This thesis presents a study of the wind load forces and their influence on the response of structures. The study is based on the capacity of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition method (POD) to identify and extract organized patterns that are hidden or embedded inside a complex field. Technically this complex field is defined as a multi-variate random process, which in wind engineering is represented by unsteady pressure signals recorded on multiple points of the surface of a structure. The POD method thus transforms the multi-variate random pressure field into a sequence of load shapes that are uncorrelated with each other. The effect of each uncorrelated load shape on the structural response is relatively easy to evaluate and the individual contributions can be added linearly afterwards. Additionally, since each uncorrelated load shape is associated with a percentage of the total energy involved in the loading process, it is possible to neglect those load shapes with low energy content. Furthermore, the load shapes obtained with the POD often reveal physical flow structures, like vortex shedding, oscillations of shear layers, etc. This later property can be used in conjunction with classical results in fluid mechanics to theorize about the physical nature of different flow mechanics and their interactions. The POD method is well suited to be used in conjunction with the classical modal analysis, not only to calculate the structural response for a given pressure field but to observe the details of the wind-structure interaction. A detailed and complete application is presented here but the methodology is very general since it can be applied to any recorded pressure field and for any type of structure.

For many decades, turbulence has been the subject of extensive numerical research and experimental work. A bottleneck problem in turbulence research has been to detect and characterize the energetic, space and time-dependent structures and give a mathematical definition to each topology. This research presents a fundamental study of coherent structures, embedded in turbulent flows, by use of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). The target is to detect dominant features which contain the largest fraction of the total kinetic energy and hence contribute more to a turbulent flow. POD is proven to be a robust methodology in multivariate analysis of non-linear problems. This method also helps to obtain a low-dimensional approximation of a high-dimensional process, like a turbulent flow. This manuscript-based dissertation consists of five chapters. The first chapter starts with a brief introduction to turbulence, available simulation techniques, limitations and practical applications. Next, POD is introduced and the step-by-step approach is explained in detail. Three submitted manuscripts are presented in the subsequent chapters. Each chapter starts with introducing the study case and explaining the contribution of the study to the whole topic and also has its topic-relevant literature review. Each article consists of two parts: flow simulation and verification of the results at the onset, followed by POD analysis and reconstruction of the turbulent flow fields. For flow simulation, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was performed to obtain databases for POD analysis. The simulations were validated by making comparison with available experimental and numerical studies. For each case, coherent topologies are characterized and the contribution of kinetic energy for each structure is determined and compared with previous literature. The first manuscript focused on investigating the large-scale dynamics in the wake of an infinite square cylinder. This case is the first step towards the targeting study case of this research, i.e. flow over rib roughened walls. The main purpose the first step is to establish a benchmark for comparison to the more complicated cases of a square cylinder with a nearby wall and flow over a rib-roughened surface. For POD analysis, the three-dimensional velocity field is obtained from LES of the flow around an infinite square cylinder at a Reynolds number of Re = 500. The POD algorithm is examined and the total energy of the flow is found to be well captured by only a small number of eigenmodes. From the energy spectrum, it is learned that each eigenmode represents a particular flow characteristic embedded in the turbulent wake, and eigenmodes with analogous characteristics can be bundled as pairs. Qualitative analysis of the dominant modes provided insight as to the spatial distribution of dominant structures in the turbulent wake. Another outcome of this chapter is to develop physical interpretations of the energetic structures by examining the temporal coefficients and tracking their life-cycle. It was observed that the paired temporal coefficients are approximately sinusoidal with similar order of magnitude and frequency and a phase shift. Lastly, it was observed that the turbulent flow field can be approximated by a linear combination of the mean flow and a finite number of spatial modes. The second manuscript analyses the influence of a solid wall on the wake dynamics of an infinite square cylinder. Different cases have been studied by changing the distance between the cylinder and the bottom wall. From the simulation results, it is learned that the value of drag and lift coefficients can be significantly affected by a nearby solid wall. From the energy decay spectrum it is observed that the energy decay rate varies for different gap ratios and accordingly a physical explanation is developed. Visualization of coherent structures for each case shows that for larger gaps, although the structures are distorted and inclined away from the wall, the travelling wave characteristic persists. Lastly, it is observed that as the gap ratio gets smaller, energetic structures originated by the wall begin to appear in the lower index modes. The last manuscript presents a numerical study of the structures in turbulent Couette flow with roughness on one wall, which as mentioned earlier, is the targeting study case of this research. Flow over both roughened and smooth surfaces was examined in a single study. Comparison was made with experiments and other numerical studies to verify the LES results. The mean velocity distribution across the channel shows that the rib roughness on the bottom wall has a strong effect on the velocity profile on the opposite wall. The energetic coherent dynamics of turbulent flow were investigated by the use of POD. The energy decay spectrum was analysed and the influence of a roughened wall and each roughness element on formation of those structures was investigated. Coherent POD modes on a spanwise sampling plane are detected. A secondary swirling motion is visualized, for the first two modes and counter-rotating cells are observed in the lower region of the channel above the rough wall for the higher modes. At the end, a quantitative analysis of the POD temporal coefficients was performed, which characterize the life-cycle of each coherent dynamic. A motivating outcome of this analysis is to decompose the time trace curves into quasi-periodic and fluctuations curves and to detect a linkage between these life cycles and physical meaning and location of each energetic pattern. At the end, in a closuring chapter, concluding remarks of this research work are presented in more detail and some potential extensions have been proposed for future researchers.

