Thesis advisor: Torsten Fiebig / This dissertation introduces a new field of DNA photonics centering on the electronic properties of DNA, which emerges after the initial controversies regarding the long-range conductivity and wire-type behavior of DNA have been widely settled. DNA photonics study is not solely focused on charge transfer phenomena but encompasses all possible photophysical processes and their potentially complex interplays. For instance, ultrafast electronic energy migration, dissipation, and (de)localization on the femtosecond time scale are shown to be crucial for the description of light-induced dynamics in DNA and have been thoroughly investigated in this dissertation. In addition to measurements on natural single and double-stranded DNA, this dissertation also presents experimental data on a series of functionalized DNA systems (derivatized by stilbene, ethidium, 2-aminopurine, etc.), obtained by state-of-the-art femtosecond broadband pump–probe spectroscopy. The results illustrate the distance dependence of charge transfer, emphasize the role of the initial electronic excitation on energy transfer dynamics, and highlight the influence of structural factors on both processes in DNA. Finally, as one initial step towards DNA electronics application, a DNA mimicking system of tertiary arylureas were employed to demonstrate molecular wire behavior, implying its potential use in molecular electronics. Thus, both the experimental and theoretical research accumulated for DNA π–π coupling can be translated into designing and testing various molecular systems with similar π-stacked structures. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), saccharide (i.e. monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide), are continuously generated, transformed and consumed in the living systems. As a consequence of their significant value towards human health in aerobic life, it is very important and has drawn much attention in the chemical and biological sensing of the species. It is our long-standing interest in the recognition of monosaccharide (e.g. glucose) through exploration of various boronate-based fluorescence probes, thus, based on the previous work, we started on the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel fluorescent chemosensors for breakthrough discoveries in the detection of saccharide and ROS selectively and specifically, which are made up of different receptors and diverse singaling fluorophores, e.g. anthracene, coumarin, fluorescein, naphthalimine. Firstly, “integrated” and “insulated” boronate-based fluorescent probes (2-naphthylboronic acid and N-Methyl-o-(aminomethyl)phenylboronic acid) have been evaluated for the detection of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of saccharides (i.e. D-fructose). In the presence of D-fructose the initial fluorescence intensity of the “insulated” system is much higher and produces a blue visible fluorescence. Based on the experimental observation above in the boronate-based systems (i.e. B-N bond protection), a new water-soluble boronate-based fluorescent probe was designed and evaluated for the detection of peroxynitrite (much stronger oxidant) in the presence of D-fructose. The enhanced fluorescence of probe when bound with D-fructose was switched off in the presence of peroxynitrite. While, other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species led to only slight fluorescence decreases due to protection by the internal N-B interaction. The interaction of probe with D-fructose not only strengthens the fluorescence signal, but also protects the boronic acid to oxidation by other ROS/RNS. Therefore, under conditions generating various ROS/RNS, the boronate-based sugar complex preferentially reacts with peroxynitrite (ONOO−). The sensor displays good “on-off” response towards peroxynitrite both in RAW 264.7 cells and HeLa cells. A new ICT (internal charge transfer) sensing system was developed for the detection of hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. The probe displayed an enhanced fluorescence change when bound with D-fructose due to the prolonged N-B distance. The fluorescence intensity of the probe dropped down both in the detection of H2O2 and ONOO− which was attributed to the oxidation of arylboronic acid even though in the presence of D-fructose. Using the self-assembly of aromatic boronic acids with Alizarin Red S (ARS), we developed a new chemo/biosensor for the selective detection of peroxynitrite. Phenylboronic acid, benzoboroxole and 2-(N, N-dimethylaminomethyl) phenylboronic acid were employed to bind with ARS to form the complex probes. In particular the ARS-NBA system with a high binding affinity can preferably react with peroxynitrite over hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite due to the protection of the boron via the solvent-insertion B-N interaction. Our simple system produces a visible naked-eye colorimetric change and on-off fluorescence response towards peroxynitrite. By coupling a chemical