the structure with cyanoacrylate-based glue. The comparison of the results analysis betwe... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Flapping-wing micro air vehicle (MAV) is an emerging micro-robotic technology, which has several challenges toward its practical implementation. Inspired by insect flight, researchers have adopted bio-mimicking approach to accomplish its engineering model. There are several methods to synthesize such an electromechanical system. A piezoelectric actuator driven flapping mechanism, being voltage controlled, monolithic, and of solid state type exhibits greater potential than any conventional motor driven flapping wing mechanism at small scale. However, the demand for large tip deflection with constrained mass introduces several challenges in the design of such piezoelectric actuators for this application. The mass constraint restricts the geometry, but applying high electric field we can increase the tip deflection in a piezoelectric actuator. Here we have investigated performance of rectangular piezo-actuator at high electric field. The performance measuring attributes such as, the tip deflection, block force, block moment, block load, output strain energy, output energy density, input electrical energy, and energy efficiency are analytically calculated for the actuator at high electric field. The analytical results suggest that the performance of such an actuator can be improved by tailoring the geometry while keeping the mass and capacitance constant. Thereby, a tapered piezoelectric bimorph cantilever actuator can provide better electromechanical performance for out-of-plane deflection, compared to a rectangular piezoelectric bimorph of equal mass and capacitance. The constant capacitance provides facility to keep the electronic signal bandwidth unchanged. We have analytically presented improvement in block force and its corresponding output strain energy, energy density and energy effi- ciency with tapered geometry. We have quantitatively and comparatively shown the per- formance improvement. Then, we have considered a rigid extension of non-piezoelectric material at the tip of the piezo-actuator to increase the tip deflection. We have an- alytically investigated the effect of thick and thin rigid extension of non-piezoelectric material on the performance of this piezo-actuator. The formulation provides scope for multi-objective optimization for the actuator subjected to mechanical and electrical con- straints, and leads to the findings of some useful pareto optimal solutions. Piezoelectric materials are polarized in a certain direction. Driving a piezoelectric actuator by high electric field in a direction opposite to the polarized direction can destroy the piezo- electric property. Therefore, unipolar high electric field is recommended to drive such actuators. We have discussed the drawbacks of existing switching amplifier based piezo- electric drivers for flapping wing MAV application, and have suggested an active filter based voltage driver to operate a piezoelectric actuator in such cases. The active filter is designed to have a low pass bandwidth, and use Chebyshev polynomial to produce unipolar high voltage of low flapping frequency. Adjustment of flapping frequency by this voltage driver is compatible with radio control communication. To accomplish the flapping-wing mechanism, we have addressed a compatible dis- tributed compliant mechanism, which acts like a transmission between the flapping wing of a micro air vehicle and the laminated piezoelectric actuator, discussed above. The mechanism takes translational deflection at its input from the piezoelectric actuator and provides angular deflection at its output, which causes flapping. The feasibility of the mechanism is investigated by using spring-lever (SL) model. A basic design of the com- pliant mechanism is obtained by topology optimization, and the final mechanism is pro- totyped using VeroWhitePlus RGD835 material with an Objet Connex 3D printer. We made a bench-top experimental setup and demonstrated the flapping motion by actuating the distributed compliant mechanism with a piezoelectric bimorph actuator.

Orientador: Elson Longo da Silva / Banca: Alberthmeiry Teixeira de Figueiredo / Banca: Alejandra Hortencia Miranda Gonzáles / Banca: Marcia Tsuyama Escote / Banca: Maria Fernanda do Carmo Gurgel / O Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caracter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi / Resumo: Perovisquita é a estrutura mais comum vista nos materiais ferroelétricos, a qual tem sido amplamente utilizado na indústria de dispositivos nas últimas décadas. Dentre essa classe de materiais o PbTiO3 é um dos materiais extensamente estudado devido a sua ampla faixa de aplicações como, por exemplo, capacitores, sensores piroelétrico e piezelétricos, memórias ferroelétricas. A substituição do Pb2+ pelos íons Ba2+/Ca2+, Ba2+/Sr2+ e Ca2+/Sr2+ no siste ma PbtiO3, a qual conduziu a formação de sistemas PBCT, PBST e PCST, produziu varias mudanças nas propriedades elétricas e estruturais desses materiais. No entanto, poucos trabalhos têm sido dedicados a esses sistemas baseado numa incorporação complexa de dois diferentes íons no sítio A, com relação a um profundo estudo teórico e experimental. A caracterização experimental por difração de raios X, espectroscopia micro-Raman e FT-IR mostram uma diminuição no grau de tetragonalidade para esses materiais. Essa alteração estrutural em função dos substituintes foi também responsável pela diminuição do grau de polarização. Nesta tese, foi aplicado também o método computacional dos primeiros princípios para estudar esta importante classe de materiais. A estrutura eletrônica, energia do banc gap, a densidade e estados (DOS) nos cristais ferroelétricos PBCT, PBST e PCST foram estudadas usando a teoria do funcional de densidade combinada com B3LYP. Os resultados teóricos foram correlacionados com os resultados experimentais para investigar e interpretar melhor a influência dos pares de íons Ba/Ca, Ba/Sr e Ca/Sr na ferroeletricidade