When an organization is doing strategic planning, it should take into consideration the different perspectives within the planning process, as well as the various methods available to construct a strategy. Research by Mintzberg and Waters shows that strategy planning ranges on a scale of completely deliberate to completely emergent. Deliberate strategies are well thought out and well planned in order to reach a specific goal. From the beginning of the process, there is no doubt what the desired outcome is and everyone in the organization shares the same goal. Emergent strategies are the opposite of deliberate strategies. With an emergent strategy, the strategy develops over time and actions are taken without an end goal in mind. The strategies and campaigns used by Greenpeace are known across the world and the organization's relatively bold way of pursuing its goals is presumed to require a certain measure of legitimacy to succeed. The purpose of this study is to determine if Greenpeace is working using deliberate or emergent strategies, as well as what role the legitimacy of the organization plays in the development of those strategies. The study has been conducted by doing a qualitative case study of Greenpeace. Two respondents from the head office in Stockholm were interviewed and data from a documentary and several campaigns were analyzed. / När en organisation lägger upp strategier och tar strategiska beslut finns det olika perspektiv och sätt att bygga upp strategierna på. Forskning gjord av Mintzberg och Waters visar att arbetet med strategier befinner sig på en skala mellan helt planerade (deliberate) och helt framväxande (emergent). Planerade strategier är genomtänkta och väl planerade inför ett specifikt mål. Det har inte varit några tvivel om vadsom var önskat innan man genomförde sina handlingar och alla i organisationen delar samma mål. Framväxande strategier har de motsatta egenskaperna i form av att strategin gradvis träder fram och handlingarna sker utan att det från början har funnits någon specifik avsikt med handlingen. Strategierna och kampanjerna hos organisationen Greenpeaceär kända världen över och dessrelativt utmanande sätt att arbeta kan antas kräva legitimitet från omgivningen för att arbetet ska kunna genomföras och lyckas. Syftet med undersökningen är därför att undersöka om Greenpeace arbetar med planerade eller framväxande strategier, samt vilken roll desslegitimitet spelar för framtagningen av dessstrategier. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av enkvalitativ fallstudie i Greenpeace. Två respondenter från huvudkontoret i Stockholm har intervjuats och data från en dokumentär om Greenpeace samt om kampanjer har analyserats. Undersökningens empiri visar att Greenpeaces strategier har tendenser för både planerade och framväxande strategier. Vi menar dock att strategierna ligger närmare planerade än framväxande.

In this thesis, we study high quality InN films grown on sapphire (0001) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). We used double layers methods to reduce lattice mismatch successfully. In this experiment, we have two series of samples, about series of A use low temperature GaN (LT-GaN) as the buffer layer as compared with series of B use high temperature AlN (HT-AlN) as the buffer layer. By in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), we got film¡¦s surface situation. Surface morphology of the samples was observed by atomic force microscope (AFM). By high resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) methods was analyzed quality and composition of InN films. Van der Pauw method (Hall) was used to determine carrier concentration and mobility. The optical properties of InN films under different growth conditions were investigated by photoluminescence (PL). By changing growth temperature of these samples, we found the series of A having some fine characters as the InN(0002) rocking curve was 343 arcsec and InN(10-12) rocking curve was nearly 1000 arcsec. The mobility and carrier density of these samples were approximately 1000 cm2/Vs and 3 x 1018 cm-3 by Van der Pauw method.

The purpose of this dissertation was to write and make available a small set of PL/1 computer subroutines that can be used in other computer programs attempting to do any kind of analysis of natural language data. The subroutines present in the dissertation are for some of the housekeeping, that is the jobs that must be done before analysis can begin.Four subroutines were written and tested: a subroutine called FINDONE (find one) that isolateswords in an input string of characters, and three subroutines, called the LAGADOs, that find words or word parts on lists of words or word parts. The reliability of the subroutines was tested in small testing programs and in a larger lexical diversity program that was modified to use the subroutines.FINDONE finds graphemic words and punctuation marks in an input character string. In addition, it truncates the input string from the left so that repeated calls of the subroutine finds the words in the input string in sequence. FINDONE takes as parameters the name of the input string and a name to be associated with the word found.The three LAGADO functions search for words on lists of words. Each of the functions is designed to search a list of a certain structure. LAGADO1 searches an alphabetized list where to length of the list is known. It uses the economical binary search technique. LAGADO1 takes as parameters the name of the word searched for, the name of the list to be searched and the length of the list to be searched.LAGADO2 searches a list in any order that is alphabetically indexed by an indexing array. LAGADO2 takes as parameters the name of the word being searched for, the name of the list being searched, the name of the indexing array, and the length of the list being searched.LAGAD03 searches any list that has an end-of-list symbol. LAGADO3 uses a linear search technique and looks at each element of the list being searched in order until it either finds the word being searched for or the final boundary symbols. LAGADO3 takes as parameters the name of the word searced for, the name of the list being searched, and the name of the end-of-list symbol.Each of the LAGADO functions returns a positive value equal to the subscript of the list element that matches the input word if the input word is matched, or a negative number whose absolute value is the subscript of the location of the cell where the input word would have to be inserted into the list if the input word is not matched.Two of the subroutines, FINDONE and LAGADO2, were tested by being incorporated into SUPRFRQ, a lexical diversity program developed from an earlier program written by Robert Wachal. An Appendix includes the documented texts of he subroutines and of the lexical diversity program. In addition, the appendix includes the result of a run of SUPRFQ on for short dialect texts collected, by Charles Houck in Leeds, England.