In 2013, a faunistic research of the Carabidae tribe was carried out in the nature reserve of Mokřad pod Tipečkem (Wetland under Tipeček). The object of the nature reserve protection are waterlogged meadows and plant and animal societies typical for this environment. 12 ground traps were placed in the locality in four different areas (always on a mowed post, an unmowed one, the edge of a wood and the edge of a meadow with a wetland). Altogether, there were 34 species recorded with the total number of 328 individuals, among which there are two signifiant species, Leistus rufomarginatus with 3 individuals and Limodromus krynickii (2 individuals). Limodromus krynickii is recorded on the Red list of endangered species in the Czech Republic. In the above mantioned lokality, the most numerous species recorded were Pterostichus nigrita, Pterostichus niger, Abax parallelepipedus and Abax parallelus. Majority of the detected species are adaptace, prefering damp and umbral environment. The outcomes show that the area on the edge of a wood (area 3) is the most multifarious as to species and the number of individuals. On the other hand, areas 1 and 2 are not so multifarious.

The main aim of the thesis was determined to identify factors influencing political decisions of municipal government in Mníšek pod Brdy city. The Diploma Thesis is divided into three parts, the first of which is dedicated to local authorities, including their composition and powers, as well as issues of municipal elections, local political partisanship, and the participation of citizens in the conflict lines in local political space. Next part of this thesis was focused on indicators of proportionality elections and theories dealing with different views of the local coalition. The second part deals with the general characteristics of the city and its socio-economic structure. The last, main part of the Diploma Thesis is devoted to the presentation of each electoral period from 2002 till 2014. The principle of development and function of coalition within decision-making of the local government is described on the basis of analysis. In the end of the thesis factors, that influence coalition relationships and their reasons, are presented.

The Pinus sylvestris natural regeneration growth and site characteristics effect were evaluated in the area of VLS ČR, s. p. divize Mimoň-Doksy in september of 2015. The dendrometric parameters of seedlings as listed: the total height, the diameter, the last 5 years height increment, the crown diameter, the quality and vitality of plants and the branch angle) were measured at nine plots. Also microsite characteristics, such as: herbal layer composition, light conditions, litter horizons and distance to the nearest adult tree) were noted at these sites. The 416 seedlings were measured in total. The main site characteristic with significant effect on the mean increment was direct photosynthetical radiation (r = 0,47). Other significat factors were the total and the diffuse photosynthetical radiation, the canopy and the amount of small bushes in herbal layer. There can be also concluded that good light conditions have statistically significant effect on the quality of seedlings. Influence of other site characteristics was not statistically significant.