do sistema PT. Pela análise teórica o grau de polarização bem como de tetragonalidade diminuiu no sistema PCST comparado ao PBCT e PBST, devido à presença agora de um forte caráter de ligações iônicas dentro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Perovskites are the most commonly seen ferroelectrics, which have been widely used in the industry of devices in the last few decades. In addition, Lead titanate (PbTiO3) is an extensively studied material wich a wide range of application, for intance as capacitors, piezoeletric and pyroelectric sensors and ferroelectric memories. The substitution of Pb2+ ions Ba2+/Ca2+, Ba2+/Sr2+ e Ca2+/Sr2+ ions in the PbTiO3 system, which leads to the formation of the PBCT, PBST e PCST systems, induces several change in the electric and structural properties of these materials. However, PBCT, PBST and PCST systems based on the complex incorporation of two different ions at site A have not been thoroughly investigated and the literature contains few reports concerning their experimental and theoretical study of these materials. The characterization with X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and spectroscopy techniques on the infrared region of these samples showed a decrease of the tetragonality degree. These structural modifications were also responsible by the decrease in the polarization degree of these samples. In this thesis, we also have applied first-principles computational methods to the study this important class of materials. The electronic structure, energy band structure, and density of states (DOS) in ferroelectric crystal PBCT and PCST are studied by using density functional theory (DFT) combined with the B3LYP. The theoretical results were correlated with experimentals results to investigate and interpret better the influence of pairs of ions Ba/Ca, Ba/Sr and Ca/Sr on the ferroelectricity of the system PT. By theoretical analysis the degree of polarization as well as ferroelectricity in the PCST decreased compared with the systems PBCT and PBST, due to the presence of strong ionic character in this crystal... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Este trabalho investigou o sistema (1 - x )PZT - x PMN, avaliando a influência da composição química e dos parâmetros de sinterização na microestrutura e propriedades elétricas dos corpos cerâmicos obtidos pelo método convencional de mistura de óxidos. Os óxidos usados foram o Nb2O5, ZrO2, TiO2, PbO e MgCO3, cominuídos e homogeneizados em moinho de bolas, por 3 horas. Para o 0,65PZT - 0,35PMN, utilizou-se 28,58% de Nb2O5, 38,93% de ZrO2, 23,29% de TiO2 e 9,2% de MgCO3; para o 0,75PZT-0,25PMN, utilizou-se 20,9% de Nb2O5, 45,34% de ZrO2, 27,13% de TiO2 e 6,62% de MgCO3 e para o 0,85PZT-0,15PMN, usa-se 12,71% de Nb2O5, 52,09% de ZrO2, 31,16% de TiO2 e 4,04% de MgCO3. O pó obtido foi submetido a calcinação a 1200°C por 4 h e, então, acrescentado PbO com um excesso de 2% em massa.à mistura, a qual foi submetida a uma nova calcinação a 800°C durante 2 horas. O pó resultante da calcinação foi conformado por prensagem, utilizando uma prensa uniaxial a 190 MPa, na forma de discos medindo 10 mm de diâmetro e 1,5 mm de espessura. A curva de queima dos corpos cerâmicos consistiu em um novo patamar a 500°C por 4h (e/ou a 800°C por 2h) e outro consecutivo a 1200°C por 4h. As amostras foram caracterizadas pela sua densidade e porosidade aparente (método de Arquimedes), composição de fases (por difração de raio-X), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e caracterização elétrica (constante dielétrica e capacitância). Os corpos cerâmicos correspondentes à composição 0,75PZT-0,25PMN alcançaram a maior densidade (7,09 ± 0,18 g/cm³) quando calcinados sucessivamente a 500°C e a 800°C, com os maiores valores de capacitância (210 pF a 200 KHz) e de constante dielétrica (1000 na frequência de 1 KHz), com menor evidência de formação de pirocloro e maior de perovskita. Os valores de constante dielétrica encontrados estão dentro do esperado para materiais cerâmicos piezoelétricos do tipo PZT - PMN, aproximadamente 1000 para freqüências de 1KHz. / This work investigated the system (1 - x )PZT - x PMN, evaluating the influence of the chemical composition and the sintering parameters on the microstructure and the electric properties of ceramic bodies obtained by the conventional method of mixture of oxides. The used oxides were Nb2O5, ZrO2, TiO2, PbO e MgCO3, squeezed and homogenized in mill of balls, for 3 hours. For the 0.65PZT-0.35PMN, it was used 28.58% of Nb2O5, 38.93% of ZrO2, 23.29% of TiO2 and 9.2% of MgCO3; for the 0.75PZT-0.25PMN, it was used 20.9% of Nb2O5, 45.34% of ZrO2, 27.13% of TiO2 and 6.62% of MgCO3 and for the 0.85PZT-0.15PMN, it is used 12.71% of Nb2O5, 52.09% of ZrO2, 31.16% of TiO2 and 4.04% of MgCO3. The obtained powder was submitted the calcination for 1200°C for 4 h and, then, increased PbO with an excess of 2% in mass, which was submitted to a new calcination to 800°C for 2 hours. The calcinated powder was conformed by pressing, using a uniaxial press to 190 MPa, in the form of disks measuring a diameter of 10mm and 1.5 mm of thickness. The curve of the burning of the ceramic bodies consisted in a new calcination to 500°C for 4h (and/or to 800°C for 2h) and other consecutive to 1200°C for 4h. The samples were characterized by density and apparent porosity (Method of Arquimedes), composition of phases (by X - rays diffraction), Scanning Electric Microstructure (SEM) and electrical properties characterization (dielectric constant and capacitance). The ceramic bodies corresponding to the composition 0.75PZT-0.25PMN reached the largest density (7.09 ± 0.18 g/cm³) when calcined successively to 500°C and 800°C, with the largest values of capacitance (210 pF to 200 KHz) and dielectric constant (1000 in the frequency of 1 KHz), with smaller evidence of pyrochlore formation and larger of perovskte. The values of dielectric constant found are inside of the expected for the piezoelectric ceramics of the type PZT- PMN, approximately 1000 by frequencies of 1KHz.