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No description available.

The purpose of this thesis was first to make a survey of compressed natural gas and its characteristic properties, matters relating to safety, environmental impact, and other issues associated with the use of this fuel. Furthermore, this work also addresses economic analysis of vehicle performance of operating vehicles on compressed natural gas of selected company. A new car fleet was created from the data provided from the selected company. The operational efficiency of compressed natural gas was detected and compared to results with conventional liquid fuels such as automotive gasoline and diesel fuel. Furthermore, the calculation of operating costs was made and the calculated return of investment associated with the use of compressed natural gas to power motor vehicles.

O objetivo geral da pesquisa consiste em analisar a vinculação do Conselho Nacional de Geografia (CNG) e do Departamento de Geografia da Universidade de São Paulo (DG-USP) às demandas do Estado brasileiro e a emergência de um discurso geográfico eminentemente científico, entre o momento de criação dessas instituições, a partir de 1934, e a realização do XVIII Congresso Internacional de Geografia, em 1956, marcos que delimitam um importante período de consolidação do pensamento geográfico brasileiro. Para tanto, além da análise do contexto histórico brasileiro no seio do qual floresceram as principais instituições geográficas modernas, analisa-se a Revista Brasileira de Geografia, principal veículo divulgador da Geografia praticada no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), sediado no Rio de Janeiro, em especial materiais publicados nas subáreas de Cartografia, Geografia Política e Geografia Econômica, selecionados após análise do conjunto do periódico. Representativas do pensamento desenvolvido em São Paulo, analisam-se também seis das primeiras oito teses defendidas junto ao DG-USP e, por fim, estabelece-se uma comparação quanto à natureza do saber produzido entre os centros paulista e carioca de pesquisa em Geografia, a relação estabelecida entre eles e os elementos políticos aos quais se vinculou o pensamento geográfico em diferentes ambientes de produção de conhecimento. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, parte-se da premissa, consolidada na história do pensamento geográfico, de que o desenvolvimento da ciência geográfica não é eventual ou fortuito, mas está atrelado à consolidação do Estado em sua fase territorial, quando os limites nacionais tendem a se confundir com limites territoriais específicos. O CNG representaria a lógica estatal sobre o território nacional e a este se associaria diretamente o projeto político-cultural das recémcriadas instituições de ensino superior a Universidade do Distrito Federal e, pouco depois, a Universidade do Brasil. Já o DG-USP se vincularia a um projeto nacional diverso, ligado a interesses regionais da elite econômica paulista e, por isso mesmo, manter-se-ia relativamente desassociado dos interesses políticos do Governo Federal. Da ambiguidade entre o pragmatismo da prática e o academicismo na apresentação dos resultados, o serviço tomado para si pela comunidade geográfica justificou a utilidade do saber praticado e criou condições concretas para sua reprodução. O contexto de reprodução do conhecimento geográfico indica que a relevância institucional e social deste saber advinha da possibilidade de contribuir com o avanço das forças produtivas em território nacional, não apenas junto ao IBGE, mas também junto às Universidades, o que justifica o engajamento político dos geógrafos junto ao Estado. Desta contribuição complacente com o Estado, a Geografia atrelou seu destino às demandas dos grandes círculos de poder e ocasionou uma dissonância entre pensamento e leitura geográfica de mundo, quando a descrição sintética da paisagem deixou de ser suficiente para as necessidades de intervenção sobre a realidade. A pesquisa, assim, além de resgatar fundamentos da forma e do conteúdo que dão sentido à maneira geográfica de ler o mundo, recupera elementos básicos do pensamento geográfico tradicional necessários para a adequada compreensão da crítica subsequente a ele direcionado. / The main objective of this research is to analyze the linkage of the National Council of Geography (Conselho Nacional de Geografia CNG) and the Department of Geography of the University of São Paulo (DG-USP) to the demands of the Brazilian state and the rise of a essentially geographical scientific discourse between the moment of creation of these institutions, since 1934, and the realization of the XVIII International Congress of Geography, in 1956, an important event that defines a period of consolidation of Brazilian geographical thought. Therefore, besides the Brazilian historical context analysis in midst of which flourished the major modern geographical institutions, it is analyzed the Brazilian Journal of Geography (Revista Brasileira de Geografia), the main promoter vehicle of Geography practiced in Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IBGE), based in Rio de Janeiro, in particular the material published in Cartography, Political Geography and Economic Geography, subareas selected after analysis of the journal. As representatives of the geographic thought developed in São Paulo, six of the first eight doctoral thesis defended at DG-USP are also analyzed. Finally, it is realized a comparison between the geographical knowledge produced in São Paulo and in Rio de Janeiro research centers, the relationship established between them and the political elements to which the geographical thought in different knowledge production environments were linked. For the development of this research, it is assumed, based on the history of geographical thought, that development of geographical science is not contingent or fortuitous, but is related to the consolidation of the state in its territorial stage, when national limits tend to overlap specific territorial limits. CNG would represent the state logic over the national territory and to it would be directly associated the political-cultural project of the newly established higher education institutions University of the Federal District and, shortly after, University of Brazil. However, DG-USP would be linked to a different national project, associated to the local economic elite of São Paulo and, for this very reason, would keep itself relatively disassociated of political interests of Federal Government. From the ambiguity between pragmatism of practice and academicism in the presentation of results, the task assumed by the geographic community justified the utility of the knowledge then practiced and created concrete conditions for their reproduction. The reproduction context of geographical knowledge indicates that institutional and social relevance of knowledge stemmed from the possibility of contributing with the advance of productive forces in national territory not only at IBGE, but also at universities, which explains the political engagement of geographers within the state. From this complacent contribution to the state, Geography linked their fate to the demands of large circles of power and caused a dissonance between thought and geographical reading of the world, since a concise description of the landscape was no longer sufficient for the needs of intervention on reality. Therefore, this research, in addition to rescue foundations of form and content that give meaning to the geographical way of reading the world, recovers basic elements of traditional geographical thought which are necessary for the proper understanding of the subsequent criticism to it directed.

