In-cylinder fuel-air mixing in a compressed natural gas (CNG)-fuelled, single-cylinder, spark-ignited engine is analysed using a transient three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic model built and run using STAR-CD, a commercial CFD software. This work is motivated by the need for strategies to achieve improved performance in engines utilizing gaseous fuels such as CNG. The transient in-cylinder fuel-air mixing is evaluated for a port gas injection fuelling system and compared with that of conventional gas carburetor system. In this work pure methane is used as gaseous fuel for all the computational studies. It is observed that compared to the premixed gas carburetor system, a substantial level of in-cylinder stratification can be achieved with the port gas injection system. The difference of more than 20% in mass fraction between the rich and lean zones in the combustion chamber is observed for the port gas injection system compared to less than 1% for the conventional premixed system. The phenomenon of stratification observed is very close to the “barrel stratification” mode. A detailed parametric study is undertaken to understand the effect of various injection parameters such as injection location, injection orientation, start of injection, duration of injection and rate of injection. Furthermore, the optimum injection timing is evaluated for various load-speed conditions of the engine. It is also observed that the level of stratification is highest at 50% engine load with a reduced level at 100% load. For low engine loads, the level of stratification is observed to be very low. To analyse the effect of stratification on engine performance, the in-cylinder combustion is modeled using the extended coherent flame model(ECFM). For simulating the ignition process, the arc and kernel tracking ignition model(AKTIM) is used. The combustion model is first validated with measured in-cylinder pressure data and other derived quantities such as heat release rate and mass burn fraction. It is observed that there is a good agreement between measured and simulated values. Subsequently, this model is use to simulate both premixed and stratified cases. It is observed that there is a marginal improvement in terms of overall engine efficiency when the stoichiometric premixed case is compared with the lean stratified condition. However, a major improvement in performance is observed when the lean stratified case is compared with lean premixed condition. The stratified case shows a faster heat release rate which could potentially translate to lower cycle-to-cycle variations in actual engine operation. Also, the stratified cases show as much as 20% lower in-cylinder NOx emissions when compared with the conventional premixed case at the same engine load and speed, underscoring the potential of in-cylinder stratification to achieve improved performance and lower NOx emissions.

Master’s thesis deals with comparsion and rating the compressed natural gas as an aircraft piston engine fuel. An information search of conventional fuels and differences of the fuel systems for AVGAS and CNG is included. Next part describes the aircraft and its engine on which is the mathematic model based. After that perfomance and consumption data are calculated for both fuels and the results are then compared. At the end of the thesis, a design of the CNG fuel system with components selection is described.

There is a growing interest in alternative transport fuels. There are two underlying reasons for this interest; the desire to decrease the environmental impact of transports and the need to compensate for the declining availability of petroleum. In the light of both these factors the Diesel Dual Fuel, DDF, engine is an attractive concept. The primary fuel of the DDF engine is methane, which can be derived both from renewables and from fossil sources. Methane from organic waste; commonly referred to as biomethane, can provide a reduction in greenhouse gases unmatched by any other fuel. The DDF engine is from a combustion point of view a hybrid between the diesel and the otto engine and it shares characteristics with both. This work identifies the main challenges of DDF operation and suggests methods to overcome them. Injector tip temperature and pre-ignitions have been found to limit performance in addition to the restrictions known from literature such as knock and emissions of NOx and HC. HC emissions are especially challenging at light load where throttling is required to promote flame propagation. For this reason it is desired to increase the lean limit in the light load range in order to reduce pumping losses and increase efficiency. It is shown that the best results in this area are achieved by using early diesel injection to achieve HCCI/RCCI combustion where combustion phasing is controlled by the ratio between diesel and methane. However, even without committing to HCCI/RCCI combustion and the difficult control issues associated with it, substantial gains are accomplished by splitting the diesel injection into two and allocating most of the diesel fuel to the early injection. HCCI/RCCI and PPCI combustion can be used with great effect to reduce the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons at light load. At high load, the challenges that need to be overcome are mostly related to heat. Injector tip temperatures need to be observed since the cooling effect of diesel flow through the nozzle is largely removed. Through investigation and modeling it is shown that the cooling effect of the diesel fuel occurs as the fuel resides injector between injections and not during the actual injection event. For this reason; fuel residing close to the tip absorbs more heat and as a result the dependence of tip temperature on diesel substitution rate is highly non-linear. The problem can be reduced greatly by improved cooling around the diesel injector. Knock and preignitions are limiting the performance of the engine and the behavior of each and how they are affected by gas quality needs to be determined. Based on experiences from this project where pure methane has been used as fuel; preignitions impose a stricter limit on engine operation than knock. / QC 20120626 / Diesel Dual Fuel

No description available.

