The motivation of this research is to carry out the control and operation of smart inverters and voltage source converters (VSC) for distributed energy resources (DERs) such as photovoltaic (PV), battery, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The main contribution of the research includes solving a couple of issues for smart grids by controlling and implementing multifunctions of VSC and smart inverter as well as improving the operational scheme of the microgrid. The work is mainly focused on controlling and operating of smart inverter since it promises a new technology for the future microgrid. Two major applications of the smart inverter will be investigated in this work based on the connection modes: microgrid at grid-tied mode and autonomous mode. \indent In grid-tied connection, the smart inverter and VSC are used to integrate DER such as Photovoltaic (PV) and battery to provide suitable power to the system by controlling the supplied real and reactive power. The role of a smart inverter at autonomous mode includes supplying a sufficient voltage and frequency, mitigate abnormal condition of the load as well as equally sharing the total load's power. However, the operational control of the microgrid still has a major issue on the operation of the microgrid. The dissertation is divided into two main sections which are: 1- Low-level control of a single smart Inverter. 2- High-level control of the microgrid. The first part investigates a comprehensive research for a smart inverter and VSC technology at the two major connections of the microgrid. This involves controlling and modeling single smart inverter and VSC to solve specific issues of microgrid as well as improve the operation of the system. The research provides developed features for smart inverter comparing with a conventional voltage sourced converter (VSC). The two main connections for a microgrid have been deeply investigated to analyze a better way to develop and improve the operational procedure of the microgrid as well as solve specific issues of connecting the microgrid to the system. A detailed procedure for controlling VSC and designing an optimal operation of the controller is also covered in the first part of the dissertation. This section provides an optimal operation for controlling motor drive and demonstrates issues when motor load exists at an autonomous microgrid. It also provides a solution for specific issues at operating a microgrid at autonomous mode as well as improving the structural design for the grid-tied microgrid. The solution for autonomous microgrid includes changing the operational state of the switching pattern of the smart inverter to solve the issue of a common mode voltage (CMV) that appears across the motor load. It also solves the issue of power supplying to large loads, such as induction motors. The last section of the low-level section involves an improvement of the performance and operation of the PV charging station for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) at grid-tied mode. This section provides a novel structure and smart controller for PV charging station using three-phase hybrid boost converter topology. It also provides a form of applications of a multifunction smart inverter using PV charging station. The second part of the research is focusing on improving the performance of the microgrid by integrating several smart inverters to form a microgrid. It investigates the issue of connecting DER units with the microgrid at real applications. One of the common issues of the microgrid is the circulating current which is caused by poor reactive power sharing accuracy. When more than two DER units are connected in parallel, a microgrid is forming be generating required power for the load. When the microgrid is operated at autonomous mode, all DER units participate in generating voltage and frequency as well as share the load's power. This section provides a smart and novel controlling technique to solve the issue of unequal power sharing. The feature of the smart inverter is realized by the communication link between smart inverters and the main operator. The analysis and derivation of the problem are presented in this section. The dissertation has led to two accepted conference papers, one accepted transaction IEEE manuscript, and one submitted IET transaction manuscript. The future work aims to improve the current work by investigating the performance of the smart inverter at real applications.

The definition of environmental sustainability has emerged strongly in the past decades. Industrial organizations worldwide have gone through a number of changes to take their social responsibilities and maintain sustainability by, among other things, replacing the conventional energy-based applications by renewable energy-based solutions. A so-called hybrid power system for electrification, consisting of wind turbines and solar panels, was developed by Vertical Wind AB to be installed on rooftops of residential buildings. The present thesis project analyzed the willingness of the large real estate companies in Uppsala region to adopt the new concept for electrification and conducted a market research on the new developed wind turbines, by Vertical Wind AB, in addition to solar- and wind resources in the target locations. It turned out that the willingness of having such a power system for electrification was high but not extremely high as expected and the hybrid power system was perceived as any other product or investment on the market where profitability is the vital decision parameter while the environmental aspect was slightly considered.