O objetivo geral da pesquisa consiste em analisar a vinculação do Conselho Nacional de Geografia (CNG) e do Departamento de Geografia da Universidade de São Paulo (DG-USP) às demandas do Estado brasileiro e a emergência de um discurso geográfico eminentemente científico, entre o momento de criação dessas instituições, a partir de 1934, e a realização do XVIII Congresso Internacional de Geografia, em 1956, marcos que delimitam um importante período de consolidação do pensamento geográfico brasileiro. Para tanto, além da análise do contexto histórico brasileiro no seio do qual floresceram as principais instituições geográficas modernas, analisa-se a Revista Brasileira de Geografia, principal veículo divulgador da Geografia praticada no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), sediado no Rio de Janeiro, em especial materiais publicados nas subáreas de Cartografia, Geografia Política e Geografia Econômica, selecionados após análise do conjunto do periódico. Representativas do pensamento desenvolvido em São Paulo, analisam-se também seis das primeiras oito teses defendidas junto ao DG-USP e, por fim, estabelece-se uma comparação quanto à natureza do saber produzido entre os centros paulista e carioca de pesquisa em Geografia, a relação estabelecida entre eles e os elementos políticos aos quais se vinculou o pensamento geográfico em diferentes ambientes de produção de conhecimento. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, parte-se da premissa, consolidada na história do pensamento geográfico, de que o desenvolvimento da ciência geográfica não é eventual ou fortuito, mas está atrelado à consolidação do Estado em sua fase territorial, quando os limites nacionais tendem a se confundir com limites territoriais específicos. O CNG representaria a lógica estatal sobre o território nacional e a este se associaria diretamente o projeto político-cultural das recémcriadas instituições de ensino superior a Universidade do Distrito Federal e, pouco depois, a Universidade do Brasil. Já o DG-USP se vincularia a um projeto nacional diverso, ligado a interesses regionais da elite econômica paulista e, por isso mesmo, manter-se-ia relativamente desassociado dos interesses políticos do Governo Federal. Da ambiguidade entre o pragmatismo da prática e o academicismo na apresentação dos resultados, o serviço tomado para si pela comunidade geográfica justificou a utilidade do saber praticado e criou condições concretas para sua reprodução. O contexto de reprodução do conhecimento geográfico indica que a relevância institucional e social deste saber advinha da possibilidade de contribuir com o avanço das forças produtivas em território nacional, não apenas junto ao IBGE, mas também junto às Universidades, o que justifica o engajamento político dos geógrafos junto ao Estado. Desta contribuição complacente com o Estado, a Geografia atrelou seu destino às demandas dos grandes círculos de poder e ocasionou uma dissonância entre pensamento e leitura geográfica de mundo, quando a descrição sintética da paisagem deixou de ser suficiente para as necessidades de intervenção sobre a realidade. A pesquisa, assim, além de resgatar fundamentos da forma e do conteúdo que dão sentido à maneira geográfica de ler o mundo, recupera elementos básicos do pensamento geográfico tradicional necessários para a adequada compreensão da crítica subsequente a ele direcionado. / The main objective of this research is to analyze the linkage of the National Council of Geography (Conselho Nacional de Geografia CNG) and the Department of Geography of the University of São Paulo (DG-USP) to the demands of the Brazilian state and the rise of a essentially geographical scientific discourse between the moment of creation of these institutions, since 1934, and the realization of the XVIII International Congress of Geography, in 1956, an important event that defines a period of consolidation of Brazilian geographical thought. Therefore, besides the Brazilian historical context analysis in midst of which flourished the major modern geographical institutions, it is analyzed the Brazilian Journal of Geography (Revista Brasileira de Geografia), the main promoter vehicle of Geography practiced in Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IBGE), based in Rio de Janeiro, in particular the material published in Cartography, Political Geography and Economic Geography, subareas selected after analysis of the journal. As representatives of the geographic thought developed in São Paulo, six of the first eight doctoral thesis defended at DG-USP are also analyzed. Finally, it is realized a comparison between the geographical knowledge produced in São Paulo and in Rio de Janeiro research centers, the relationship established between them and the political elements to which the geographical thought in different knowledge production environments were linked. For the development of this research, it is assumed, based on the history of geographical thought, that development of geographical science is not contingent or fortuitous, but is related to the consolidation of the state in its territorial stage, when national limits tend to overlap specific territorial limits. CNG would represent the state logic over the national territory and to it would be directly associated the political-cultural project of the newly established higher education institutions University of the Federal District and, shortly after, University of Brazil. However, DG-USP would be linked to a different national project, associated to the local economic elite of São Paulo and, for this very reason, would keep itself relatively disassociated of political interests of Federal Government. From the ambiguity between pragmatism of practice and academicism in the presentation of results, the task assumed by the geographic community justified the utility of the knowledge then practiced and created concrete conditions for their reproduction. The reproduction context of geographical knowledge indicates that institutional and social relevance of knowledge stemmed from the possibility of contributing with the advance of productive forces in national territory not only at IBGE, but also at universities, which explains the political engagement of geographers within the state. From this complacent contribution to the state, Geography linked their fate to the demands of large circles of power and caused a dissonance between thought and geographical reading of the world, since a concise description of the landscape was no longer sufficient for the needs of intervention on reality. Therefore, this research, in addition to rescue foundations of form and content that give meaning to the geographical way of reading the world, recovers basic elements of traditional geographical thought which are necessary for the proper understanding of the subsequent criticism to it directed.

