This paper collects the data of bidding Price of the cost equivalent land in Pader reorganization area and Guopi reorganization area, Kaohsiung county. This empirical study applies model of Hedonic price, sets actual accepted bidding price and starting bid price per ping as dependent variables, and selects 11 independent variable to discuss the factors that the cost equivalent land in reorganization area would affect land bidding price and base price. In this research, we found that the accepted bidding price would increase NT$3,918 with the increasing road width per 1 meter. Corner lots have positive effect on both of starting bid price and accepted bidding price. The accepted bidding price of corner lots would be increased NT$19,160, which is 15.5% of average sample price. The positive effect also shows on commercial area; the accepted bidding price of commercial area would increase NT$24,374, which is 19.3% of average sample price. The lands which close to prosperity road have higher price than general area. Hedonic price model of accepted bidding price with the linear function shows that the bidding price of the area which closed to prosperity road would increase NT$58,139, which is 46.1% of average sample price. This research also shows the most significant factors for accepted bidding price are "Road width", "Corner lots", "Zoning Regulation", "Distributions of administrative district", and "Commercial area". On the other hand, the starting bidding prices which are set by government have significant factors on "width-Depth ratio", "corner lots", "Distance from the recent park", "Zoning Regulation", and "Distributions of administrative district. " There are diverse effects and ranges for land price.

Housing price studies is the first step of housing market analysis. Prices are determined at the intersection point of supply and demand curves, which determine equilibrium point that represents equilibrium price and quantity level. At a point in time demand factors are more important in determining the prices because short-run supply curve is almost vertical. However, in the long run supply of housing, and its certain attributes, will increase if price premium arises in the previous periods. In most of the studies, house prices are analyzed by using hedonic price index technique, which enables us to have information about the demand side of housing sector. In the hedonic price framework, heterogeneous goods are considered as aggregations of characteristics, and implicit marginal prices for these characteristics are calculated. When &lsquo / Hedonic Price Analysis&rsquo / is applied to the housing sector, it shows us the price of each housing attribute and gives information about the preferences and willingness to pay of the people for each attribute. Therefore, at the end of such an analysis it is possible to see which attributes are valued most by house buyers in the city. The aim of this thesis is to reveal the implicit prices of housing attributes in the housing market of Ankara, for the year 2006, with the purpose of gaining more information about the demand side of the housing sector. For this purpose, hedonic pricing method is used with the data that are extracted from appraisal reports which include information about main attributes and estimated price of each dwelling unit.

This thesis investigates consumer search behavior in different contexts and its implications on certain market outcomes. It consists of three self-contained essays. Part one investigates if people search optimally and how price promotions (such as the provision of price discounts) influence search intensity and risk-taking behavior. We start with a typical sequential search task in a finite time horizon (with exogenously determined price dispersion) as the baseline treatment. In the two experimental treatments, exogenous discounts are introduced to the search process. The treatments differ in the amount of information on the discounts revealed to the subjects. Subjects’ search behavior is roughly consistent with optimality for a risk-neutral agent, but significantly influenced by the introduction of discount vouchers. We find that subjects’ search intensity is significantly reduced if they are in a shop that offers discounts, even when the monetary benefit induced by the discount has been taken into account. This suggests that people seem to gain extra non-monetary utility from buying a discounted product. Alternatively, subjects might overestimate the value of a discount. Following the findings in part one, we focus on price-framing effects of discounts on consumer search behavior in part two. In order to isolate the price-framing effect from all other possible influences, we adopt an extremely simple two-shop search model in which a consumer who sees the price for an item in a shop has to decide either to buy it or to incur a search cost to learn the ex-ante uncertain price in a second shop. The experiment is designed such that a rational buyer should make identical decisions in the base treatment (where prices are posted as net prices in both shops) and in the experimental treatments (where the price in one of the shops is framed as a gross price with a discount, holding the net-price constant). Using structural estimation of the observed risk preferences, we find that people tend to be more risk-averse and hence buy from the initial shop more often in the discount treatments, regardless of where the discount is offered. The seemingly trivial change to a discount-framing increases the complexity of the decision problem. Subjects reveal a tendency to stick with the comparatively less complex options more frequently as the complexity of the decision problem increases. However, this bias declines with experience, as subjects become more and more familiar with the framing. In part three, we study search behavior in a market experiment, where prices are determined endogenously by human players. More specifically, we examine the behavioral factors and the underlying mechanism which drive the widely observed asymmetric price adjustment to cost shocks (in a world with costly search behavior and information asymmetry). We show that price dispersion, as well as asymmetric price adjustment to cost shocks, arises in experimental markets, even though the standard theory predicts neither. We find that after controlling all the potential theoretical factors, the observed price dispersion can be explained by the presence of bounded rational play. Under price dispersion, asymmetric price adjustment arises naturally, as it is harder for buyers to learn that a negative cost shock has taken place. Learning is much quicker after a positive shock. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2010