Renewable energy sources, in form of solar power, is a growing source of energy. Not only at an industry level but also at a commercial level. Grid-connected, building-applied solar power has increased rapidly and as the implementation of solar energy grows, so does the importance of being able to evaluate locations that are of interest of installations with respect to its potential production and its impact on the electrical grid. In this thesis the energy production for different future scenarios is modelled for BAPV (Building Applied Photovoltaics) in Uppsala and Herrljunga. This is done by using calculation and simulation programs called MATLAB and ArcGIS. The results regarding Uppsala, are used in a report by BEESG (Built Environment Energy Systems Group) at Uppsala University to the Swedish energy agency. The grid impact of installing extensive solar power as concentrated and dispersed in Herrljunga are simulated and evaluated. Both authors has during the process been equally involved in all parts of the thesis in order to get a thorough understanding of the project as a whole. This due to the fact that the different parts of the thesis were dependent of each other (the second part could not be finished until the first were completed etc).

One of the main social challenges that society is facing nowadays is the energy crisis. So, head towards renewable energy resources such as solar, hydraulic, wind, geothermal and biomass, could be the best solution. Solar photovoltaic is one of the most promising sources to produce electricity due to its cleanness, noiselessness and sustainability, and the fact that it is inexhaustible. However, the power output of the PV systems varies notably because of the ambient conditions: temperature and solar radiation. The main aim of this thesis is to study if the PV system installed on the wall of the new football arena Gavlehov in Gävle is providing the amount of power promised before the installation. To achieve reliable results, the first step is to develop and install a monitoring system for recording the real power of the system and the ambient conditions at the same time. After that, an evaluation of the performance of the system during one week will be done, comparing the theoretical power and the real power obtained. The theoretical power will be calculated in two ways: using the data from a pyranometer and on the other hand, from a reference solar cell. This will permit to compare which one matches better with the reality. Different factors such as the temperature, the irradiance and the angle of incidence are studied to know the real influence that they have on the performance of a PV installation. The results obtained show that the measurement system installed is reliable and that the model used to evaluate the system is correct. It can be concluded that using a reference solar cell to calculate the theoretical power of the system is easier to align and it has the same angular behaviour as a PV module than employing a pyranometer. Regarding the installation, all the panels work similarly and the system works at nominal power. So, it provides the amount of power promised before the installation. Key words: Renewable energy, PV system, solar radiation, nominal power, pyranometer, solar cell.

Air source heat pumps coupled with a photovoltaic system is onefeasible technology to reduce the emissions from the building sector.These systems usually have an auxiliary heating device that is able tocover the whole heat demand on its own. Because of this, often faultsof the system go unnoticed by the user for long periods of time,decreasing the benefits of having a renewable energy electricitysource. Measuring just the solar energy yield is not sufficient, asfaults in the other parts of the system outside the solar loop caninfluence the contribution of the solar panels. Hence, it is the goalto study the overall system performance with faulty conditions in boththe photovoltaics system and the heat pump. In this paper, a detailedreview of common PV faults and detection and inspection methods isgiven in order to perform a simulation of a PV solar assisted heat pumpsystem (PV-SAHP) in study at the Catalonia Institute for EnergyResearch (IREC). The simulation model is developed with TRNSYS and thepvlib Python package. The power curves and the energy yield obtainedprovide an outline on the performance of the system when the heat pumpand the photovoltaic system are operating in faulty and non-faultyconditions. The results show the electrical energy exchange with thegrid, the self-consumed energy and how the overall system efficiency isaffected by faulty operating conditions. The economic assessment withthe NPV criteria highlights the benefits of having a defect-freephotovoltaic system.