reaction that leads to an indicator displacement, we have developed a new sensing strategy, referred to herein as RIA (Reaction-based Indicator displacement Assay). Next, we developed a novel class of simple materials for sensing monosaccharides by the functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with boronate-based fluorescence probes. The composite materials were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV-vis/fluorescence spectroscopy. The strong fluorescence of the fluorescence probes is quenched in the presence of GO through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The BA@GO composite sensors formed provide a useful platform for fluorogenic detection of monosaccharides based on the strong affinity between the boronic acid receptor and monosaccharides. The BA@GO composite sensor displayed a “turn-on” fluorescence response with a good linear relationship towards fructose over a range of other saccharides. Next, new water-soluble copper (II) complex fluorescence probes were developed and evaluated for the detection of nitric oxide and nitroxyl in a physiological condition. A significant fluorescence “off-on” response displayed by using the copper (II) complex for the detection of NO and HNO (Na2N2O3 as a donor). Under pathological conditions generating various ROS/RNS, the copper (II) complex fluorescent probe preferentially reacts with NO/HNO over other reactive oxygen species. The dual-analyte recognitions of the simple, sensitive probe were further applied in living cell for the exogenous NO/HNO. In the following work, we synthesised a phosphorous-based compound for the detection of HNO which derived from Angeli’s salt in a biological condition. Significantly, it displayed a high sensitivity and selectivity toward HNO over other various ROS species, especially NO since they have a similar chemical property. The underlying mechanism was attributed to the cleavage of C-O bond induced by Staudinger Ligation.

The thesis designs, constructs, and tests an electrically small dipole antenna probe for the measurement of electric field distributions induced by a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil. Its unique features include high spatial resolution, large frequency band from 100 Hz to 300 kHz, efficient feedline isolation via a printed Dyson balun, and accurate mitigation of noise. Prior work in this area is thoroughly reviewed. The proposed probe design is realized in hardware; implementation details and design tradeoffs are described. Test data is presented for the measurement of a CW capacitor electric field, demonstrating the probe’s ability to properly measure conservative electric fields caused by a charge distribution. Test data is also presented for the measurement of a CW solenoidal electric field, demonstrating the probe’s ability to measure non-conservative solenoidal electric fields caused by Faraday’s law of induction. Those are the primary fields for the transcranial magnetic stimulation. Advantages and disadvantages of this probing system versus those of prior works are discussed. Further refinement steps necessary for the development of this probe as a valuable TMS instrument are discussed.

No description available.

Finally, we have systematically investigated the SAMs of four specially designed anthracene-based thiols. These molecules include 9-mercaptoanthracene (MA), (4-mercaptophenyl) (9-anthryl) acetylene (MPAA), (4-mercaptophenyl) (10-nitro-9-anthryl) acetylene (MPNAA), and (4-mercaptophenyl) (10-carboxyl-9-anthryl) acetylene (MPCAA) adsorbed on Au(111). For all SAMs, the parallel-displaced pi-pi stacking interactions and adsorbate-substrate interactions are dominant, which leads to a common wave-like row structure along the pi-pi interaction direction. Compared to MA, the phenyl-acetylene group of MPAA acts as space, which enhances the molecular flexibility and improves the long-range ordering. The repulsive dipole-dipole interactions of MPCAA cause a slight enlargement of the unit cell. For MPCAA, a structure similar to that of MPNAA is formed first. Then with an extended growth time, hydrogen bonding drives the pairing of adjacent inter-row molecules in the expenses of compromising intea-row parallel-displaced pi-pi interaction. / Fourth, we studied the growth of CF3 CH2SH on Au(111). We found that the adsorbed molecules mainly form low coverage phases even after a long time growth in solution. This is attributed to the strong dipole-dipole repulsion between the molecules. However, due to the special short molecular geometry, the molecules can pack with a denser packing arrangement in comparison to the long-chain fluorinated thiols. A "liquid phase" is present in all the samples studied, which solidifies quickly at elevated temperatures. Annealing causes both the growth of stable phases and desorption of weakly adsorbed molecules. Six different stripe phases with the configuration of p x 3 and p x 2a are observed on the surface. The inter-molecular interactions are either van der Waals