A key factor for driving the shift towards sustainable transportation systems is alternative fuels, where compressed natural gas (CNG) is a beneficial alternative to the conventional fossil fuels with respect to greenhouse gas emissions. A fuel system is needed for heavy-duty natural gas vehicles, in order to transport the highly pressurized gas from the fuel tanks to the internal combustion engine. The fuel system can be contaminated from several different sources – carry-over compressor oil from refuelling stations, water already present in the gas, manufacturing residuals and road dust entering the fuel system via the receptacle valve. The contaminants can induce fuel system failure modes, leading to poor engine performance, increased emissions or gas pressures above component pressure ratings. The objective of this thesis was to develop an accelerated test method to evaluate CNG fuel system robustness against contamination, to be able to prevent CNG fuel system failures and to ensure a high-quality product. The experimental setup was developed to be installed on a truck in order to utilize already present surrounding systems. The setup enables performance testing of six out of nine components belonging to the fuel system, which can be tested individually or combined in an arbitrary way. The setup induces premature failure modes primarily through excessive contamination in a controlled manner. An experimental procedure has been developed as a complement. Validation of metrics through testing is needed before the test method can be considered finalized. / En nyckelfaktor för att driva omställning mot hållbara transportsystem är alternativa bränslen, varpå naturgas (CNG) är ett slagkraftigt alternativ till konventionella fossila bränslen med avseende på utsläpp av växthusgaser. För att kunna transportera den högt trycksatta gasen från bränsletankarna till förbränningsmotorn krävs ett bränslesystem för tunga naturgasfordon. Bränslesystemet kan kontamineras genom ett flertal olika källor – överförd kompressorolja från tankstationer, vatten som redan finns i gasen, tillverkningsrester och vägdamm eller grus som tar sig in i systemet genom bränslepåfyllningsventilen. Kontamineringen kan ge upphov till felmoder i bränslesystemet, vilket leder till låg motorpresentanda, ökade utsläpp eller övertryck i systemet. Syftet med examensarbetet var att utveckla en accelererad testmetod för att utvärdera CNG-bränslesystems robusthet mot kontaminering, för att kunna förebygga systemfel och säkerställa en högkvalitativ produkt. Den experimentella uppställningen utvecklades för att monteras på lastbil, för att på så vis nyttja de kringliggande befintliga systemen. Uppställningen möjliggör prestandaprovning av sex av nio komponenter som tillhör bränslesystemet, som kan testas individuellt eller kombineras på ett godtyckligt sätt. Uppställningen framkallar tidiga felmoder, huvudsakligen genom excessiv kontaminering på ett kontrollerat vis. En metodbeskrivning har utvecklats som ett komplement till den experimentella uppställningen. Validering av metrik genom testning är nödvändigt för att finna testmetoden färdigställd.

É cada vez maior a busca por fontes de energia alternativas com vistas à substituição dos derivados do Petróleo, em especial após a crise da década de 70. A indústria automotiva segue a mesma tendência, buscando alternativas viáveis frente à incerteza do tempo e quantidade que ainda resta de estoque de combustíveis fósseis líquidos. Além do Álcool como meio de substituição ao Diesel e a Gasolina, a utilização de GNV - Gás Natural Veicular - está entre as tecnologias atualmente consideradas viáveis e eficientes. Segundo a ANP - Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (2006), o Brasil possui reservas comprovadas de 306,4 x 109 m3 de Gás Natural, quantidade estimada para abastecer o mercado nacional, no cenário mais pessimista, pelos próximos cinqüenta anos. A associação desses fatores resulta na busca do consumidor brasileiro pela redução dos gastos cada vez maiores com combustível e no aumento da demanda por veículos movidos a Gás Natural. Apesar da notória demanda de mercado, atualmente existem no Brasil poucas opções de veículos leves com Sistemas de Conversão originalmente instalados pelas montadoras e com manutenção da garantia de fábrica. A falta de opções de oferta abre espaço para o grande aumento do número de oficinas de conversão, freqüentemente ignorando aspectos técnicos e de legislação de conversão, na intenção de apenas obterem lucros com o aumento de demanda. Mais do que pretensiosas conclusões definitivas, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo oferecer uma pequena contribuição à indústria e à sociedade, através da análise da viabilidade técnica, econômica, ambiental e mercadológica da instalação original de fábrica de Sistema de Conversão para uso de Gás Natural em veículos leves movidos a Gasolina e / ou Álcool, frente ao atual mercado de veículos convertidos e ao aumento da demanda por fontes de energia alternativa. / The search for alternative energy sources aiming the substitution of derivate Oil products is each time higher, especially after the 70s Petroleum crisis. The automotive industry follows this trend too, looking for possible alternatives in face of the uncertainness of time and quantity available stocks of liquid fossil fuels. Besides the Ethanol as a way of Gasohol and Diesel substitution, the CNG - Compressed Natural Gas - use is nowadays considered one of the most possible and efficient technologies. According to the ANP - National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuel Agency (2006), Brazil owns 306,4 x 109 m3 of Compressed Natural Gas proved reserves, which are considered enough to supply the national market, in the worst case, for the next fifty years. The conjunction of these issues results in the Brazilian customers search for the each higher fuel expenses reduction and the raise of Compressed Natural Gas impelled vehicles demand. Despite the notorious market demand, there are nowadays on Brazil only a few options of light vehicles with Conversion System originally installed by automotive assemblers and warrantys maintenance. This lack of supply options creates a large field to the raise in the quantity of conversion workshops, frequently ignoring the technical aspects and the conversion legislation only with intent of achieving profit with the demand raise. More than pretentious definitive conclusions, the present work aims to offer a small contribution to the industry and society through the technical, economical, environmental and merchandizing practicability analysis of original assemblers installation of Conversion System to the use of Compressed Natural Gas in Gasohol and / or Ethanol impelled light vehicles, in face of the actual converted vehicles market and the demand raise for alternative energy sources.