The aim of this thesis is to detect the causes, extent and means of breaching the intellectual property rights, including its negative consequences from the point of supervisory activities of the Customs Administration of the Czech Republic. Also to suggest possible measures to enhance the service and to eliminate any imperfections in the legislative, its abidance or in organization and work management if found. The thesis is divided into two parts theoretical and practical. The theoretical part contains, according to the author, the most important international treaties, conventions and agreements, as well as the European Union law and the national legislation. In the practical part the author states his opinion on the legislation concerning the protection of intellectual property rights, brief classification of the intellectual property rights and it introduces the controlling authority including the Customs Administration of the Czech Republic and its procedures towards the goods that breaches the intellectual property. Furthermore, it presents the statistic data concerning the seized goods. The thesis states the penalties for breaching the intellectual property rights, for both the administrative delicts and criminal offences. It also contains a questionnaire carried out within the Customs Administration of the Czech Republic which purpose was to find out their opinion on the legislation, organization and work management in the field of intellectual property. The results are analysed in the conclusion of the thesis and it presents the imperfections in the areas stated above. The author suggests suitable adjustments to eliminate these imperfections according to his best judgement even though he is not a lawyer. Finally the author reviews the issues mentioned throughout the whole thesis and summarizes the aim of the thesis.

Medições em túnel de vento e em escala real têm mostrado que as pressões do vento natural não estão totalmente correlacionadas espacialmente. O uso da Decomposição Ortogonal Própria (DOP) permite a obtenção dos desvios padrões das respostas da estrutura a partir da matriz de coeficientes de correlação espacial das pressões do vento nos diferentes pontos de tomadas em túnel. O método indicado pela NBR6123 - Forças devido ao vento em edificações supõe um vento de rajada totalmente correlacionado espacialmente dentro das dimensões da edificação. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar a resposta estrutural obtida pelos métodos da Decomposição Ortogonal Própria (MDOP) e da NBR6123. Para tal foi escolhida uma estrutura tipo treliça espacial em arco semicircular com 53,00 m de largura, 26,50m de flecha e 92,80m de comprimento. A escolha da estrutura tipo treliça espacial tem o motivo de este tipo de estrutura possuir uma continuidade estrutural capaz de difundir o desvio padrão devido às pressões em uma tomada em uma extremidade da construção para uma resposta em um elemento estrutural na outra extremidade. Foi construído um modelo em escala reduzida para realização de ensaios no túnel de vento do Laboratório de Aerodinâmica das Construções (LAC) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS. A partir daí empregou-se o MDOP para a obtenção da resposta estrutural e comparou-se com a resposta obtida pelo método da NBR6123. Os resultados demonstram que os distintos padrões de escoamento em torno do modelo resultam em um carregamento com níveis também distintos de correlação e que o MDOP é uma poderosa ferramenta de análise, permitindo um projeto mais seguro e otimizado da estrutura. / Both wind tunnel and real scale measurements have been indicating that the natural wind pressures are not entirely correlated spatially. The use of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) allows the acquisition of the structural responses standard deviations from the wind pressures spatial correlation coefficients matrix on the various measurement points in a tunnel. The method shown by the "NBR6123 - Forças devido ao vento em edificações", on the other hand, assumes a gust of wind entirely correlated spatially. The objective of this study was to compare the structural response obtained by the proper orthogonal decomposition methods (POD) with that obtained by the NBR6123 methods. In order to do that, a spatial truss-type structure in semicircular arch was chosen, with a 53,00 m width, a 26,50 m arrow and a 92,80 m length. The choice for a spatial truss structure was made because it has a structural continuity capable of spreading the pressure's standard deviation from a given measurement point on one extremity of the construction, to a response in a structural element on the other extremity. A reduced scale model was built in the Laboratório de Aerodinâmica das Construções (LAC) from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFGRS -, in order to perform the tests. Then, the POD\ was employed to obtain the structural responses, which were compared to those obtained employing the NBR6123. The results show that the distinct flow patterns around the model result in a load with also distinct levels of correlation. In conclusion, the POD is a powerful analysis tool that allows a safer and optimized structural design.