Máquinas manuais são utilizadas em diversos processos, como na usinagem mecânica. Apesar da existência de máquinas automatizadas, com boa precisão e conformidade, as máquinas manuais de usinagem possuem baixo custo inicial e alta flexibilidade de produção, sendo empregadas para produção de lotes pequenos ou peças únicas, como protótipos ou peças empregadas em pesquisas científicas. O operador humano possui mais flexibilidade que qualquer sistema automatizado por ter a capacidade de tomar decisões. O posicionamento da ferramenta de usinagem através de uma mesa linear com parafuso e porca, acionada manualmente com um manípulo, exige perícia do operador e impacta no custo final das peças produzidas. Um dispositivo robótico acoplado ao mecanismo de posicionamento poderia trabalhar em cooperação com o operador humano, sendo utilizado como um recurso optativo para auxiliá-lo na tarefa de posicionamento. Atuadores passivos do tipo freio são seguros para a manipulação humana direta e naturalmente estáveis ao manter uma posição estática, além de baratos e simples. Sendo controlado por computador e com a posição desejada facilmente programável, o freio eliminaria a preocupação do operador com o posicionamento crítico, permitindo concentrar-se em outros detalhes do trabalho de usinagem ao delegar a tarefa de posicionamento ao freio. Literatura ou índices de desempenho escassos e iniciais foram encontrados sobre a utilização de freios neste contexto. Desta forma, este trabalho estuda os mecanismos típicos de máquinas manuais de usinagem e de freios por atrito, propondo então algoritmos de controle e avaliando seu desempenho. Desenvolveu-se dois tipos de controladores para lidar com as fortes não linearidades do atrito e fatores estocásticos do mesmo: um primeiro que utiliza pré-alimentação de um modelo do atuador e um segundo que tenta diminuir a influência de perturbações no posicionamento final diminuindo a velocidade do sistema nas imediações da posição desejada de frenagem. Um protótipo foi montado e permitiu avaliar experimentalmente os algoritmos, que apresentaram bons índices de desempenho que confirmam seu potencial de utilização, baseados em trabalhos anteriores e normas técnicas de tolerâncias gerais. / Manual machines are those with minimum or non-existent automation, being employed in many processes, like in the mechanical machining, where the operator have the task to position a machining tool to manufacture pieces. Despite the existence of automated machines, with good precision and production regularity in its produced pieces, the manual machines has low initial cost and high production flexibility, being used for the production of small or unique batches, like prototypes or pieces for scientific research. The human operator has greater flexibility than any automated system as it has the ability to make decisions. The positioning of the machining tool, thru a linear work table with screw and nut, manually operated by a hand wheel, requires operator skills which impacts the final cost of the manufactured pieces. A robotic device coupled to the positioning mechanism would work in cooperation with the human operator, being used as a resource to help with the task of positioning. Passive actuators, like brakes, are safe for human direct manipulation and naturally stable to maintain a position, despite being simple and cheap. Being computer-controlled, with the desired position easily programmable, the brake would eliminate the operators worry with the positioning task, leaving it to the brake. This work studies typical machine mechanisms of manual machines and friction brakes, leading to the development and evaluation of control algorithms. Two main types of feedback controllers were developed to deal with the brakes hard nonlinearities of friction and stochastic factors: one that uses a feedforward model to compensate for modeled disturbances and a second that tries to lower the disturbances influence by lowering the velocity nearby the desired position. A prototype were built and allowed to experimentally evaluate the proposed algorithms, which presented good performance in relation to early works and tolerance standards.

This thesis deals with the determination of the position of the solenoid core in real time based on the measured current. The reference position of the current is used for feedback control of the solenoid. For this issue, software tool Matlab/Simulink was used. For current and temperature measurements, PCB circuits were created. The whole project was carried out on the dSPACE platform.

Main steam temperatures play a significant role in large coal fired power plant operation. Ideally, main steam temperatures should be accurately controlled to protect the thick wall components against long term overheating and thermal stress while meeting the design conditions at the steam turbine inlet. Although high steam temperatures are beneficial for thermal efficiency, it accelerates creep damage in high temperature components which is detrimental to the life of components. Alternatively, low steam temperatures increase the moisture content at the last stage blades of the turbine, causing the blades to deteriorate and fail. Control of the outlet steam temperature according to design conditions at variable loads is maintained via a balance between heat input (flue gas temperature and mass flow rate), evaporator outlet steam mass flow and spray water. The present control philosophy accuracy of main steam temperatures at an Eskom coal fired power plant was evaluated and compared to the latest technology and control strategies. Improving and optimizing steam temperature controls ensures design efficiency while maintaining long term plant health. The level of spatial discretization applied in simplifying the real boiler for modelling purposes was approached at a relatively high level. The intention was to model normal operating conditions and certain transients such as variable heat input and load changes to see its effect on steam temperatures and to be able to evaluate the performance of different temperature control techniques. The main outcome of this project was to design a robust control system for a dynamic model of the boiler using sets of low order linear models to account for uncertainty. The main concepts, models and theories used in the development of this dissertation include: 1) A detailed thermo-fluid model developed using Flownex to have high fidelity models of the process under varying operating conditions. This model was used to test and evaluate the robust controller design. 2) System Identification in Matlab to construct mathematical models of dynamic systems from measured inputoutput data and identify linear continuous time transfer functions under all operating conditions [1]. 3) Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) to design controllers for an attemperator control system at various onload operating conditions. This design was used understand the engineering requirements and seeks to design fixed gain controllers that will give desired performance under all operating conditions. 4) The design of a valve position controller to increase the heat uptake in a convective pass, thereby improving efficiency: Excessive attemperation in the superheater passes is generally associated with high flue gas temperatures which decrease thermal efficiency. Therefore, robust control of the attemperation system leads to an increase in heat uptake between the flue gas and steam in the boiler, resulting in a reduction in the flue gas temperature leaving the boiler, thus improving efficiency. The robust QFT controllers were set up using the valve position control technique and were used to confirm the improvement of control performance. The theories mentioned above were used to understand the control performance under varying plant conditions using a standard cascaded arrangement. It incorporated robust control design and engineering requirements such as bandwidth, plant life, spray water and thermodynamic efficiency. The control effort allocated to each superheaterattemperator subsystem in the convective pass was designed as a multi-loop problem.

