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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
701

Caractérisation des souches de Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolées des patients atteints de la fibrose kystique par différentes méthodes de typage

Hafiane, Anouar January 2007 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
702

Role of the Exopolysaccharide Alginate in Adherence to and Inflammation of Pulmonary Epithelial Cells

Crossley, Brian E 01 January 2016 (has links)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients are not easily cleared due to the conversion from a nonmucoid to a mucoid phenotype. Alginate is an acetylated exopolysaccharide produced by mucoid PA that is responsible for increased resistance to antibiotics, host phagocytic killing, and propagating biofilm formation. Understanding the interaction between PA and host cells is critical to understanding chronic infection and inflammation in CF. In order to investigate this, we used A549 pulmonary epithelial cells and murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S) to examine host response to nonmucoid versus mucoid PA infection. Adhesion assays in A549 pulmonary epithelial cells revealed that mucoid PA mutants adhere poorly compared to their nonmucoid counterparts. Similarly, phagocytosis assays using MH-S infected with PA revealed that mucoid PA are increasingly resistant to phagocytosis. The alginate acetylation mutant FRD1175 is more susceptible to phagocytic killing than alginate+ FRD1. Adherence and phagocytosis of mucoid FRD1 was increased by increasing the multiplicity of infection (MOI) from 50:1 to 500:1. Furthermore, confocal microscopy revealed that mucoid PA are inherently less inflammatory than nonmucoid strains in both A549 and MH-S. Increasing the MOI of mucoid FRD1 from 50:1 to 500:1 significantly increased caspase-1 activation in MH-S but not in A549, revealing that intensity of inflammatory signaling by epithelial cells is likely independent of increased adherence. FRD1175 infection in both A549 and MH-S revealed that alginate acetylation plays a significant role in reducing inflammasome activation. Western analysis revealed that PA does not actively induce TGF-β secretion by A549 epithelial cells. Similarly, NF-κB expression was reduced in both A549 and MH-S when infected with mucoid FRD strains, but not PA from the PAO background, suggesting FRD strains have accumulated additional mutations facilitating escape of inflammation. MH-S treated with cytochalasin D to block phagocytosis were still able to activate NF-κB signaling, suggesting NF-κB activation is adherence but not phagocytosis dependent. These data increase our understanding of the various mechanisms in which mucoid PA is able to evade host immune defenses and provides insight into potential therapies to treat PA infections.
703

Structural Analysis of the TOL pDK1 xylGFJQK Region and Partial Characterization of the xylF and xylG Gene Products

Poulter, Melinda D. 12 1900 (has links)
TOL plasmids encode enzymes responsible for utilization of toluene and related aromatic compounds by Pseudomonas putida, ultimately converting them to central metabolic intermediates. The nucleotide sequence for the 5.6 kb xylGFJQK region of the pDK1 TOL meta operon was determined. DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of five open reading frames corresponding to xylG (1458 bp), xylF (846 bp), xylJ (783 bp), xylQ (936 bp) and xylK (1047 bp), encoding predicted protein products of 51.6, 31.3, 27.8, 32.8, and 36.6 kDa in size, respectively. The average G+C content of the xylLTEGFJQK region was 65.7%, somewhat higher than the 58.9% seen in the immediately upstream xylXYZ region and substantially more than the 50% G+C content reported for the upper TOL operon of this plasmid. Homology comparisons were made with genes and proteins of related catabolic plasmids. The dmpCDEFG and pWWO xylGFJQK regions exhibit consistently high levels of nucleotide and amino acid homology to pDK1 xylGFJQK throughout the entire region. In contrast, although the nucleotide sequence homology of the Acinetobacter atdCDE region to xylGFJ is high, the homology of atdFG to xylQK is markedly less. Such radical changes in homology between corresponding regions of different operons, combined with variable base and codon usage patterns within and between operons, provides additional support for the idea that the upper and lower operons encoding enzymes of aromatic pathways have evolved independently of one another and that these operons have continued to exchange genetic material with homologous expression units through a series of recombination events. Recombinant plasmids were constructed for individual expression of each of the xylGFJQK genes. HMSD (XylG) and HMSH (XylF) were partially purified and characterized with respect to substrate specificity and kinetic mechanism. Evidence was obtained suggesting that the HMSD reaction occurs via a steady state ordered mechanism or a random mechanism where binding of the first substrate effects the enzyme's affinity for the second substrate.
704

Requirements for Cell-Free Cyanide Oxidation by Pseudomonas Fluorescens NCIMB 11764

