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The purpose of this study is to determine the amounts of the element sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, silicon, iron, aluminium, calcium, magnessium, and manganess found in the roots, hearts, sap, leaves, and bark of two plants, the short leaf pine and the blackjack oak.

A study was established to evaluate underplanting as a method of reestablishing shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) in the Piedmont Region of North Carolina. Replicated treatment plots were harvested to retain 0, 15, 30, or 45 square feet of basal area per acre. Bareroot and containerized stock with small and large plugs were established within the treatment plots. Large plug seedlings achieved the highest first year survival followed by the small plug and bareroot seedlings. Underplanted seedling growth was inversely related to residual overstory density after two growing seasons. Large plug seedlings achieved the greatest height and diameter growth, followed by the small plug and bareroot seedlings. The results of this study suggest that underplanting may be a suitable regeneration option for the initial establishment of shortleaf pine on Piedmont sites. Further improvements in seedling survival and growth may be realized by planting containerized seedlings with large plugs.

Kandidatprojekt i Arkitektur 15 hp. Skolan är placerad på en plats kallad Mälarängen söder om Stockholm. Tomten ligger mellan områdena Mälarängen, Bredäng och Fruängen och har ett stort naturområde aldelles utanför tomten. Själva tomten har en höjskillnad på 7 meter och har en orörd skolgsdel med tallträd, orörd  mossa och en höjd, resten av tomten är berarbetad med asfalt och gräs. Mitt fokus i projektet är att bevara den vilda naturen som finns på platsen och genom arkitektur framhäva den. Jag vill även att naturen ska vara närvarande inne i byggnaderna och att gränsen mellan inne och ute ska suddas ut. Därför har har skolan stora fönsterinsläpp med utblick över natur. Längs huset går också ett trädäck där man har möjlighet att flytta ut undervisningen utomhus om man så vill. Tomten består utav olika uterum som byggnaderna ramar in; dammen, bäcken, klippan och skogen som har olika karraktärer. Tanken i skolan är att man ska kunna röra sig mellan dessa olika rum och byggnader. / Candidate Project in Architecture 15 hp. The school is located in a location called Mälarängen south of Stockholm. The plot lies between the Mälarängen, Bredäng and Fruängen areas and has a large natural area of ​​aldelles outside the plot. The plot itself has a height difference of 7 meters and has an untouched part with pine trees, untouched moss and a height, the rest of the plot is prepared with asphalt and grass. My focus in the project is to preserve the wild nature that exists on the site and highlight it through architecture. I also want the nature to be present inside the buildings and that the boundary between inside and out is to be blurred. Therefore, the school has a large window lash with a view of nature. Along the house there is also a wooden deck where you can move the outdoor teaching if you wish. The plot consists of different outdoor spaces as the buildings enter; the pond, the pelvis, the cliff and the forest that have different carecteristics. The idea of the school is that you can move between these different rooms and buildings.

Soil texture, organic matter content, and hydrogen-ion concentration of soil samples were determined to find the correlation between soil characteristics, seed germination and seedling establishment of Pinus contorta. Scarification and stratification were treatments used for determining germination requirements of dormant seeds. Seeds were planted in different soils and experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different light intensities, temperatures, and depths of the water table on apparent photosynthesis rate and seedling establishment. Soil samples, pine cones, and young trees needed for the experiments were collected near Lily Lake, in the Uintah Mountains. The greatest and the fastest germination was found in soil with high organic matter and low PH. Seedling establishment succeeded only in mineral soil. Lodgepole seedlings grown in three fourths of full light had the best growth in both shoot and root systems. Low temperature favored photosynthesis rate more than respiration rate. Lodgepole seedlings preferred a moderately deep water table, since this species has a shallow absorbing system and not very extensive lateral roots.

Southern pine (SP) lumber, the primary softwood lumber in the United States, has been popular since early colonization of the U.S.A. and remains a preferred choice for today’s lumber construction professionals. SP trees, as the major commercial softwood forest in South region, are largely grown, managed, and harvested on privately owned plantation forests. In the United States, softwood lumber consumption as a percentage of total lumber consumption has remained around 83% since the 1960s. Most softwood lumber is used for housing construction. SP comprises the primary softwood lumber products in the United States due to its superior mechanical properties, rapid drying capability, versatility, and availability. SP lumber also has long been the preferred species for pressure treatment because of its unique cellular structure that permits deep, uniform penetration of preservatives. However, as a natural material, the mechanical and physical performance of SP lumber has changed over the past decades according to the intensive lumber plantation management and dynamic market consumption. As a result, visually graded lumber products contain a large portion of juvenile wood and a lack of large cross section became two main issues in the most recent SP lumber marketing activities. According to the recent United States timber production statistic report, the South has given up its position as the largest softwood lumber-producing position in 2011. The total U.S. softwood lumber production in 2011 was about 26.8 × 109 bf, with 13.3 × 109 bf produced from West region and 12.0 × 109 bf produced from South region (Howard and Westby 2013). In this study, research that attempts to develop better and higher value SP lumber has been conducted for lumber construction marketing purpose. Five chapters are included in this study to fulfill the research purposes. Two lumber composite products made with low grade SP lumber were fabricated and evaluated for market purpose. A prototype in-grade testing plan to assess the actual design values of visually graded southern pine lumber from the gulf south region in the USA was developed. For comparison purpose, nondestructive tests (NDT) with four commercial techniques on on-grade No.2 SP lumber were conducted.

This study investigated the effects of ENSO on annual growth rings of pine trees in coastal Alabama. Tree cores from 28 pines were collected in Mobile County and Baldwin County Alabama, and the ring widths of these cores were measured to the nearest 0.001 mm. Tree ring widths were then cross-dated and standardized using standard procedures. The standardized ring width (SRI) was examined to determine if years of strong ENSO activity were evident. Additionally, SRI values were correlated with other climate variables, including temperature, precipitation, and drought. It appears that strong ENSO episodes are not clearly evident in the tree ring record. Additionally, the climate variables showed inconsistent relationships with SRI. It is possible that a positive annual water balance limits the influences of ENSO on tree ring widths. Furthermore, it is suggested that differences in localized tree environments and mesoscale sea-breeze thunderstorms may obscure the impacts of climatic variables.

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