The theme of the diploma thesis is to analyze the use and prepare the business plan of establishing alternative fuel showroom cars. Showroom will focus on sales of new cars with full warranty that are primary equipped with alternative fuel engine. The idea of concentrating sales center of alternative fuel cars is unique, in the vast majority of cases sellers are becoming dealers of automobile manufacturers and their direct representatives. The sales center will be concentrated in the Prague region where the parent company has its placr of business. The theoretical part of the thesis is devoted to the characteristics of conventional and alternative fuels. In the practical part there is created a business plan of construction and operation alternative fuel cars showroom. The project is prepared on real numbers and will be used during implementation in practise.

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) operation is desirable for its high thermal efficiency and low emissions of NOx and particulates. Difficulty with cold starting and maximum achievable speed/load highlight the desire for mode-switching to traditional spark ignition (SI) operation. Mode-switching between SI and HCCI is investigated using only actuation of throttle, CNG injector pulse width, and CNG injection timing on a single cylinder CFR engine. Open-loop control achieves a one cycle mode-switch between two adjustable IMEP levels. Sequences are repeatable as demonstrated by 10 mode-switches with the same inputs. Performance is evaluated using a developed mode-switch performance criterion (MSPC) by considering duration between steady-states of operation, smoothness of IMEP, and knock based on maximum rate of pressure rise. Comparing the results with subjective analysis (the current standard) reveals good correlation. Throughout development, mode-switching performance is shown to improve by a factor of 60.

Recent optimistic revisions to projections for recoverable natural gas resources in the United States have generated renewed interest in the possibility of greater utilization of natural gas as a transportation fuel. Against a backdrop of significant policy challenges for the United States, including air quality concerns in urban areas, slow economic growth and high unemployment, and a rising unease with regard to an increasing dependence on foreign oil; natural gas offers the nation’s transportation sector an opportunity to reduce mobile emissions, lower fuel costs, create jobs and reduce dependence on imported oil. While the current focus for expanded use of natural gas in the transportation sector emphasizes heavy duty and fleet vehicles, there may also be potential for increased use for passenger vehicles. Inconvenience, with regard to refueling, and high incremental vehicle costs, however, are seen as major obstacles to greater adaptation. This analysis examines the benefits and drawbacks of natural gas vehicles from the passenger vehicle perspective and includes data from a cross-country road trip. The report includes a review of market trends and possible development scenarios and concludes with recommendations to minimize the potential challenges of greater adaptation of natural gas vehicles in the passenger vehicle market. / text

No description available.