Parab, Preeti 08 1900 (has links)
The involvement of cyanide oxygenase in the metabolism of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate-cyanohydrin was investigated and shown to occur indirectly by the consumption of free cyanide arising from the cyanohydrins via chemical dissociation. Thus, free cyanide remains the substrate, for which the enzyme displays a remarkably high affinity (Kmapp,4 mM). A model for cyanide utilization is therefore envisioned in which the substrate is initially detoxified by complexation to an appropriate ligand followed by enzymatic oxidation of cyanide arising at sublethal levels via chemical dissociation. Putative cyanide oxygenase in cell extracts consumed both oxygen and NADH in equimolar proportions during cyanide conversion to CO2 and NH3 and existed separately from an unknown heat-stable species responsible for the nonenzymatic cyanide-catalyzed consumption of oxygen. Evidence of cyanide inhibition and nonlinear kinetics between enzyme activity and protein concentration point to a complex mechanism of enzymatic substrate conversion.
705

A fundamental design study of electrochemical processes for the control of pathogenic bacteria

Cossali, Giovanna January 2015 (has links)
Water systems in buildings have been reported to contribute to pseudomonal infection transmission and have been associated with Legionnaires’ disease (LD) outbreaks, for they provide the perfect conditions for bacteria proliferation and biofilms formation. An overview of the problem has highlighted that the economic burden, the healthcare and mortality costs of both LD and pseudomonal infections are significant. Although critical to the safe delivery of water, pathogen control continues to remain a challenge as current hot water treatments are not always effective, are often energy intensive and require expensive maintenance. This thesis was set out to evaluate the potential use of electrochemical disinfection (ED) in controlling pathogens in hot water systems of buildings. In this project, we performed a fundamental systematic study on the effect of geometrical and operational parameters in a flask, to gather an understanding of the effect of each parameter on the rate of bacteria elimination, crucial for the design and optimization of electrolytic cells. ED prototypes were then installed in in the hot water systems of two different buildings operating at 60°C, the temperature recommended for Legionella control (HSE, 2013), and their efficacy was monitored long term. In one of the buildings, 2 to 4– log reductions in total bacteria counts was observed, while Pseudomonas species counts were reduced by 3 log. The apparent failure in the other building was due to the inadequate operation of the water system. In order to achieve the 2019 zero carbon targets for new non-domestic buildings set by the UK government, the energy demand associated with heating water needs to be addressed, but maintaining systems at such high temperatures renders difficult the use of greener technologies that could further reduce the CO2 impact of heating water. Given that ED generates disinfectants and that the Health and Safety Executive advises that if hot water is treated with biocides, water temperatures can be reduced, the efficacy of the prototype device was evaluated under laboratory conditions at temperatures between 30 and 45˚C. The prototype was found to be effective both on laboratory-grown biofilm and on planktonic Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, with 5-log reduction on bacteria counts.
706

Effector Response of the Aspartate Transcarbamoylase From Wild Type Pseudomonas Putida and a Mutant with 11 Amino Acids Deleted at the N-terminus of PyrB.

AsFour, Hani 05 1900 (has links)
Like its enteric counterpart, aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) from Pseudomonas putida is a dodecamer of two different polypeptides. Unlike the enterics, the Pseudomonas ATCase lacks regulatory polypeptides but employs instead inactive dihydroorotases for an active dodecamer. Previous work showed that PyrB contains not only the active site but also the effector binding sites for ATP, UTP and CTP at its N-terminus. In this work, 11 amino acids were deleted from the N-terminus of PyrB and the ATCase with the truncated protein was expressed in E. coli pyrB- and purified. The wild type enzyme was similarly treated. Velocity-substrate plots without effectors gave Michaelis-Menten kinetics in all cases. Deleting 11 amino acids did not affect dodecameric assembly but altered effector responses. When carbamoylphosphate was varied, the mutant enzyme was inhibited by UTP while the wild type enzyme was activated 2-fold. When the aspartate was varied, CTP had no effect on the mutant enzyme but strongly inhibited the wild type enzyme.
707

Selección de Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. y actinomicetos productores de Ácido Indol Acético (AIA) aislados de “Biol” de elaboración artesanal provenientes de Lima y Huancayo

Lino Villanueva, Gladys Liliana January 2011 (has links)
El “biol” es un abono líquido rico en fitohormonas, como las auxinas o mejor conocido como Ácido Indol Acético (AIA). Éste ácido estimula el desarrollo de las plantas y en general, la germinación de semillas. El uso del biol, en la agricultura peruana ha cobrado mucha importancia, pues asegura mayor rendimiento de la producción, incrementando a la vez la calidad de los cultivos y sobretodo ofreciendo alimentos libres de productos químicos. Para esta investigación se prepararon 22 muestras de biol artesanal con composiciones variables instalados en Lima y Huancayo. Se realizaron 10 muestreos durante un periodo de 150 días de biodigestión para seleccionar Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. y actinomicetos productores de AIA, los cuales fueron identificados por sus características culturales y pruebas preliminares. Posteriormente con todas las cepas seleccionadas se realizó la prueba cualitativa y cuantitativa del AIA. El 20% de Pseudomonas sp., 17,07% de Bacillus sp. y 21,35% de actinomicetos aislados resultaron positivos a la prueba de AIA y fue posible cuantificar su producción. Asimismo, se realizó una prueba de efectividad del AIA producido por nueve bacterias para evaluar su efecto promotor de crecimiento sobre el hipocotilo y la radícula en semillas de Lactuca sativa L. (lechuga). El análisis estadístico de las pruebas señaló que los resultados son altamente significativos, mostrando los mejores resultados la cepa PSIV-1-L para el hipocótilo y la cepa PSII-7-L para la radícula. Se comprobó así la presencia de bacterias productoras de AIA en las muestras de biol de preparación artesanal y a la vez fue posible evidenciar un efecto positivo sobre la germinación in vitro de semillas de Lactuca sativa L. (lechuga). / Tesis
708