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1973. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 303-310).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisarse há relação de causalidade entre o preço de etanol e o preço do açúcar no mercado de alagoas utilizando a metodologia de Vetores Autoregressivos. A expansão da demanda do etanol no mundo é decorrente de uma preocupação cada vez mais crescente em substituir os combustíveis derivados do petróleo, na medida em que este constitui uma fonte energética não renovável. Outro fator que contribui para o aumento da demanda é a questão ambiental, uma vez que a maior utilização do etanol como combustível permitira uma redução dos gases causadores de efeito estufa. Aliado a esses fatores, a introdução dos veículos flex promoveu uma aumento do consumo de etanol nos períodos em que o preço deste combustível se mostra mais competitivo quando se compara com o preço da gasolina. Contudo o aumento da produção de etanol gerou uma mudança na relação entre os mercados de álcool e açúcar já que os dois são obtidos a partir da mesma matéria prima que é a cana de açúcar. Como resultado, foi encontrada uma relação de causalidade entre os preços do etanol e do açúcar em que o preço do açúcar afeta o preço do etanol, mas este não é capaz de afetar o preço do açúcar. Tal resultado aponta para um mercado de açúcar mais sólido e que é afetado por forças inerentes ao seu próprio mercado. No longo prazo, os preços do açúcar e do álcool sofrem aumento com um choque no preço do petróleo, sugerindo uma dependência das oscilações dessa commodity internacional. Portanto, a criação do novo mercado de bicombustível demonstrou ser um fenômeno recente e que consequentemente não afeta significativamente o mercado de açúcar. / This study aims to examine whether there is causal relationship between the price of ethanol and sugar prices in the Alagoas market using the methodology of Vector Autoregressive. The expansion of ethanol demand in the world is due to an increasingly growing concern in replacing petroleum-based fuels because this is not a renewable energy source. Another factor that contributes to the increased demand is the environmental issue, since the increased use of ethanol as fuel would allow a reduction of greenhouse gases. Besides these factors, the introduction of flex-fuel vehicles promoted an increased consumption of ethanol in periods when the price of this fuel is more competitive when compared to the price of gasoline. However the increase of ethanol production has generated a change in the relationship between ethanol and sugar markets since the two are taken from the same raw material is sugarcane. As a result, we found a causal relationship between the prices of ethanol and sugar where the price of sugar affects the price of ethanol, but the alcohol can not affect the price of sugar. This result points to a more solid sugar market that is affected by forces inherent in their own market. In the long run, prices of sugar and alcohol are suffering with an increase in oil price shock, suggesting a dependence on fluctuations of international commodity. Therefore, the creation of new biofuel market has proved to be a recent phenomenon and therefore does not significantly affect the market for sugar.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisarse há relação de causalidade entre o preço de etanol e o preço do açúcar no mercado de alagoas utilizando a metodologia de Vetores Autoregressivos. A expansão da demanda do etanol no mundo é decorrente de uma preocupação cada vez mais crescente em substituir os combustíveis derivados do petróleo, na medida em que este constitui uma fonte energética não renovável. Outro fator que contribui para o aumento da demanda é a questão ambiental, uma vez que a maior utilização do etanol como combustível permitira uma redução dos gases causadores de efeito estufa. Aliado a esses fatores, a introdução dos veículos flex promoveu uma aumento do consumo de etanol nos períodos em que o preço deste combustível se mostra mais competitivo quando se compara com o preço da gasolina. Contudo o aumento da produção de etanol gerou uma mudança na relação entre os mercados de álcool e açúcar já que os dois são obtidos a partir da mesma matéria prima que é a cana de açúcar. Como resultado, foi encontrada uma relação de causalidade entre os preços do etanol e do açúcar em que o preço do açúcar afeta o preço do etanol, mas este não é capaz de afetar o preço do açúcar. Tal resultado aponta para um mercado de açúcar mais sólido e que é afetado por forças inerentes ao seu próprio mercado. No longo prazo, os preços do açúcar e do álcool sofrem aumento com um choque no preço do petróleo, sugerindo uma dependência das oscilações dessa commodity internacional. Portanto, a criação do novo mercado de bicombustível demonstrou ser um fenômeno recente e que consequentemente não afeta significativamente o mercado de açúcar. / This study aims to examine whether there is causal relationship between the price of ethanol and sugar prices in the Alagoas market using the methodology of Vector Autoregressive. The expansion of ethanol demand in the world is due to an increasingly growing concern in replacing petroleum-based fuels because this is not a renewable energy source. Another factor that contributes to the increased demand is the environmental issue, since the increased use of ethanol as fuel would allow a reduction of greenhouse gases. Besides these factors, the introduction of flex-fuel vehicles promoted an increased consumption of ethanol in periods when the price of this fuel is more competitive when compared to the price of gasoline. However the increase of ethanol production has generated a change in the relationship between ethanol and sugar markets since the two are taken from the same raw material is sugarcane. As a result, we found a causal relationship between the prices of ethanol and sugar where the price of sugar affects the price of ethanol, but the alcohol can not affect the price of sugar. This result points to a more solid sugar market that is affected by forces inherent in their own market. In the long run, prices of sugar and alcohol are suffering with an increase in oil price shock, suggesting a dependence on fluctuations of international commodity. Therefore, the creation of new biofuel market has proved to be a recent phenomenon and therefore does not significantly affect the market for sugar.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisarse há relação de causalidade entre o preço de etanol e o preço do açúcar no mercado de alagoas utilizando a metodologia de Vetores Autoregressivos. A expansão da demanda do etanol no mundo é decorrente de uma preocupação cada vez mais crescente em substituir os combustíveis derivados do petróleo, na medida em que este constitui uma fonte energética não renovável. Outro fator que contribui para o aumento da demanda é a questão ambiental, uma vez que a maior utilização do etanol como combustível permitira uma redução dos gases causadores de efeito estufa. Aliado a esses fatores, a introdução dos veículos flex promoveu uma aumento do consumo de etanol nos períodos em que o preço deste combustível se mostra mais competitivo quando se compara com o preço da gasolina. Contudo o aumento da produção de etanol gerou uma mudança na relação entre os mercados de álcool e açúcar já que os dois são obtidos a partir da mesma matéria prima que é a cana de açúcar. Como resultado, foi encontrada uma relação de causalidade entre os preços do etanol e do açúcar em que o preço do açúcar afeta o preço do etanol, mas este não é capaz de afetar o preço do açúcar. Tal resultado aponta para um mercado de açúcar mais sólido e que é afetado por forças inerentes ao seu próprio mercado. No longo prazo, os preços do açúcar e do álcool sofrem aumento com um choque no preço do petróleo, sugerindo uma dependência das oscilações dessa commodity internacional. Portanto, a criação do novo mercado de bicombustível demonstrou ser um fenômeno recente e que consequentemente não afeta significativamente o mercado de açúcar. / This study aims to examine whether there is causal relationship between the price of ethanol and sugar prices in the Alagoas market using the methodology of Vector Autoregressive. The expansion of ethanol demand in the world is due to an increasingly growing concern in replacing petroleum-based fuels because this is not a renewable energy source. Another factor that contributes to the increased demand is the environmental issue, since the increased use of ethanol as fuel would allow a reduction of greenhouse gases. Besides these factors, the introduction of flex-fuel vehicles promoted an increased consumption of ethanol in periods when the price of this fuel is more competitive when compared to the price of gasoline. However the increase of ethanol production has generated a change in the relationship between ethanol and sugar markets since the two are taken from the same raw material is sugarcane. As a result, we found a causal relationship between the prices of ethanol and sugar where the price of sugar affects the price of ethanol, but the alcohol can not affect the price of sugar. This result points to a more solid sugar market that is affected by forces inherent in their own market. In the long run, prices of sugar and alcohol are suffering with an increase in oil price shock, suggesting a dependence on fluctuations of international commodity. Therefore, the creation of new biofuel market has proved to be a recent phenomenon and therefore does not significantly affect the market for sugar.