Milind Kandlikar is uncovering how Delhi’s air quality problem isn’t necessarily a traffic congestion problem.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T15:06:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 3354479 bytes, checksum: 996d07df4c09abbfebfb68b78cde4ed6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T15:06:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 3354479 bytes, checksum: 996d07df4c09abbfebfb68b78cde4ed6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fossil derivative mostly comprised of light hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, and propane), which has great energy importance for modern society. Considering the growing demand for CNG, it is also necessary to an effective control of the composition of the majority gases, which are mainly responsible for the energy efficiency of this fuel. The composition of these gases in CNG follows a certain pattern of conformity (control group) established by the ANP (National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels), to ensure the energy efficiency of CNG sold in Brazil. This work proposes the development of a methodology for automatic preparation of gas mixtures of methane standards, ethane and propane, in order to chromatographic determination of these gases levels in CNG, employing elaborate calibration models and validated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and test recovery. The automatic system is of the dynamic type and is fully controlled by a program in order to prepare, as programmed by the user, binary mixtures of nitrogen / methane / nitrogen and nitrogen ethane / propane at levels (at fraction mol / mol) ranging in order to obtain good calibration models that consider the concentrations of these gases in the CNG. The evaluation methodology using ANOVA was quite satisfactory, the models built for the three gases methane, ethane and propane showed a high correlation (R2> 0.99) and significant in the regression, and showed no lack of fit and systematic variation at the residual plot. The performance parameters obtained from built models had lower detection and quantification limits 10-2 to 10-1, the analytical frequency was 4 samples per hour. A recovery study , involving three gas mixtures of certified composition and Natural Gas sample Vehicle (NGV) was also performed and the percentage values mean were 99.7 ± 3.1; 100.7 ± 4.4 and 98.0 ± 5.8 for methane, ethane and propane, respectively. The conclusion is based on the recovery values, as well as ANOVA, the proposed method was validated, with satisfactory precision and accuracy. / O gás natural veicular (GNV) é um derivado fóssil composto majoritariamente por hidrocarbonetos leves (metano, etano e propano), que tem grande importância energética para a sociedade moderna. Considerando a crescente demanda de GNV, se faz necessário, também, um efetivo controle da composição destes gases majoritários, que são os principais responsáveis pela eficiência energética deste combustível. A composição destes gases em GNV segue um determinado padrão de conformidade (faixa de controle) estabelecido pela ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis), de modo a garantir a eficiência energética do GNV comercializado no Brasil. Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para preparação automática de misturas gasosas padrões de metano, etano e propano, visando à determinação cromatográfica dos teores destes gases em GNV, empregando modelos de calibração elaborados e validados por análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de recuperação. O sistema automático é do tipo dinâmico e é totalmente controlado por um programa de modo a preparar, conforme programado pelo usuário, misturas binárias de nitrogênio/metano, de nitrogênio/etano e de nitrogênio/propano, com teores (em fração mol/mol) que variam de modo a se obter bons modelos de calibração que contemplem as concentrações desses gases no GNV. A avaliação da metodologia por meio da ANOVA foi bastante satisfatória, os modelos construídos para os três gases metano, etano e propano apresentaram uma alta correlação (R2 > 0,99) e significância na regressão, e não demonstraram falta de ajuste e variação sistemática no gráfico dos resíduos. Os parâmetros de desempenho obtidos a partir dos modelos construídos tiveram limites de detecção menores que 10-2 e de quantificação menores que 10-1, a frequência de amostragem foi 4 amostras por hora. Um estudo de recuperação, envolvendo três misturas gasosas de composição certificada e uma amostra de Gás Natural Veicular (GNV), foi também realizado e os valores médios percentuais obtidos foram de 99,7 ± 3,1; 100,7 ± 4,4 e 98,0 ± 5,8 para o metano, etano e propano, respectivamente. Conclui-se com base nos valores de recuperação, bem como na ANOVA, que o método proposto foi devidamente validado, apresentando uma satisfatória precisão e exatidão.