Thesis deals with the introduction to the production of electricity using photovoltaic panels and the relative position between panels and the Sun. The project aim was to design equipment to ensure the vertical position of the solar panels towards the Sun during the day so as to achieve maximum energy gain from sunlight. Pointing mechanism will be governed by the date and time.

The automation of hydraulic mobile machinery, such as excavators, requires high performance control solutions. In hydraulics, this means fast and accurate force, velocity and position control of hydraulic cylinder. Especially the force control is known to be difficult with traditional servo valves. Fast digital hydraulic valves together with modern control solutions can overcome this problem. This paper uses a new force control solution, which is based on the fast digital hydraulic valves and model based control principle. The control solution is applied in a heavy axis mimicking dynamics of mobile machine booms. Experimental results show good force, velocity and position tracking performance with varying load masses. The slow velocity performance is also much improved when compared to the earlier results.

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Active research of SMAs has shown that its Seebeck coefficient is sensitive to its martensitic phase transformation and has the potential to determine the SMAs state of transformation. The combination of Shape Memory Alloys, which have a positive Seebeck coefficient, and Constantan which has a negative Seebeck coefficient (-35 mV/K) results in a thermocouple capable of measuring temperature. The work presented in this thesis is based on the development and design of this sensor. This sensor is used to study the hysteretic behaviour of SMAs. Although Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) exhibit a myriad of nonlinearities, SMAs show two major types of nonlinear hysteresis. During cyclic loading of the SMAs, it is observed that one type of hysteretic behavior depends on the rate of heating the SMAs, whilst the variation of maximum temperature of an SMA in each cycle results in the other hysteretic behavior. This later hysteretic behavior gives rise to major and minor nonlinear loops of SMAs. The present work analyzes the nonlinearities of hysteretic envelopes which gives the different maximum temperatures reached for each hysteretic cycle with respect to stress and strain of the SMA. This work then models this behavior using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and compares it to experimental results. The nonlinear learning and adaptation of ANFIS architecture makes it suitable to model the temperature path hysteresis of SMAs. / Master of Science

[pt] Motores de passo são os motores mais utilizados em aplicações de controle de posicionamento em malha aberta. Entretanto, as limitações desta forma de atuação têm fomentado o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas que incorporem o controle em malha fechada. Motores de passo possuem boa relação entre torque e custo, tornando-os atraentes para aplicações em manipuladores robóticos. Mas as técnicas tradicionais de controle de manipuladores elétricos, que normalmente assumem o uso de motores de corrente contínua, apresentam baixo desempenho quando aplicadas a motores de passo, mesmo com o uso de sensores de posição. A forma mais comum de controle em malha fechada de motores de passo exige um encoder diretamente acoplado ao eixo do motor, formando um sistema colocado. No entanto, o projeto de muitos motores de passo não permite este acoplamento. Nesses casos, é necessário instalar os encoders na estrutura do manipulador, separados dos atuadores, caracterizando um sistema nãocolocado, que tipicamente apresenta problemas de estabilidade. Este trabalho propõe uma técnica de controle que recebe a realimentação de um encoder, não diretamente acoplado ao motor, e gera uma sequência de pulsos para o driver do motor de passo. Esse trem de pulsos é calculado de modo a não exigir acelerações excessivas, e assim prevenir a perda de passo do motor. O modelo de um sistema robótico usando este controlador é desenvolvido e simulado em Simulink/MATLAB. Um manipulador robótico de seis graus de liberdade acionado por motores de passo é especialmente projetado e construído para validar a técnica de controle apresentada, controlado por um microcontrolador PIC18F2431. O manipulador desenvolvido é modelado, e sua dinâmica analisada através de simulações. Os experimentos comprovam a eficiência da técnica de controle proposta, resultando em uma precisão absoluta na extremidade do manipulador de 1,3mm e repetibilidade 0,5mm . / [en] Stepper motors are used in most applications in open loop. However, the limitations of this type of control have encouraged the development of new techniques for closed loop control. Stepper motors have a good relationship between torque and cost, making it attractive for applications in robotic manipulators. But the limitation of traditional control deteriorates the performance of the manipulator. The most common form of closed loop control of stepper motors require an encoder directly coupled to the motor shaft. However, this is not always practical. In some cases, it is necessary to control the position of some system component that can’t be precisely known from the position of the motor. This work proposes a control technique that receives feedback from an encoder, not directly coupled to the motor shaft, and generates a sequence of pulses to the stepper motor driver. This pulse train is done so as not to require excessive accelerations, and thus prevent the loss of step. The model of a system using this controller is built using Simulink/MATLAB. A robotic manipulator of six degrees of freedom, using stepper motors, is designed and built to validate the presented control techniques, implemented on a PIC18F2431 microcontroller. The obtained absolute accuracy is 1,3mm and repeatability 0,5mm , proving the efficiency of the proposed control technique.