Analysis of Transcriptional Regulators Involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance

Hall, Clayton Wallace 31 July 2019 (has links)
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal genetic disorder that afflicts young Canadians. The major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CF is chronic pulmonary infection with the opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Once established, P. aeruginosa lung infections cannot be cleared despite sustained and aggressive antimicrobial therapy. Treatment failure of P. aeruginosa lung infections is caused by a combination of antibiotic resistance and tolerance mechanisms. Antibiotic resistance is mainly mediated by multidrug efflux pumps such as MexAB-OprM. Antibiotic tolerance has been attributed to biofilms and to nutrient starvation. In this thesis, I present an analysis of three transcriptional regulators (PA3225, RpoS, and RpoN) and their contributions to resistance and tolerance in P. aeruginosa. PA3225 is a transcriptional regulator that I initially identified as a candidate regulator of a type VI secretion system (T6SS) that had been previously implicated in biofilm tolerance. While a ΔPA3225 deletion mutant did not, unfortunately, have dysregulated expression of the T6SS, I fortuitously discovered that the mutant displayed increased resistance to various antibiotics from different functional classes. I linked the increased antibiotic resistance of ΔPA3225 to upregulation of MexAB-OprM and provided evidence that PA3225 may be a direct repressor of mexAB-oprM. Next, I sought to identify a transcriptional regulator of ndvB, which is another gene that plays a role in biofilm tolerance. I found that the stationary phase sigma factor, RpoS, was essential for expression of ndvB in stationary phase and biofilm cells. Moreover, RpoS was important for tolerance of stationary phase cells to tobramycin (TOB), an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used to treat CF patients. In recent years, several groups have sought to identify novel treatments to combat antibiotic tolerance in P. aeruginosa. A popular strategy is metabolic potentiation, which involves co-administration of an antibiotic with a metabolite to reverse tolerance due to nutrient starvation. For example, one group found that fumarate (FUM) combined with TOB (TOB+FUM) was highly effective at killing tolerant P. aeruginosa. FUM uptake depends on C4-dicarboyxlate transporters, which are transcriptionally regulated by the alternative sigma factor, RpoN. Importantly, rpoN loss-of-function mutations are a recognised mechanism of pathoadaptation in CF clinical isolates. I demonstrated that TOB+FUM was unable to kill ΔrpoN stationary phase and biofilm cells due to loss of FUM uptake and that rpoN alleles from CF clinical isolates were unable to complement the ΔrpoN mutant. These findings could have important implications for TOB+FUM as a treatment modality in CF patients with a high burden of rpoN mutants. Overall, my work has provided interesting and, in the case of RpoN, clinically relevant insights into the regulatory networks that determine antibiotic susceptibility in P. aeruginosa.
709

Mechanisms of local and systemic defences in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to host and non-host strains of Pseudomonas syringae

