Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-21T18:37:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriquedecastrogomes.pdf: 1205999 bytes, checksum: b3d28e019c29c4bb978f107c4b25c3ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-22T12:40:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriquedecastrogomes.pdf: 1205999 bytes, checksum: b3d28e019c29c4bb978f107c4b25c3ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T12:40:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriquedecastrogomes.pdf: 1205999 bytes, checksum: b3d28e019c29c4bb978f107c4b25c3ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A crescente demanda pelos consumidores por índices de qualidade de energia cada vez mais elevados e a recente desregulamentação do setor elétrico, vem exigindo uma demanda cada vez maior pelo monitoramento da qualidade da energia elétrica pelas concessionárias de uma maneira descentralizada. Aliado a esse fato, a alta proliferação de cargas não lineares conectadas à rede elétrica, entre outros, têm tornado a estimação de parâmetros dos sinais elétricos da rede uma tarefa cada vez mais desafiadora. Assim, o desenvolvimento de algoritmos de estimação eficientes e com baixa complexidade computacional, ou passíveis de implementação em sistemas (hardwares) de baixo custo, têm-se tornando uma prerrogativa importante. Nesse escopo, essa dissertação apresenta a descrição de uma malha de PLL (Phase-Locked-Loop) robusta (ER-QPLL), capaz de estimar os parâmetros (fase, freqüência e amplitude) da componente fundamental de um sinal de entrada qualquer. O desenvolvimento da estrutura baseou-se no aprimoramento de uma malha de PLL do tipo quadratura (QPLL), que estima os parâmetros da componente fundamental de um sinal de entrada através da aquisição das suas componentes em fase e em quadratura. As modificações da malha foram a introdução de um filtro notch adaptativo em sua entrada e a implementação de toda a estrutura utilizando o operador delta (δ), relacionado à Transformada Gama (γ). A introdução do filtro notch adaptativo na entrada da malha garante uma significativa melhoria na relação SNR do sinal de entrada, sem prejudicar demasiadamente a resposta dinâmica da estrutura. A característica adaptativa do filtro garante uma performance satisfatória da malha para sinais de entrada com parâmetros variantes no tempo. A implementação da malha utilizando o operador delta (δ) assegura uma performance ideal quando a mesma é implementada em sistemas de precisão limitada de, no mínimo, 16 bits. De acordo com os resultados demonstrados nesse trabalho, a performance da malha é satisfatória mesmo ao se utilizar altas taxas de amostragem relativas à freqüência de operação da malha. Finalmente, foi proposta uma implementação da malha em um microprocessador (DSP) da família TMS320, o que comprova a viabilidade de implementação da mesma em sistemas (hardware) de ponto fixo. / The always more restrictive energy quality benchmarks, pushed on by consumers, associated with the electric sector deregulamentation has been imposing the necessity, for the concessionaries, of a better and decentralized monitoring of energy electric quality. At the same time, the increase of nonlinear loads connected to the electric network, among other facts, has been increasing the complexities associated with this electric signals parameters estimation. So, the synthesis of efficient parameters estimation algorithms, with low computational effort and with easy implementation on low-cost hardware systems has becoming a priority for the energy quality area. Based on these assumptions, this work deals with the design and synthesis of a robust Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) structure, more specifically an Enhanced Quadrature Phase-Locked-Loop (ER-QPLL) with capacity of estimate several parameters, more specifically phase, frequency and amplitude, from any input signal. The synthesis of this ER-QPLL structure was based on the enhancement of a Quadrature Phase-Locked-Loop (QPLL) that can estimate the parameters of the fundamental component of any input signal thought the information acquired with the acquisition of its phase and quadrature components. The enhancements of this QPLL structure were, basically, the introduction of a adaptive notch filter on its input, associated with an delta operator (δ), a tool of the gamma transformer (γ), for modeling the whole structure. A significant improvement in the SNR of the input signal, without degradation of the dynamic structure output, was achieved with the introduction of the notch filter. The adaptive characteristics of this notch filter can deal, in a very good way, with the non-stationery properties of the input signals. The structure implementation based on delta operator (δ) can assure an almost ideal performance for limited precision systems of, at least, 16 bits. According to the results obtained in this work, the performance of the proposed structure can be considered very good, even when dealing with high sampling rates relative to the network frequency operation. Finally, a structure based on a microprocessor DSP from TMS320 family was proposed and implemented showing its feasibility for fixed-point hardware.

Thesis deals with design of phase locked loop, which will be used as frequency multiplier. Full integrated phase locked loop with current pump is presented.

With the advances in wireless communication technology over last two decades, the use of fractional-N frequency synthesizers has increased widely in modern wireless communication applications due to their high frequency resolution and fast settling time. The performance of a fractional-N frequency synthesizer is degraded due to the presence of unwanted spurious tones (spurs) in the output spectrum. The Digital Delta-Sigma Modulator can be directly responsible for the generation of spur because of its inherent nonlinearity and periodicity. Many deterministic and stochastic techniques associated with the architecture of the DDSM have been developed to remove the principal causes responsible for production of spurs. The nonlinearities in a frequency synthesizer are another source for the generation of spurs. In this thesis we have predicted that specific nonlinearities in a fractional-N frequency synthesizer produce spurs at well-defined frequencies even if the output of the DDSM is spur-free. Different spur free DDSM architectures have been investigated for the analysis of spurious tones in the output spectrum of fractional-N frequencysynthesizers. The thesis presents simulation and experimental investigation of mechanisms for spur generation in a fractional-N frequency synthesizer. Simulations are carried out using the CppSim system simulator, MATLAB and Simulink while the experiments are performed on an Analog Devices ADF7021, a high performance narrow-band transceiver IC.