in nature or the Columbic attraction between the slightly negatively charged F atoms and the slightly positively charged H atoms of the CH 2 group. / Second, we have observed several dash-line structures on HOPG with STM. We suggest that the structures are formed by the gliding of some top surface layers of carbon atoms. The arrest of the gliding action causes the formation of a ridge of carbon atoms and the relaxation of the ridge at room temperature leads to the formation of amorphous carbon clusters queuing along the ridge. As such, the dash-line structures are formed. They are defect structures of HOPG. / Several adsorption systems have been studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in this thesis. / The first system is Fe deposited on 3 x 3 -Al on Si(111). We found by STM that at a low coverage of less than 0.1ML and room temperature; most Fe atoms are incorporated to the 3 x 3 -Al adatom lattice. When the Fe coverage increases further, clustering of Fe atoms into three-dimensional islands occurs. These clusters draw neighboring silicon surface or sub-surface atoms and the formation of Fe-Si bonds is evident. Samples with Fe deposited at or above 400°C show Fe-Si with the CsCl crystalline structure and a top surface lattice of 2 x 2 Si (111) in nature. The crystalline island has a triangular shape and a preferred location along the step edges of the Si(111) surface. / Third, STM has been used successfully in determining the molecular morphology of some novel dendrimers. The morphology of dispersed individual molecule can be identified. In this study, we found that AFM is not applicable because of considerable tip-molecule interactions which distort the morphology of the probed molecule. / Xi Luan = SPM对表面吸附分子的研究 / 席峦. / "June 2005." / Adviser: Lau Woon Ming Leo. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0491. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-117). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307. / Xi Luan = SPM dui biao mian xi fu fen zi de yan jiu / Xi Luan.

Within the framework of this thesis, photolysis reactions in the liquid phase were investigated by means of ultrafast optical spectroscopy. Apart from molecular studies dealing with the highly spin-dependent reactivity of diphenylcarbene (DPC) in binary solvent mixtures and ligand dissociation reactions of so-called CO-releasing molecules (CORMs), special emphasis was put on the implementation and characterization of methods improving and extending the signal detection in conventional pump–probe transient absorption setups. The assumption of DPC being an archetypal triplet-ground-state arylcarbene was recently questioned by matrix-isolation studies at low temperatures. DPC embedded in argon matrices revealed a hitherto unknown reactivity when the carbene environment was modified by small amounts of methanol dopant molecules. To complement these findings with liquid-phase experiments at room temperature, femtosecond pump–probe transient absorption spectroscopy with probing in the visible and ultraviolet regime was employed to unravel primary reaction processes of DPC in solvent mixtures. Supported by quantum chemical simulations conducted by our collaborators, it was shown that a competition between the reaction pathways occurs that not only depends on the solvent molecule near-by but also on its interaction with other solvent molecules. In-depth analysis of the solvation dynamics and the amount of nascent intermediates corroborates the importance of a hydrogen-bonded complex with a protic solvent molecule, in striking analogy to complexes found at cryogenic temperatures. Probing the transient absorption of molecules in the mid-infrared spectral range benefits from the high chemical specificity of molecules’ vibrational signatures. The technique of chirped-pulse upconversion (CPU) constitutes a promising alternative to standard direct multichannel MCT detection when accessing this spectral detection window. Hence, one chapter of this thesis is dedicated to a direct comparison between both detection methods. By conducting an exemplary pump–probe transient absorption experiment, it became evident, that the additional nonlinear interaction step is responsible for increased noise levels when using CPU. However, a correction procedure capable of removing these additional noise contributions—stemming from the fundamental laser radiation used for upconversion—was successfully tested. Perhaps most importantly for various spectroscopic applications, CPU scored with a significantly extended detection bandwidth owing to the high pixel numbers of modern CCD cameras. Transition-metal complexes capable of releasing small molecular messengers upon photoactivation are promising sources of gasotransmitters such as carbon monoxide (CO) or nitric oxide (NO) in biological applications. However, only little is known about the characteristic time scales of ligand dissociation in this class of molecules. For this purpose, two complexes were investigated with femtosecond