Mishina, Tatiana E. January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Stickstoffmonooxid (NO) wird als wichtige Signalkomponente bei der Entwicklung der Hypersensitiven Reaktion beschrieben. Außerdem wird NO eine Rolle als Signalmolekül bei der Expression von Abwehrgenen wie PR-1, PAL1 oder Chalkonsynthase (CHS) und bei der Akkumulation von Salicylsäure zugeordnet (Durner et al., 1998). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden transgene Pflanzen mit veränderten endogenen NO-Spiegeln verwendet, um die Rolle von NO in Pflanze-Pathogen-Interaktionen zu untersuchen. Arabidopsis-Pflanzen, die aufgrund der Expression einer NO Dioxygenase erniedrigte NO-Gehalte aufweisen, zeigen nach einem Angriff avirulenter Pathogene einen abgeschwächten oxidative burst und eine reduzierte Expression von Genen des Phenylpropanbiosyntheseweges. Weitere Experimente mit transgenen Pflanzen, die eine bakterielle NO-Synthase exprimieren, legen nahe, dass eine konstitutive Erhöhung der NO-Spiegel nicht zu einer konstitutiv verstärkten Pathogenabwehr führt. Möglicherweise ist eine graduelle Steigerung der NO-Gehalte nach Pathogenkontakt für die Induktion pflanzlicher Abwehrreaktionen erforderlich. Im Gegenteil, die NOS-exprimierenden Pflanzen waren anfälliger gegen bakterielle Pathogene als Wildtyp-Pflanzen und zeigten eine abgeschwächte SAR-Reaktion. Die Ergebnisse deuten auch darauf hin, dass NO eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulation des Redoxstatus in der Pflanzenzelle spielt. Diese Funktion von NO ist wichtig beim Seneszenzvorgang. Entsprechend der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit kann NO als negativer Regulator der Blattseneszenz angesehen werden. Die Wirkungsweise von NO auf molekularer Ebene und die Signalkaskaden, in die NO involviert ist, sind immer noch nicht ausreichend verstanden. In zukünftigen Experimenten wird es notwendig sein, die selektive Quantifizierung von NO in intaktem Pflanzengewebe zu gewährleisten, die Proteintargets von NO zu identifizieren und die Struktur und Funktion NO-modifizierter Biomoleküle zu entschlüsseln, um die Rolle von NO in Pflanze-Pathogen-Wechselwirkungen besser verstehen zu lernen. Die Nichtwirtsresistenz beruht auf mehreren Verteidigungsebenen, welche konstitutive und induzierte Komponenten beinhalten. Die Bedeutung induzierter Abwehrreaktionen für die Nichtwirtsresistenz gegen bakterielle Pathogene ist nicht vollständig klar. Die Daten der vorliegenden Arbeit legen nahe, dass das Wachstum von Nichtwirtsbakterien in Arabidopsis-Blättern durch vorgebildete toxische Substanzen und durch induzierte Zellwandverstärkungen gehemmt wird. Nichtwirtsbakterien verursachen eine schnelle Induktion der Expression der Ligninbiosynthesegene PAL1 und BCB, die unabhängig vom Typ III-Sekretionssystem ist und möglicherweise zur Papillenbildung beiträgt. Darüber hinaus ist die Überlebensrate der Nichtwirtsbakterien in den extrazellulären Räumen der Arabidopsis pal1-Mutante höher als in Wildtyp-Pflanzen, was die funktionelle Bedeutung der PAL1-Expression bei der Nichtwirtsresistenz verdeutlicht. Außerdem zeigen die Experimente, dass Nichtwirtsbakterien in ähnlicher Weise wie Wirtsbakterien die Akkumulation von Salicylsäure und die Expression von PR-Genen induzieren. Die Induktion dieser Abwehrkomponenten ist abhängig von einem intakten Typ III-Sekretionssystem. Die Signalwege, auf denen nach Kontakt mit Nichtwirtsbakterien und Wirtsbakterien Abwehrreaktionen induziert werden, sind ähnlich. Es wurden jedoch zwischen zwei verschiedenen Nichtwirtsstämmen auch unterschiedliche Signalwege aktiviert, was möglicherweise auf ein unterschiedliches Repertoire von TypIII-Effektoren der beiden Stämme zurückgeführt werden kann. Trotz der Aktivierung dieser induzierten Abwehr zeigen Experimente mit klassischen Abwehrmutanten, dass SA- und JA-abhängige Abwehrreaktionen nicht direkt zur Nichtwirtsresistenz gegen P. syringae beitragen. Weiterhin zeigt diese Arbeit, dass die Nichtwirtsresistenz des Arabidopsis-Ökotyps Col-0 effektiver ist als die des Ler-0-Ökotyps, obwohl bei letzterem die Resistenz gegen virulente Bakterien höher ist. Diese Unterschiede scheinen nicht mit der unterschiedlichen Glucosinolatzusammensetzung der beiden Ökotypen im Zusammenhang zu stehen. Um das Verständnis der Nichtwirtsresistenz von Arabidopsis gegenüber P. syringae zu verbessern, können in zukünftigen Experimenten Doppel- und Triplemutanten hergestellt werden, die gleichzeitig Defekte in der zellwandabhängigen Abwehr (Lignin- und Callosebiosynthese) und in klassischen, SA-abhängigen Abwehrreaktionen aufweisen. Auch können Analysen des Genom-Polymorphismus und der Zusammensetzung von Sekundärmetaboliten in den Ökotypen Ler-0 und Col-0 zu einem besseren Verständnis der Nichtwirtsresistenz führen. Die Resultate dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass ein lokaler, symptomfreier Kontakt von Arabidopsis-Blättern mit Nichtwirtsbakterien, TTSS-defiziente Bakterien und allgemeine bakterielle Elicitoren (PAMPs) wie Flagellin und Lipopolysaccharide die systemisch erworbene Resistenz innerhalb der Gesamtpflanze hervorrufen. Die symptomlose systemische Resistenzreaktion findet in SAR-defizienten Mutanten nicht statt, wird jedoch in der Jasmonat-insensitiven jar1-Mutante, die keine ISR-Reaktion ausbilden kann, beobachtet. Durch Behandlung von Arabidopsis-Blättern mit unterschiedlichen Inokuli von virulenten oder avirulenten P. syringae-Stämmen wurde auch eine deutliche Korrelation des Ausmaßes der SAR-Induktion mit der Höhe der SA-Akkumulation oder der PR-Genexpression, aber nicht mit der Nekrosenbildung oder der JA-Produktion, am Infektionsort festgestellt. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass nicht die Hypersensitive Reaktion oder Gewebenekrosen, sondern möglicherweise die Stärke bestimmter Abwehrreaktionen am Ort der Inokulation zur Auslösung der SAR beitragen. Die Befunde, dass die systemische Resistenz auch durch PAMPs und durch TTSS-defekte P. syringae-Stämme erhöht wird, verdeutlicht die wichtige Rolle von allgemeinen Elicitoren bei der SAR-Induktion. In künftige Experimenten kann untersucht werden, ob verschiedene PAMPs die SAR in synergistischer Weise induzieren und ob allgemeine Elicitoren pilzlicher Herkunft SAR auslösen können. Weiterhin können die molekulare Prozesse spezifiziert werden, die stromabwärts von PAMP-Erkennungsprozessen für die SAR-Ausbildung notwendig sind. In weiteren Experimenten könnte die Hypothese überprüft werden, ob einzelner PAMPs als mobile SAR-Langstreckensignale fungieren können. Durch phytopathologische Charakterisierung von T-DNA-Knockout-Linien, die Defekte in Genen aufweisen, welche in Arabidopsis nach einer P. syringae-Infektion aufreguliert werden, konnte das FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1)-Gen als notwendige Komponente der SAR in Arabidopsis identifiziert werden. So bleiben die im Wildtyp induzierten systemischen Abwehrreaktionen und die Erhöhung der systemischen Resistenz nach lokaler Inokulation mit P. syringae in fmo1-Knockout-Pflanzen vollständig aus. Weiterhin korreliert die systemische Expression des FMO1-Gens eng mit der SAR-Induktion. So gibt es bei allen Abwehrmutanten, die keine SAR nach Kontakt mit P. syringae ausbilden können, keine FMO1-Expression in distalen Blättern inokulierter Pflanzen. Umgekehrt verhält es sich mit Arabidopsis-Linien, die die SAR ausbilden. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass FMO1 eine wichtige Komponente eines Signalverstärkungszyklus darstellt, der in nichtinfizierten, systemischen Teilen der Pflanze wirkt, um die SAR zu ermöglichen. In künftigen Experimenten soll der postulierte Amplifizierungsmechanismus experimentell verifiziert werden. Die Konstruktion von transgenen Linien, die ein FMO1:GFP-Fusionsprodukt exprimieren, kann Informationen über die zelluäre Lokalisation des FMO1-Proteins liefern. Weiterhin können vergleichende Analysen der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Blattextrakten der fmo1 Knockout-Linien, von FMO1-Überexprimierern und von Wildtyp-Pflanzen zur Aufklärung der biochemischen Reaktion beitragen, die die FMO1-Monooxygenase katalysiert. In Anlehnung an die Funktion von yFMO, die die einzige Flavin-abhängige Monooxygenase der Hefe darstellt, kann überprüft werden, ob FMO1 die korrekte Faltung von Proteinen am endoplasmatischen Retikulum vermittelt. Schließlich kann durch die Identifizierung weitere SAR-Gene nach der beschriebenen Strategie und durch funktionelle Charakterisierung der zugehörigen Proteine das Verständnis der SAR-Reaktion auf molekularer Ebene weiter verbessert werden. / NO has been described as an important component involved in the development of the hypersensitive reaction (Delledonne et.al., 1998). Furthermore, NO induces expression of a set of defence gene, such as PR-1, PAL1 and chalcone synthase (CHS), and accumulation of SA (Durner et al., 1998). In this study, transgenic plants with altered NO levels were used to study the role of NO in plant defence. Arabidopsis plants which, due to expression of a bacterial NO dioxygenase, exhibit lower levels of NO than wild-type plants, show several weakened defence response, including the oxidative burst and expression of phenylpropanoid pathway genes. By contrast, constitutive expression of a bacterial NO synthase in Arabisopsis results in increased levels of endogenous NO. However, these plants do not show constitutively activated defence responses, but suffer from increased susceptibility to various strains of P. syringae. This might indicate that a gradient in NO production rather than constitutive elevation of NO is necessary to trigger plant defence responses. Nevertheless, NO seems to be important for regulation of the oxidative state in plant cells. This function of NO is important during leaf senescence. The data of the present work indicate that NO acts as senescence-delaying factor during plant development. The molecular action of NO in plants and signalling cascades in which NO is involved as second messenger are still poorly understood. Experiments addressing the selective quantification of NO in intact plant tissue, the identification of NO-target proteins as well as the function of NO-modified biomolecules might help to understand the role of NO in plants. Non-host resistance consists of several layers of defence that include preformed compounds existing in plants before pathogen infection and induced defences which the plant activates after recognition of a pathogen. The role of inducible defences in preventing multiplication of