The objective of this Diploma Thesis is to benchmark prices of preselected types of flats in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Main aim of this exercise is to examine the pricing rules in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Other area of focus is to set prices for selected prices of flats in the suburb and in the city center of Brno and Bratislava and compare them with each other. Analyze which factors affect prices and how they differ from each other.

The purpose of our study was to examine the relationship between the volatility of price multiples and the volatility of stock prices in the Swedish market from 2003 to 2012. Our focus was on the price-to-earnings ratio and the price-to-book ratio. Some previous studies showed a link between the price multiples and the volatility of stock prices, this made us question whether there should be a link between the volatility of the price multiples and the volatility of the stock prices. The importance of this subject is accentuated by the financial crisis, as we provide investors with information regarding the movements of price multiples and stock prices. Moreover, we test if the volatility of the price multiples can be used to create a prediction model for the volatility of stock prices. Also we fill the gap in the previous researches as there is no previous literature about this topic. We conducted a quantitative research using statistical tests, such as the correlation test and the linear regression test. For our data sample we chose the Sweden Datastream index. We first calculated the volatility using the GARCH model and then continued with our statistical tests. The results of our tests showed that there is a relationship between the volatility of the price multiples and the volatility of the stock prices in the Swedish market in the past ten years. Our findings show that the correlation coefficients vary across industries and over time in both strength and direction. The second part of our tests is concerned with the linear regression tests, mainly calculating the coefficient of determination. Our results show that the volatility of the price multiples do explain changes in the volatility of stock prices. Thus, the volatility of the P/E ratio and the volatility of the P/B ratio can be used in creating a prediction model for the volatility of stock prices. Nevertheless, we also find that this model is best suited when the economic situation is unstable (i.e. crisis, bad economic outlook) as both the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination had the highest values in the last five years, with the peak in 2008.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out and evaluate the influences affecting the price of building lands in the given region. Furthermore, the results are confronted with the valuation decree. In the theoretical part are given the definitions of building lands according to different legal regulations. In the practical part, thirty parcels are valued, divided into two localities and subsequently compared with the purchase price of the individual lands.