time resolution: [Mn(CO)3(tpm)]Cl with tpm=tris(2-pyrazolyl)methane, a manganese tricarbonyl complex which has proven to be selective and cytotoxic to cancer cells, and [Mo(CO)2(NO)(iPr3tacn)]PF6 with iPr3tacn=1,4,7-triisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, a molybdenum complex containing both carbonyl and nitrosyl ligands. By conducting pump–probe transient absorption measurements in different spectral probing windows supported by quantum chemical calculations and linear absorption spectroscopy, it was shown that both complexes are able to release one CO ligand within the first few picoseconds after UV excitation. The results complement existing studies which focused on the molecules’ ligand-releasing properties upon long-term exposure. The additional information gained on an ultrafast time scale provides a comprehensive understanding of individual reaction steps connected with ligand release in this class of molecules. Hence, the studies might create new incentives to develop modified molecules for specific applications. / Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden Methoden der ultraschnellen optischen Spektroskopie angewandt, um Photolysereaktionen in der flüssigen Phase zu untersuchen. Neben molekularen Studien, welche sich mit der stark spin-abhängigen Reaktivität von Diphenylcarben (DPC) in binären Lösungsmittelgemischen und den Ligandendissoziationsreaktionen von sogenannten CO-freisetzenden Molekülen (CORMs, engl.: CO-releasing molecules) befassten, war ein wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser Arbeit die Implementierung und Charakterisierung von Methoden zur Verbesserung und Erweiterung der Signaldetektion in Aufbauten zur zeitaufgelösten Anrege-Abfrage-Spektroskopie. Die generelle Annahme, dass es sich bei DPC um ein archetypisches Triplett-Grundzustands-Arylcarben handelt, wurde kürzlich durch Matrixisolationsstudien in Frage gestellt. In jenen Untersuchungen offenbarte DPC, eingebettet in Argon-Matrizen, durch die Modifizierung der Carbenumgebung mit geringen Mengen an Methanol-Dotiermolekülen, eine bislang unbekannte Reaktivität. Komplementär dazu wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Messungen in der flüssigen Phase bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt. Femtosekundenzeitaufgelöste Anrege-Abfrage-Spektroskopie mit Abfragepulsen aus dem sichtbaren und ultravioletten Spektralbereich diente dabei zur Aufkläung der primären Reaktionsprozesse von DPC in Lösungsmittelgemischen. Es zeigte sich, unterstützt durch quantenchemische Simulationen unserer Kollaborateure, dass konkurrierende Reaktionspfade auftreten, welche nicht nur von den Lösungsmittelmolekülen in der unmittelbaren Umgebung abhängen, sondern auch von deren Wechselwirkung mit anderen Lösungsmittelmolekülen. Eine ausführliche Analyse, sowohl der Solvatationsdynamiken als auch der Menge an aufkommenden Intermediaten, bekräftigte die Bedeutung eines Komplexes der durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindung mit einem protischen Lösungmittelmolekül entsteht — in auffallender Ähnlichkeit zu Komplexen die bei kryogenen Temperaturen gefunden wurden. Das Abfragen der transienten Absorption eines Moleküls im mittleren Infrarot wird durch die hohe chemische Spezifität von molekularen Schwingungssignaturen begünstigt. Um dieses spektrale Fenster zu untersuchen, bietet die CPU-Methode (engl.: chirped-pulse upconversion) eine vielversprechende Alternative zur konventionellen direkten Mehrkanal MCT-Detektion. Daher widmet sich ein Kapitel dieser Arbeit einem direkten Vergleich der beiden Detektionsmethoden. Im Rahmen eines exemplarischen Anrege-Abfrage-Experiments zeigte sich, dass die zusätzliche nichtlineare Wechselwirkung zu einem erhöhten Rauschniveau bei der Verwendung der CPU-Technik führt. Dennoch konnte eine Korrekturprozedur erfolgreich getestet werden, die es ermöglicht, jene zusätzlichen Rauschbeiträge, die durch Fluktuationen der fundamentalen Laserstrahlung hervorgerufen werden, zu entfernen. Am wichtigsten für eine Vielzahl spektroskopischer Anwendungen ist jedoch, dass die CPU-Technik auf Grund der hohen Pixel-Anzahl moderner CCD-Kameras mit einer signifikant erhöhten Detektionsbandbreite punkten kann. Für biologische Anwendungen besteht steigendes Interesse an Molekülen zur kontrollierten Verabreichung von Gasotransmittern wie Kohlenstoffmonoxid (CO) oder Stickstoffmonoxid (NO). Vielversprechend sind hierbei Übergangsmetallkomplexe, welche in der Lage sind, jene kleinen Signalmoleküle nach Photoanregung freizusetzen. Dennoch ist nur sehr wenig über die charakteristischen Zeitskalen der Ligandendissoziation in dieser Molekülklasse bekannt. Daher wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zwei Komplexe mit Femtosekundenzeitauflösung untersucht: [Mn(CO)3(tpm)]Cl mit tpm=tris(2-pyrazolyl)methane, ein Mangankomplex mit drei Carbonylliganden, desses selektive und zytotoxische Wirkung gegenüber Krebszellen nachgewiesen ist, und [Mo(CO)2(NO)(iPr3tacn)]PF6 mit