non-adapted bacteria is not clear. Our experiments suggest that to restrict non-adapted bacterial growth, pre-formed antimicrobial compounds and an early inducible cell wall-based defence might play an important role in Arabidopsis leaves. Upon inoculation with non-adapted bacteria, we have observed early, TTSS-independent up-regulation of PAL1 and BCB, two lignin biosynthesis genes which might be involved in papilla formation or other kinds of cell wall fortification. Moreover, Arabidopsis pal1 knockout lines permit significantly higher survival of non-adapted bacteria in leaves than wild-type plants, suggesting a functional importance of PAL1 up-regulation. Although non-host bacteria, like host bacteria, induce accumulation of SA and PR gene expression in a TTSS-dependent manner, SA-dependent or JA/ET-dependent defences do not directly contribute to non-host resistance. Moreover, non-adapted bacteria activate similar defence signalling pathways as do host bacteria. However, because of varieties in effector protein composition between different non-adapted bacterial strains, the activated signalling pathways might also include different compounds. The Arabidopsis ecotype Ler 0 is more susceptible to a non-adapted strain of P. syringae than ecotype Col-0. Although differences in glucosinolate content and composition between those ecotypes exist, they are probably not a major reason for the observed difference in non-host resistance. To further understand the mechanisms underlying non-host resistance, the generation of double or triple mutants with deficits in both cell wall-based defences and SA-dependent signal cascades is necessary. Moreover, the study of genome polymorphism and composition of secondary metabolites between Ler-0 and Col-0 can shed new light into the mechanisms of non-host resistance against bacterial pathogens. Additionally, experiments addressing papilla formation and callose biosynthesis in Ler-0 and Col-0 could help to further elucidate bacterial non-host resistance. Our data indicate that localized contact of Arabidopsis leaves with non-adapted bacteria, type III secretion-defective P. syringae strains and bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) at the whole plant level. This finding contrasts the general belief that an HR or other leaf necroses are required for SAR induction. The observed symptomless systemic response was abolished in all SAR-deficient mutants tested in this study, but was intact in the jar1 mutant, which is compromised in induction of ISR, indicating that non-host bacteria and PAMPs induce SAR in a mechanistically similar way than host bacteria. In addition, our data show that the extent of SA accumulation or PR gene expression induced at sites of virulent or avirulent P. syringae inoculation rather than the amount of tissue necroses or jasmonate accumulation determine the magnitude of SAR. The fact that systemic responses were also triggered after local treatment with type III secretion-defective P. syringae strains and bacterial PAMPs indicate that induction of SAR is TTSS-independent. Instead, recognition of general elicitors like flagellin and LPS play an important role in activation of the SAR process. To broaden the concept of PAMP-based SAR initiation, further general elicitors from bacteria and fungal pathogens should be tested for their capability to induce SAR. Screens for mutants with deficiency in SAR activation by individual PAMPs can help to identify new components involved in the SAR signalling cascade. Possible functions of PAMPs as mobile systemic signals should be tested in future experiments. By selection of candidate genes whose expression is up-regulated in Arabidopsis leaves infected with avirulent and virulent P. syringae and pathophysiological analyses of corresponding T-DNA knockout lines, FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) was identified as a key SAR regulator. SAR triggered by P. syringae is completely abolished in fmo1 mutant plants, and pathogen-induced expression of FMO1 in systemic leaves is closely correlated with the capability of different Arabidopsis lines to develop SAR. According to our findings, we have proposed that the FMO1 acts in signal amplification in non-inoculated, systemic leaves to trigger SAR. Experimental verification of the postulated potential amplification cycle underlying SAR should be tested in future experiments. The generation of transgenic lines expressing FMO1::GFP will provide useful information about the cellular localization of the FMO1 protein. Moreover, a comparative metabolomic analysis using SAR-induced wild-type, fmo1 knockout and FMO1 overexpressing lines can be used to identify substrates and reaction products of the FMO1 monooxygenase. As the single yeast FMO (yFMO) provides oxidizing equivalents at the ER for correct protein folding, expression of FMO1 in yfmo mutant yeast combined with protein activity assays might indicate whether FMO1 exhibits functional similarities with yeast FMO, e.g. in assuring proper folding of ER-targeted proteins essential for SAR establishment. Identification of further genes involved in activation of systemic resistance and biochemical characterization of the corresponding proteins can help to understand the SAR process in more detail.
710