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 manetti_fa_dr_botfca.pdf: 124351 bytes, checksum: 8209117255ebb05525f4c0e5331f5c8b (MD5) / Com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade de linhagens bifloras e unifloras de ervilha (Pisum sativum L.) torta em associação com diferentes densidades de plantio, semearam-se quatro linhagens pertencentes à área de melhoramento vegetal da FCA – Campus de Botucatu – UNESP, em duas épocas (Maio e Julho de 2009) juntamente com as testemunhas comerciais Torta de Flor Roxa e MK 13. As densidades utilizadas foram 25000, 50000 e 100000 plantas por hectare e as parcelas foram constituídas por uma linha de 4 m de comprimento por 0,8 m entre fileiras com 2, 4 e 8 plantas por metro de sulco, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Realizaram-se colheitas sucessivas a cada três dias quando as vagens atingiram o ponto comercial. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: número de dias para 50% de florescimento; número de internódios até a primeira flor; número de ramos laterais; porcentagem de plantas bifloras; número de vagens por parcela; número de vagens por planta; massa de vagens por parcela; massa de vagens por planta; massa média de vagens; comprimento médio de vagens; largura média de vagens; número de grãos. Por meio dos resultados constatou-se que as linhagens 1 e 2 apresentaram-se mais precoces com um menor número de internódios e maior porcentagem de plantas bifloras que as cultivares já comercializadas. A densidade de plantio influenciou o número de vagens por parcela, número de vagens por planta, massa de vagens por parcela e massa de vagens por planta, não influenciando as demais características. O aumento na densidade de plantio aumenta a produtividade de todas as linhagens não interferindo nas demais características comerciais. Linhagens bifloras não foram mais produtivas do que as unifloras / Four edible pod pea breeding lines (two single and two double flowered) and two commercial check varieties ‘Torta de Flor Roxa’ and ‘MK 13’ were tested under three planting densities (25000, 50000 and 100000 plants per hectare) in two planting dates during fall and winter months in São Paulo State Brazil. The experimental desing was a randomized block with three replications, and plots consisted of a 4 m long row set 0,8 m apart with 2, 4 and 8 plants per meter of furrow for each tested densities, respectively. Following characterizes were evaluated: number of days to 50% flowering, number of internodes until the first flower, number of lateral branches, biflora plants percentage, number of pods per plot, number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plot, mass of pods per plant, average weight of pods, pod length, average width of pods, number of grains. There was no interaction among lines and densities, but only general effects of lines and densities separately. No differences occurred among lines for number of pods per plant and per plot when average of densities were considered. Increasing of densities, however, increased yield per plot without changing characteristics of the pods as length width and weight. There was no difference on yield of double and single flowered lines in each density

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bolonhezi_d_dr_jabo.pdf: 3253229 bytes, checksum: 974742cfe4f4b872d8710f3c2803a997 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Apta / No estado de São Paulo, o amendoim é cultivado principalmente na sucessão à cana-de-açúcar e pastagem, em duas regiões distintas quanto às condições edafoclimáticas. Atualmente, devido ao aumento das áreas com canaviais colhidos sem queima e dos sistemas de integração agricultura e pecuária, os produtores têm a oportunidade de adotarem manejos de solo conservacionistas. Considerando as peculiaridades morfo-fisiológicas da planta de amendoim, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram : estudar as características agronômicas e extração de nutrientes de duas cultivares de amendoim com hábitos de crescimento contrastantes em três manejos de solo sobre palhada de cana crua e pastagem, bem como avaliar os efeitos desses sistemas sobre alguns atributos químicos, físicos e microbiológicos do solo. Foram instalados 12 experimentos de campo, conduzidos de 1999/2000 até 2004/2005, na áreas experimentais da APTA (antigas estações do IAC e IZ), sendo 9 em Latossolo vermelho (Ribeirão Preto, 6 em cana crua e 3 em pastagem) e 3 em Argissolos, dos quais 2 (pastagem e cana crua) em Pindorama e 1 (pastagem) em Mirassol. Em delineamento experimental blocos casualizados os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, utilizando-se 4 repetições. As parcelas compreenderam os sistemas de manejo convencional (arado de aivecas + gradagens), cultivo mínimo (5 L.ha-1de glifosate + arado subsolador ASTMATIC 450®, Tatu Marchesan) e plantio direto (5 L.ha-1de glifosate). As sub-parcelas foram constituídas pelas cultivares IAC-Tatu ST (ereta) e IAC-Caiapó (rasteira)... / In Sao Paulo State, Brazil, peanut has been cultivated in rotation with sugarcane and pasture in two regions with different