Due to the tragedy that occurred in the city of Santa Maria, the fire of the nightclub Kiss, emerged in the state of Rio Grande do Sul the need for a more current, more rigid and more effective legislation for prevention and fire protection. This paper aims to identify the index of fire safety in buildings of an institution of higher education that are in accordance with current legislation prevention and fire protection in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The method the risk assessment of fire used this study is the method Gretener. The technique that will be used in this exploratory research is the case study, applied to buildings of an institution of higher education with Plan for the Prevention and Protection against fires (PPCI) developed under state law and distinct classifications as the occupation. The findings indicated that all buildings analyzed present an acceptable fire safety index according to the Gretener method and does not require any intervention on the safety measures against fire. Therefore the state law stick with your goal is, among others, establish a set of effective measures of prevention and fire protection for buildings. / Em decorrência da tragédia ocorrida na cidade de Santa Maria, o incêndio da boate Kiss, surgiu no estado do Rio Grande do Sul a necessidade de uma legislação mais atual, mais rígida e mais efetiva em relação a prevenção e proteção contra incêndio. O presente trabalho propõe identificar o índice de segurança contra incêndio de edificações de uma instituição de ensino superior que estão em conformidade com a atual legislação estadual de prevenção e proteção contra incêndio do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O método de avaliação do risco de incêndio utilizado neste estudo é o Método de Gretener. A técnica utilizada nesta pesquisa exploratória é o estudo de caso, aplicado em prédios de uma instituição de ensino superior com Plano de Prevenção e Proteção Contra Incêndio (PPCI) elaborados conforme a legislação estadual e com classificações distintas quanto a ocupação. Os resultados desse trabalho indicaram que todas as edificações analisadas apresentam um índice de segurança contra incêndio aceitável de acordo com o método de Gretener, não necessitando de nenhum tipo de intervenção nas medidas de segurança contra incêndio. Portanto a legislação estadual cumpre com seu objetivo que é, dentre outros, estabelecer um conjunto de medidas eficientes de prevenção e proteção contra incêndio para as edificações.

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There is a growing interest in alternative transport fuels. There are two underlying reasons for this interest; the desire to decrease the environmental impact of transports and the need to compensate for the declining availability of petroleum. In the light of both these factors the Diesel Dual Fuel, DDF, engine is an attractive concept. The primary fuel of the DDF engine is methane, which can be derived both from renewables and from fossil sources. Methane from organic waste; commonly referred to as biomethane, can provide a reduction in greenhouse gases unmatched by any other fuel. The DDF engine is from a combustion point of view a hybrid between the diesel and the otto engine and it shares characteristics with both. This work identifies the main challenges of DDF operation and suggests methods to overcome them. Injector tip temperature and pre-ignitions have been found to limit performance in addition to the restrictions known from literature such as knock and emissions of NOx and HC. HC emissions are especially challenging at light load where throttling is required to promote flame propagation. For this reason it is desired to increase the lean limit in the light load range in order to reduce pumping losses and increase efficiency. It is shown that the best results in this area are achieved by using early diesel injection to achieve HCCI/RCCI combustion where combustion phasing is controlled by the ratio between diesel and methane. However, even without committing to HCCI/RCCI combustion and the difficult control issues associated with it, substantial gains are accomplished by splitting the diesel injection into two and allocating most of the diesel fuel to the early injection. HCCI/RCCI and PPCI combustion can be used with great effect to reduce the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons at light load. At high load, the challenges that need to be overcome are mostly related to heat. Injector tip temperatures need to be observed since the cooling effect of diesel flow through the nozzle is largely removed. Through investigation and modeling it is shown that the cooling effect of the diesel fuel occurs as the fuel resides injector between injections and not during the actual injection event. For this reason; fuel residing close to the tip absorbs more heat and as a result the dependence of tip temperature on diesel substitution rate is highly non-linear. The problem can be reduced greatly by improved cooling around the diesel injector. Knock and preignitions are limiting the performance of the engine and the behavior of each and how they are affected by gas quality needs to be determined. Based on experiences from this project where pure methane has been used as fuel; preignitions impose a stricter limit on engine operation than knock. / QC 20120626 / Diesel Dual Fuel