Untersuchungen zur Rolle des Kohlenhydratmetabolismus während Pflanze-Pathogen-Interaktionen und der Keimlingsentwicklung / Studies on the role of carbohydrate metabolism during plant-pathogen-interactions and seedling development

Bonfig, Katharina Barbara January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Invertasen sind Schlüsselenzyme in der Kohlenhydratverteilung und haben möglicherweise auch während einer Pathogeninfektion eine zentrale Bedeutung. In vorliegender Arbeit wurde zunächst die Regulation verschiedener Stoffwechselwege in Arabidopsis thaliana nach Infektionen mit einem virulenten oder avirulenten Stamm von Pseudomonas syringae untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Chlorophyllfluoreszenz-Bildgebung konnten räumliche und zeitliche Veränderungen der Photosynthese verfolgt werden. Verschiedene Parameter waren unterschiedlich reguliert. In beiden Interaktionen waren Effekte nur lokal um die Infektionsstellen erkennbar und qualitativ ähnlich. Unterschiede waren im zeitlichen Eintreten und Verlauf sichtbar. Die Methode schien geeignet für die sensitive, nicht-invasive Pathogenfrüherkennung vor dem Auftreten sichtbarer Symptome. Die Regulation verschiedener Gene innerhalb von Source-Sink-Übergängen und die Aktivität von Invertasen war in den beiden Interaktionen qualitativ unterschiedlich. Die Infektion mit virulenten Bakterien resultierte in einer Repression photosynthetischer Gene. Die Aktivität vakuolärer Invertasen stieg vorübergehend nach Infektion mit virulenten Bakterien an, während sie nach Infektion mit avirulenten Bakterien sank. Die Aktivität extrazellulärer Invertasen war in beiden Interaktionen reprimiert. Die erfolgreiche Generierung verschiedener Bakterienstämme von P. syringae, die das grün fluoreszierende Protein exprimieren, kann bei der weiteren Charakterisierung von Pflanze-Pathogen-Interaktionen helfen. Die Regulation von Invertasen erfolgt auf transkriptioneller und posttranslationaler Ebene. Um die Funktion von Invertasen in Pflanze-Pathogen-Interaktionen zu verstehen, wurde zunächst die Regulation von Invertasen durch endogene proteinogene Invertaseinhibitoren untersucht. In Übereinstimmung mit in silico Expressionsdaten konnte durch Untersuchung von Reportergenlinien und in Northern Blot Analysen eine starke Expression von Invertaseinhibitoren in Blättern von A. thaliana festgestellt werden. Nach Applikation biotischer und abiotischer Stressfaktoren wurde diese Expression nahezu vollständig reprimiert. Die indirekte Bestimmung der Invertaseinhibitoraktivität durch Messung der Invertaseaktivität in Mischextrakten zeigte, dass diese nach einer Pathogeninfektion vollständig reprimiert war. In funktionellen Ansätzen wurden transgene Pflanzen generiert, die Invertaseinhibitoren unter Kontrolle induzierbarer Promotoren exprimieren. Die Induktion der Invertaseinhibitorexpression änderte die Sensitivität gegenüber verschiedenen Pathogenen nicht signifikant. In einem pharmakologischen Ansatz wurde der chemische Inhibitor Acarbose zur Hemmung der Invertaseaktivität in A. thaliana verwendet. Eine Behandlung von Blättern bei gleichzeitiger Infektion mit Bakterien verursachte eine erhöhte Sensitivität der Pflanzen gegenüber der Infektion, eine stärkere Repression verschiedener Chlorophyllfluoreszenzparameter sowie ein erhöhtes Bakterienwachstum im Vergleich zu einer Infektion mit den Bakterien allein. Keine Effekte wurden auf transkriptioneller Ebene bei der Untersuchung von Genen verschiedener Stoffwechselwege gefunden. Die Invertaseaktivität nach zusätzlicher Behandlung mit Acarbose war tendenziell niedriger als die Aktivität nach einer Pathogeninfektion alleine. Acarbose erhöhte die Spiegel an Salicylsäure unabhängig von einer Pathogeninfektion. Da das Bakterienwachstum in Mutanten des Salicylsäure-vermittelten Abwehrweges bei zusätzlicher Behandlung mit Acarbose ebenfalls erhöht war, kann eine Beteiligung dieses Abwehrweges am Acarboseeffekt bisher ausgeschlossen werden. Invertasen sind neben ihrer Beteiligung an der Abwehr für die Regulation von Entwicklungsprozessen wichtig. In einem funktionellen Ansatz mit Pflanzen, die Invertaseinhibitoren induzierbar produzieren, wurde die Funktion von Invertasen getestet. Zur Generierung spezifischer Effekte wurden die Inhibitoren unter Kontrolle synthetischer Promotoren in A. thaliana exprimiert. Unerwarteterweise war das Wachstum putativ transgener Keimlinge jedoch im 4-Blatt-Stadium arretiert. Eine Analyse der Aktivität der ß-Glucuronidase in den entsprechenden Reporterlinien zeigte eine Korrelation zwischen der Wachstumsarretierung und einer hohen Aktivität dieser Promotoren unter verschiedenen in vitro Bedingungen. Dieser negative Effekt der Invertaseinhibition auf das Keimlingswachstum wurde in transgenen Tabakpflanzen bekräftigt, die Invertaseinhibitoren unter Kontrolle eines Tetracyclin-induzierbaren Promotors exprimierten. Eine erfolgreiche Induktion des Promotors resultierte in einer Reduktion des Frischgewichtes der Keimlinge. Mittels in silico Expressionsdaten und Northern Blot Analysen konnte für A. thaliana eine spezifische und starke Expression verschiedener Invertaseisoformen in Keimlingen nachgewiesen werden. Diese komplementären Ergebnisse