iPr3tacn=1,4,7-triisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, ein Molybdänkomplex, der sowohl CO- als auch NO-Liganden enthält. Mit Hilfe von Anrege-Abfrage-Spektroskopie in verschiedenen spektralen Bereichen, unterstützt durch quantenchemische Berechnungen und lineare Absorptionsspektroskopie, konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide Komplexe jeweils einen CO-Liganden innerhalb der ersten Pikosekunden nach UV-Anregung abspalten können. Die Ergebnisse ergänzen bestehende Studien, welche die Ligandenfreisetzungseigenschaften der Moleküle unter Langzeitbelichtung untersuchten. Die zusätzliche Information – gewonnen auf der ultraschnellen Zeitskala – ermöglicht ein umfassendes Verständnis der einzelnen Reaktionsschritte, welche mit der Ligandendissoziation in dieser Molekülklasse verbunden sind. Daher könnten die Studien neue Anreize zur Entwicklung modifizierter Moleküle schaffen, welche für spezifische Anwendungen geeignet sind.

This thesis reports on research examining the habituation of emotional variables to filmed violence. The following subjective emotional variables were assessed: positive feelings, anxiety, disgust, entertainment and anger. In addition, an objective measure of emotional response was recorded physiologically, using the startle eyeblink response. The mediating influence of personality, individual differences and contextual features on an individuals’ perception of and reaction to filmed violence were also explored. Study one was exploratory in nature served to identify and select the film stimuli to be employed in the subsequent studies. The primary aim of the study was to allow for the identification of violent stimuli considered to be most socially and culturally relevant. The present research builds on existing scientific literature which has began to appreciate that differences in the context of a portrayal holds important implications for its impact on viewers. Thus, a secondary and more specific desire of study one was to obtain an evaluation of the contextual features of the violent film segments. A sample of 30 participants viewed and rated the film stimuli on the variables of realism, fantasy and violence. From this exploratory study four violent film stimuli were subsequently employed. Study 2 used the eyeblink startle response proposed by Vrana, Spence and Lang (1988) to explore the habituation of emotional variables to a realistic depiction of filmed violence. Emotional response was assessed both objectively, using the eyeblink startle response and subjectively through individuals self-reports. In addition the study investigated the significance of individual differences as mediators of emotional response. Questionnaire and physiological data were obtained from 30 participants. Overall, repeated exposure to filmed violence resulted in a decline in both objective and subjective emotional response. Differences were identified in the manner in which men and women responded to the film. Women reacted initially and over time with more intense physiological and psychological reactions to the violent film than males. Specifically, men displayed more curiosity and reported greater entertainment and positive feelings in response to the film, whilst women found the violence more disgusting and reported higher levels of anger and anxiety. It was found that the eyeblink startle magnitude paralleled the subjective emotional processing of the violent film, thus providing further confirmatory evidence of its validity in the investigation of emotional reactions to a stimulus. Personality factors were found to mediate emotional response to filmed violence, with neuroticism most powerfully implicated. High levels of neuroticism were found to be associated with greater anger and anxiety and less positive feelings whilst viewing violent film. A high score on extraversion was correlated with higher levels of anger and lower levels of curiosity and entertainment. Whilst the aims of study 3 were identical to that of study 2, a variation in the contextual feature of the violent film stimuli under investigation was the distinguishing and pertinent feature. Study 2 provided data on the habituation of emotional response to a realistic depiction of filmed violence. Study 3 was concerned with emotional response over repeated exposure to a fantasized violent depiction. Therefore, allowing for a comparison regarding the effects of context on emotional response. The results of study 3, with respect to habituation of emotional response, personality and individual differences, were similar to that obtained in study 2. A comparison of the two studies, however, revealed that individuals responded significantly different to the contextual features of the violent portrayal. Compared to the fantasised portrayal the realistic film stimulus was reported to be more digusting, anxiety provoking and less entertaining. In addition, and not surprisingly respondents reported that the realistic portrayal resulted in the production of more anger and less positive feelings.