Deep learning has proven to be a valued contributor to recent technological advancements within energy systems. This thesis project explores methods of photovoltaic (PV) system power output forecasting through the utilization of long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks. An encoder-decoder architecture (ED-LSTM) and a stacked vector output architecture (SVO-LSTM) were compared in terms of their ability to accurately produce power output forecasts with a 24-hour forecast horizon. The datasets which were used for model training were composed of historical meteorological observations and PV system power output readings. The results indicate that the encoder-decoder model and the stacked vector output model were somewhat equally skilled at producing power output forecasts. Best results were obtained by the encoder-decoder LSTM model which achieved a 26.63% improvement over a persistence model when trained on data sequences which preceded the forecast horizon, and a 44.96% improvement over a persistence model when the model was provided meteorological data from an oracle forecaster.

<p>Climate change and global warming indicate that reducing the use of traditional fossil energy and developing new renewable energy should be an essential matter. Solar energy has emerged as one of the renewable energy sources for electricity generation since the late 20^th century. One way to utilize solar energy is to collect and convert it into electricity by solar photovoltaic devices through the photovoltaic effect. Due to the high cost of photovoltaic modules, it is essential to optimize the performance of photovoltaic modules by using accurate equivalent circuit models. Among the available equivalent circuit models, the single diode model is relatively simple and computationally efficient but would be inaccurate if the recombination loss were substantial. The double diode model includes more parameters to represent the recombination loss, so the accuracy improves, but at the cost of adding more parameters to the model. The primary challenge of applying the double diode model is obtaining the optimum value for the seven model parameters with a reasonable computational effort. </p> <p>The current study investigates the effect of each term in the double diode model. It then proposes a method to obtain an initial estimate for each of the seven model parameters from data provided by the manufacturer. Using these initial estimated parameters as inputs, the Newton-Raphson method is applied to improve parameter estimates and prediction accuracy. The performance of two PV modules from different manufacturers is then modeled using the initial parameter estimates and the Newton-Raphson updated parameters. Both are compared to the manufacturers’ data. </p>

This thesis aims to determine the accessible solar potential and estimation of PV installation in Bangladesh to increase solar power production concerning conventional power production in Bangladesh. The rise of renewable energy sources and especially solar energy may result in a significant contribution to the power generation system. To achieve its advantage, proper study and research are important to establish the tangible solar capacity from relevant parameters. Conventional power production depends on a variety of factors and needs to be replaced by renewable resources for the increasing demand. Solar energy is a free source of energy and Bangladesh receives a huge quantity of solar radiation due to its geographical location in the tropical zone. In this thesis, solar irradiation, PV output, and many other parameters are determined to discover the potential of solar power. After that, total land area, population, number of households from the home establishment, number of industries, untilled land area, and other related factors are thoroughly studied and calculated to establish accessible solar electricity. Economic and environmental impacts are the most important criteria of this renewable resource from the country's perspective. Cost and CO2 emission are discussed for conventional electricity production and compared to solar electricity production.

This master´s thesis applies to design of power and data wiring controlle by an intelligent wiring. The aim is to get to know the issue and design a project for family house that includes fhotovoltaic power station. In the introduction is a description of the inteligent wirings, its potential, topology, advantages or disadvantages towards standard electroinstallations,it also presents an overview of widely used intelligent wiring, especially Foxtrot. What follows is the subject itself for what is the project designated for. The next topic will be a presentation of complete electroinstallation and photovoltaic power station. It all ends with an economic evaluation of the whole project.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of a photovoltaic solar power station for a specific family house in the Jihlava region. The aim of the work was to get acquainted with technologies about the production of solar systems, evaluate the market in the Czech Republic and create a design of photovoltaic solar power station. Three designs of power stations were created with the help of the PV * SOL design system. Each design uses different photovoltaic cell technology. The result of each power station design is a complete finished project, which is based on many factors such as the efficiency of the entire system in a certain location, financial analysis, return on investment and more. In addition, these projects meet the conditions for the preparation of the subsidy program Nová zelená úsporám. At the end of the work, all three designed power stations are evaluated and with the help of multicriteria analysis, the best and most advantageous power station design for the given locality is determined. In the end, the idea of further development of the project is presented.