soil type and climate conditions. Nowadays, due to the increase of sugarcane area harvested without burning and the crop-livestock integration systems, the peanut growers have a great opportunity to plant in the conservation tillage, mainly in no-tillage system. Considering the specific morphological and physiological characteristic of peanut plant, the aims of this research were to study the agronomic characteristics and nutrient contents of two different peanut cultivars in three tillage systems in rotation with sugarcane and pasture, as well as their effects in some chemical, physical and microbiological soil attributes. Twelve field experiments were conducted from 1999/2000 to 2004/2005, at the followings places: Ribeirão Preto (Oxisoil), Pindorama (Ultisoil) and Mirassol (Ultisoil). Seven trials were installed on sugarcane straw and five in rotation with pasture, which were situated at APTA experimental station. Tillage treatments were arranged in split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots were the tillage treatments (conventional, reduced and no-tillage) while the subplots were peanut cultivars (IACTatu ST and IAC-Caiapó). In the conventional tillage, soil was turned with a moldboard plow and disked. Reduced tillage was made with subsoiler shank (ASTMATIC 450 , Tatu Marchesan) after the herbicide application. In no-tillage systems, the sugarcane plant and pasture were killed with glyphosate (2.4 kg a.i.ha-1). Some agronomic characteristics (pod and kernels yield, percentage of sound mature kernels, plant density and dry matter of root in different layers), nodulation (number and dry matter) and nutrient contents (N,P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Zn) in plants were evaluated...(Complete abstract, acess undermentioned eletronic adress)

Medições em túnel de vento e em escala real têm mostrado que as pressões do vento natural não estão totalmente correlacionadas espacialmente. O uso da Decomposição Ortogonal Própria (DOP) permite a obtenção dos desvios padrões das respostas da estrutura a partir da matriz de coeficientes de correlação espacial das pressões do vento nos diferentes pontos de tomadas em túnel. O método indicado pela NBR6123 - Forças devido ao vento em edificações supõe um vento de rajada totalmente correlacionado espacialmente dentro das dimensões da edificação. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar a resposta estrutural obtida pelos métodos da Decomposição Ortogonal Própria (MDOP) e da NBR6123. Para tal foi escolhida uma estrutura tipo treliça espacial em arco semicircular com 53,00 m de largura, 26,50m de flecha e 92,80m de comprimento. A escolha da estrutura tipo treliça espacial tem o motivo de este tipo de estrutura possuir uma continuidade estrutural capaz de difundir o desvio padrão devido às pressões em uma tomada em uma extremidade da construção para uma resposta em um elemento estrutural na outra extremidade. Foi construído um modelo em escala reduzida para realização de ensaios no túnel de vento do Laboratório de Aerodinâmica das Construções (LAC) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS. A partir daí empregou-se o MDOP para a obtenção da resposta estrutural e comparou-se com a resposta obtida pelo método da NBR6123. Os resultados demonstram que os distintos padrões de escoamento em torno do modelo resultam em um carregamento com níveis também distintos de correlação e que o MDOP é uma poderosa ferramenta de análise, permitindo um projeto mais seguro e otimizado da estrutura. / Both wind tunnel and real scale measurements have been indicating that the natural wind pressures are not entirely correlated spatially. The use of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) allows the acquisition of the structural responses standard deviations from the wind pressures spatial correlation coefficients matrix on the various measurement points in a tunnel. The method shown by the "NBR6123 - Forças devido ao vento em edificações", on the other hand, assumes a gust of wind entirely correlated spatially. The objective of this study was to compare the structural response obtained by the proper orthogonal decomposition methods (POD) with that obtained by the NBR6123 methods. In order to do that, a spatial truss-type structure in semicircular arch was chosen, with a 53,00 m width, a 26,50 m arrow and a 92,80 m length. The choice for a spatial truss structure was made because it has a structural continuity capable of spreading the pressure's standard deviation from a given measurement point on one extremity of the construction, to a response in a structural element on the other extremity. A reduced scale model was built in the Laboratório de Aerodinâmica das Construções (LAC) from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFGRS -, in order to perform the tests. Then, the POD\ was employed to obtain the structural responses, which were compared to those obtained employing the NBR6123. The results show that the distinct flow patterns around the model result in a load with also distinct levels of correlation. In conclusion, the POD is a powerful analysis tool that allows a safer and optimized structural design.