É cada vez maior a busca por fontes de energia alternativas com vistas à substituição dos derivados do Petróleo, em especial após a crise da década de 70. A indústria automotiva segue a mesma tendência, buscando alternativas viáveis frente à incerteza do tempo e quantidade que ainda resta de estoque de combustíveis fósseis líquidos. Além do Álcool como meio de substituição ao Diesel e a Gasolina, a utilização de GNV - Gás Natural Veicular - está entre as tecnologias atualmente consideradas viáveis e eficientes. Segundo a ANP - Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (2006), o Brasil possui reservas comprovadas de 306,4 x 109 m3 de Gás Natural, quantidade estimada para abastecer o mercado nacional, no cenário mais pessimista, pelos próximos cinqüenta anos. A associação desses fatores resulta na busca do consumidor brasileiro pela redução dos gastos cada vez maiores com combustível e no aumento da demanda por veículos movidos a Gás Natural. Apesar da notória demanda de mercado, atualmente existem no Brasil poucas opções de veículos leves com Sistemas de Conversão originalmente instalados pelas montadoras e com manutenção da garantia de fábrica. A falta de opções de oferta abre espaço para o grande aumento do número de oficinas de conversão, freqüentemente ignorando aspectos técnicos e de legislação de conversão, na intenção de apenas obterem lucros com o aumento de demanda. Mais do que pretensiosas conclusões definitivas, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo oferecer uma pequena contribuição à indústria e à sociedade, através da análise da viabilidade técnica, econômica, ambiental e mercadológica da instalação original de fábrica de Sistema de Conversão para uso de Gás Natural em veículos leves movidos a Gasolina e / ou Álcool, frente ao atual mercado de veículos convertidos e ao aumento da demanda por fontes de energia alternativa. / The search for alternative energy sources aiming the substitution of derivate Oil products is each time higher, especially after the 70s Petroleum crisis. The automotive industry follows this trend too, looking for possible alternatives in face of the uncertainness of time and quantity available stocks of liquid fossil fuels. Besides the Ethanol as a way of Gasohol and Diesel substitution, the CNG - Compressed Natural Gas - use is nowadays considered one of the most possible and efficient technologies. According to the ANP - National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuel Agency (2006), Brazil owns 306,4 x 109 m3 of Compressed Natural Gas proved reserves, which are considered enough to supply the national market, in the worst case, for the next fifty years. The conjunction of these issues results in the Brazilian customers search for the each higher fuel expenses reduction and the raise of Compressed Natural Gas impelled vehicles demand. Despite the notorious market demand, there are nowadays on Brazil only a few options of light vehicles with Conversion System originally installed by automotive assemblers and warrantys maintenance. This lack of supply options creates a large field to the raise in the quantity of conversion workshops, frequently ignoring the technical aspects and the conversion legislation only with intent of achieving profit with the demand raise. More than pretentious definitive conclusions, the present work aims to offer a small contribution to the industry and society through the technical, economical, environmental and merchandizing practicability analysis of original assemblers installation of Conversion System to the use of Compressed Natural Gas in Gasohol and / or Ethanol impelled light vehicles, in face of the actual converted vehicles market and the demand raise for alternative energy sources.

The thesis deals with an analyses of emission and harmful particles of exhaust fumes of automobiles with an environmental impact. More precisely, it describes the basic characteristics of current fuel types and emission produced by internal combustion engines. Next, it deals with the measures and possibilities of decreasing car traffic emission with respect to environmental impact. It also describes the current European standards for emission and the systems of the cars that are able to decrease emission. The work also deals with the measuring of emission and the methods that are used. According to the measuring methods, the analysis of exhalation is done and it is based on the data of the real car fleet. Values of the emission analyses are compared. The financial aspect is a part of the analyses.