名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム報告

The Kelvin measurement is a sensitive and label-free method based on work function measurements. Work function, the minimum energy required to extract an electron from a metallic material, can be shifted by ionic charges and dipoles present on the surface. The scanning Kelvin nanoprobe (SKN), a probe-based microscopic imaging device, was used in the detection of work function changes induced by surface-immobilized oligonucleotide / DNA microarrays. The scanning Kelvin nanoprobe was able to study DNA microarrays smaller than 100 µm in size, produced with solution concentrations lower than 10 µmol/L. The limit of detection was estimated to be 15 ng DNA. Better than ± 10% relative variation was achieved for replicate spots. It was observed that higher surface densities of immobilized DNA molecules produced greater work function changes than lower surface densities. Surface saturation with increasing solution concentrations was observed as well. Also, longer strands of DNA produced greater work function changes than shorter strands. Statistical analysis of the results confirmed that non-complementary DNA strands could be differentiated from complementary strands by the Kelvin measurement. Single base mismatches on the complementary DNA strands were also detected by the Kelvin measurement. Different substrate materials were tested in the search for reliable and inexpensive sample slides with satisfactory DNA immobilization efficiency. Materials such as silicon wafers, gold-coated glass slides, gold-coated stainless steel slides, and gold compact discs (CD) were tested. A surface property comparison of gold-coated glass slides and compact discs was made by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and revealed very different microscopic features. The effect of cleaning on gold-coated glass slides was examined by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Technical improvements were made to the SKN equipment progressively. Several revisions to the tip holder design have been employed for better electromagnetic shielding, enhanced robustness and easier tip change. An older signal generator was replaced with a professional PC audio card to provide more stable signal and more convenient on-screen fine tuning, also at a reduced cost. The Labview-based controlling program has also been improved through multiple iterations.

The purpose with this report was to compare three commonly occurring methods for measuring plant available nitrogen in soils. The methods extraction, incubation and Plant root simulator (PRS) probe - an ion exchange membrane (Western Ag Innovations, Inc., Saskatoon, Canada) method were used and comparison between these methods were conducted. A full factorial experiment were set up in northern Finland with the treatments excluding herbivores, warming and fertilization to see how the inorganic nitrogen content in the soil was effected by the treatments. Soil cores were taken and from them a subsample was incubated for 18 days and thereafter analyzed for inorganic N in laboratory. PRS- probes were in the ground for 1 month. It was a strong positive correlation between extracted and incubated samples but no correlation between the PRS- probes and extraction or incubation samples. The PRS- probes showed several significant changes in inorganic N content after the treatments where fertilization increased the tot-N and NO3 levels and warming reduced the inorganic tot-N, NH4 and NO3. These findings were not confirmed by the results of the extraction. The incubation showed negative net mineralization rates for tot- N and NH4. PRS- probes showed a slightly dominance of NO3 over NH4 while extraction showed a many times higher amount of NH4 compared to NO3. Extraction shows a strong correlation with incubation even though extraction measure an instantaneous value and incubation measure the production of inorganic nitrogen over time.