abstract: Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are one dimensional materials and have size quantization effect when the diameter is sufficiently small. They can serve as optical wave guides along the length direction and contain optically active gain at the same time. Due to these unique properties, NWs are now very promising and extensively studied for nanoscale optoelectronic applications. A systematic and comprehensive optical and microstructural study of several important infrared semiconductor NWs is presented in this thesis, which includes InAs, PbS, InGaAs, erbium chloride silicate and erbium silicate. Micro-photoluminescence (PL) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were utilized in conjunction to characterize the optical and microstructure of these wires. The focus of this thesis is on optical study of semiconductor NWs in the mid-infrared wavelengths. First, differently structured InAs NWs grown using various methods were characterized and compared. Three main PL peaks which are below, near and above InAs bandgap, respectively, were observed. The octadecylthiol self-assembled monolayer was employed to passivate the surface of InAs NWs to eliminate or reduce the effects of the surface states. The band-edge emission from wurtzite-structured NWs was completely recovered after passivatoin. The passivated NWs showed very good stability in air and under heat. In the second part, mid-infrared optical study was conducted on PbS wires of subwavelength diameter and lasing was demonstrated under optical pumping. The PbS wires were grown on Si substrate using chemical vapor deposition and have a rock-salt cubic structure. Single-mode lasing at the wavelength of ~3000-4000 nm was obtained from single as-grown PbS wire up to the temperature of 115 K. PL characterization was also utilized to demonstrate the highest crystallinity of the vertical arrays of InP and InGaAs/InP composition-graded heterostructure NWs made by a top-down fabrication method. TEM-related measurements were performed to study the crystal structures and elemental compositions of the Er-compound core-shell NWs. The core-shell NWs consist of an orthorhombic-structured erbium chloride silicate shell and a cubic-structured silicon core. These NWs provide unique Si-compatible materials with emission at 1530 nm for optical communications and solid state lasers. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2011

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:36:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_5112_.pdf: 2115802 bytes, checksum: 4156ee444f2073e0a5e4552dc48ba7fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-04 / MENEGUZZI, Cristiane Meneguzzi. Modelo de roteamento de veículos aplicado ao planejamento do Inventário Florestal. 2011. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Florestais) Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre-ES. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gilson Fernandes da Silva. Coorientador: Geraldo Regis Mauri. Na área florestal, ainda é dada maior ênfase ao desenvolvimento de estudos envolvendo as etapas de colheita e transporte florestal, por serem diretamente responsáveis pelo custo final da madeira. Entretanto, diversas outras etapas possuem grande potencial para estudos, como é o caso do inventário florestal. Informações fornecidas pelo inventário florestal são importantes no planejamento de todo empreendimento florestal, pois subsidiam qualquer tomada de decisão envolvendo recursos florestais. Nesta pesquisa, utilizou-se o modelo de roteamento de veículos (PRV) no planejamento dessa atividade. O PRV e suas variantes vêm sendo amplamente estudados nos últimos anos, principalmente pela sua aplicabilidade e eficiência em gerar soluções apresentando redução de custo e/ou distâncias. O objetivo geral foi otimizar o planejamento da atividade de inventário florestal a partir de um modelo PRV e avaliar a importância do uso desta técnica no rendimento das atividades. Dentre os fatores que influenciam neste rendimento, a dispersão espacial, característica básica dos povoamentos florestais, é um fator controlável a partir do uso de técnicas que possibilitem associá-lo ao planejamento. Estudos mostram que essa associação traz resultados significativos. Palavras-chave: branch-and-bound, pesquisa operacional, planejamento, otimização combinatória.