zeigen die Notwendigkeit der Invertaseaktivität für eine normale Keimlingsentwicklung. / Invertases are key metabolic enzymes in carbohydrate partitioning which may also play an important role during pathogen infection. In this study, the regulation of different metabolic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana plants after infection by a virulent and an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae was investigated. With help of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging spatio-temporal changes in photosynthesis were monitored. The monitored chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were showing differential regulation. The effects were restricted to the vicinity of the infection site and did not spread to uninfected areas of the leaf. Qualitatively similar changes in photosynthetic parameters were observed in both interactions. Major differences between the responses to both strains were evident in the onset and time course of changes. Changes could be detected by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging before symptoms were visible by eye. In contrast to photosynthesis, the regulation of marker genes for source/sink relations and the activities of invertase isoenzymes showed qualitative differences between both interactions. Inoculation of the virulent but not the avirulent strain resulted in downregulation of photosynthetic genes and upregulation of vacuolar invertases. The activity of vacuolar invertases transiently increased upon infection with the virulent strain but decreased with the avirulent strain while extracellular invertase activity was downregulated in both interactions. As an advanced tool for the characterization of the interaction between A. thaliana and P. syringae bacteria expressing the green fluorescing protein were generated. Invertases are regulated on transcriptional and posttranscriptional level. To understand the function of invertases in plant-pathogen-interactions, the regulation of endogenous proteinaceous invertase inhibitors was investigated. According to expression profiling the analysis of reporter gene lines and Northern Blot analyses revealed a strong expression of invertase inhibitors in source leaves of A. thaliana. After application of biotic and abiotic stress factors this expression was completely repressed. Indirect determination of invertase inhibitor activity by measurement of invertase activity in mixed extracts revealed a complete repression of inhibitor activity after pathogen infection. In functional approaches transgenic plants were generated, expressing invertase inhibitor proteins under control of inducible promoters. However, no effect of the induction of inhibitor expression on the sensitivity to different pathogens could be observed so far. In a pharmacological approach acarbose war used as an invertase inhibitor. Simultaneous treatment of plants with acarbose and bacteria revealed an increased sensitivity of the plant towards the bacterial infection and a stronger repression of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters compared to plants treated with bacteria alone. No effects on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and defence could be observed on transcriptional level. A tendency of lowered invertase activity could be observed after treatment with acarbose and bacteria compared to bacterial treatment alone. Acarbose treatment enhanced the levels of salicylic acid independent of bacterial infection. The acarbose-mediated increase in sensitivity was also detectable in sid2 and cpr6 mutants indicating that the effect of acarbose is independent of the salicylic acid mediated defence pathway. Invertases are important enzymes in higher plants, which are involved in regulating developmental processes and responses to external factors. In a functional approach the role of invertases was investigated using transgenic plants ectopically expressing inhibitor proteins to decrease invertase activity. For generating specific effects, these inhibitor proteins were expressed in A. thaliana under the control of synthetic promoters consisting of tetramers of pathogeninducible elements, which were reported to yield low constitutive expression. Unexpectedly, seedling growth of putative transgenic plants was arrested at the four-leaf stage. Analysis of ß-glucuronidase activity of corresponding reporter gene lines showed a correlation of the growth arrest with high activity of these promoters in seedlings grown under tissue culture conditions. The negative effect of invertase inhibition on seedling growth was substantiated by transgenic tobacco plants expressing an invertase inhibitor under control of a tetracycline inducible promoter. Ectopic induction of the invertase inhibitor during early seedling development resulted in a reduced fresh weight of seedlings. Expression profiling and Northern Blot analyses further supported the importance of invertase in Arabidopsis thaliana seedling development. Different invertases were specifically and strongly expressed. These complementing results show that invertase activity is required for normal seedling development.

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