Die Spezifikationen und Toleranzbereiche heutiger Hochgeschwindigkeitsdatenübertragungstechnologien nehmen immer weiter an Komplexität, aufgrund der steigenden Informationsmenge, zu. Zur Verarbeitung von Daten in Frequenzbereichen oberhalb von einem Gigahertz sind Referenzsignale notwendig, welche ein äußerst geringes Phasenrauschen aufweisen um benachbarte Kanäle nicht zu beeinflussen. Diese Referenzsignale werden in Mischerschaltungen zur Modulation oder Demodulation zwischen radio frequency (RF)- und intermediate frequency (IF)-Signalen verwendet. Die benötigte Signalform ist eine Sinusschwingung, die nicht durch digitale Schaltungsblöcke erzeugt werden kann. Daher ist die Notwendigkeit von analogen LC-Oszillatoren gegeben. Die Erzeugung von höchst stabilen und hochfrequenten Signalen war lange Zeit teuren Silizium-Germanium-Technologien vorbehalten. Jedoch erfordert der steigende Integrationsgrad und der hart umkämpfte Markt, die Entwicklung von RF-Schaltungen in günstigen CMOS-Technologien. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Landshut Silicon Foundry soll dazu eine monolithisch integrierte Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) mit einer mittleren Ausgangsfrequenz von 2,44 GHz und einem Phasenrauschen kleiner -115 dBc/Hz bei einem Abstand von 1 MHz vom Träger entwickelt werden. Dabei wird das Hauptaugenmerk auf den Kern der PLL gelegt, welcher einen spannungsgesteuerten Oszillator, einen Phasen-/Frequenzdetektor, eine Ladungspumpe, einen Schleifenfilter und einen Frequenzteiler beinhaltet. Außerdem sollen Testszenarien vorgestellt werden, um die Eigenschaften der gefertigten PLL zu bestimmen und zu vergleichen.

Je rapporte dans ce manuscrit une étude théorique et expérimentale d’une source compacte, fiable et bas coût d’ondes électromagnétiques continues et cohérentes de 30 Hz de largeur de raie, accordables de 1 GHz à 500 GHz par pas de 1 GHz. Ces ondes sont générées par un photo-mélange de deux diodes lasers DFB (Distributed Feedback) très accordables autour de 1550 nm, stabilisées avec des polarisations orthogonales sur une même cavité Fabry-Perot optique fibrée. J’ai conçue des électroniques de correction très rapides pour chaque laser permettant d’avoir une bande passante d’asservissement de 7 MHz limitée par la longueur de la boucle. Je démontre des suppressions de bruit de phase jusqu’à -60 dBc/ Hz à 1 kHz et de -90 dBc/Hz à 100 kHz d’écart d’une porteuse électrique à 92 GHz. Je mesure aussi une dérive de fréquence de ~170 kHz d’un battement à 10 GHz à long terme sur 7,5 heures de verrouillage continu. Je montre une conception optimisée d’une boucle d’asservissement intégrée de quelques dizaines de cm de longueur qui réduit le bruit de phase de 18 dB à 1 MHz d’écart à la porteuse optique et des couplages phase-amplitude réduits dans la cavité d’un facteur 50 par rapport à ceux estimés expérimentalement. L’ajout d’un troisième laser DFB stabilisé en phase sur un oscillateur local permettrait d’avoir une source continûment accordable sur 1 THz. La source d’ondes continues permettrait également de générer à partir de fibres hautement non linéaires et dispersives des impulsions pico- ou femtosecondes à un taux de répétition fixe en remplacement les lasers DFB par des lasers plus stables. Je calcule par simulation une gigue temporelle de 7,2 fs sur un temps d’intégration de 1 ms à 40 GHz de taux de répétition. / I report in this manuscript a theoretical and experimental study of a compact, reliable and low cost source of 30 Hz linewidth, continuous and coherent electromagnetic waves tunable from 1 GHz to 500 GHz in steps of 1 GHz. These waves are generated by photomixing two distributed feedback (DFB) laser diodes at 1550 nm which are frequency stabilized with orthogonal polarizations on the same optical fibered Fabry-Perot cavity. I have designed very fast electronic control filters for each laser allowing a 7 MHz servo bandwidth limited by the loop length. I demonstrate phase noise suppressions down to -60 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz and -90 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset frequencies from a 92 GHz electrical carrier. I also measure a ~170 kHz frequency drift of the beat note at 10 GHz on the long term over a continuous 7.5 hour locking period. I show an optimized design of an integrated servo loop of few tens of cm length which reduces the phase noise by 18 dB at 1 MHz optical carrier offset frequency and the phase-amplitude couplings in the cavity by a factor of 50 compared to the experimental one. The addition of a third DFB laser phase stabilized on a local oscillator allows the possibility to have continuously tunable source over 1 THz. The continuous wave source also makes it possible to generate fixed repetition rate pico- or femtosecond pulses from highly non-linear and dispersive fibers, replacing the DFB lasers by further stable lasers. I have calculated by simulation 7.2 fs temporal jitter at 40 GHz repetition rate over a 1 ms integration time.