High strength boron steels are commonly used as structural reinforcements or energy absorbing systems in automobile applications due to their favourable strength to weight ratios. The high strength of these steels leads to several problems during forming such as poor formability, increased spring back, and tendency to work-harden. In view of these difficulties, high strength boron steels are usually formed by press hardening at elevated temperatures with a view to facilitate forming and simultaneous hardening by quenching of complex shaped parts.The high strength steel sheets are used with an Al–Si coating with a view e.g. to prevent scaling of components during hot-metal forming. The Al-Si coated high strength steel can lead to problems with galling (i.e. material transfer from the coated sheet to the tool surface) which have a negative influence on the quality of the produced parts as well as the process economy. The available results in the open literature pertaining to high temperature galling are very scarce. With this in view, the friction and wear behaviours of different tool steel coatings and different roughness lay directions sliding against Al–Si-coated high-strength steel at elevated temperatures have been investigated by using a high-temperature reciprocating friction and wear tester at temperature of 900 °C.The results have shown that parallel sliding with respect to the surface roughness lay reduces the severity of galling compared to perpendicular sliding. None of the coatings included in this study have shown beneficial effects in view of galling. The DLC coating experienced less galling compared to the AlCrN and TiAlN. Post polishing of the coated tool steel has resulted in more severe material transfer with higher and more unstable friction. / <p>Validerat; 20111022 (anonymous)</p>

Super Duplex Stainless Steels (SDSS) are widely used in offshore oil and gas industrial components. They are dual phase materials consisting of ferrite and austenite in similar ratios with high contents of chromium and presence of molybdenum. This combination of microstructure and chemical composition results in enhanced mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. However, this material has poor machinability, exhibiting the following characteristics: (i) tendency to strain-harden; (ii) extreme adhesive behaviour; and (iii) high cutting temperatures. These circumstances not only result in high tool wear rates, but also lead to poor surface integrity due to the work hardening effect, high roughness and tensile residual stress. To minimize these detrimental effects, PVD coating technologies have been widely applied to cutting tools due to their tribological properties exhibited during cutting, which reduce friction and diminish heat. In this work, three different PVD coatings were tested during the turning of super duplex stainless steel of grade UNS S32750. In addition to the tool performance, surface integrity was assessed by surface texture analysis, residual stresses and hardness profile. The electrochemical behaviour of the machined surface was evaluated by potentiodynamic anodic polarization measurements. Stress cracking corrosion (SCC) tests were also performed. Results indicate a relationship between the tool performance and surface electrochemical behaviour, where the tool with best cutting performance, AlTiN, also presented the best electrochemical behaviour. Stress cracking corrosion was found to be associated with residual stresses on the workpiece, among the three tested PVD coated tools the AlCrN/TiSiN showed lowest tensile residual stresses and lowest SCC susceptibility. The surface generated by AlTiN coated tool presented the highest levels of tensile residual stresses, resulting in a higher SCC susceptibility. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The aim of this project was to, based on a given idea, develop and evaluate a method for measuring residual stress in thin PVD coatings. AlCrN was deposited, by PVD, on thin circular samples of stainless steel foil and the radius of the emerged curvature was measured using an optical profilometer. From the radius data the residual stress in the coating of each sample was calculated. The foil samples examined were of two different thicknesses, 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm. With the parameters of the project the foils of 0.3 mm were found most suitable. Furthermore, the method was compared to an already established method where depositions are made on thicker substrates, which are then ground to an appropriate thickness. A correlation factor between the two methods was calculated and found to be 0.91 ± 0.28. Finally, the possibility of adapting the method in running production was investigated. Cost and time analyses were conducted and both supported the applicability of the method. / Projektets syfte var att utveckla och utvärdera en metod för att mäta restspänningar i tunna PVD-beläggningar utifrån en redan befintlig idé. Tunna cirkulära prover av rostfritt stål belades med AlCrN genom PVD och radien på den utböjning som uppstod mättes med en optisk profilometer. Restspänningen bestämdes sedan utifrån den uppmätta radien. Folier av två olika tjocklekar, 0,3 mm och 0,5 mm, utvärderades. Med de processparametrar som användes i projektet visades att folien med tjocklek 0,3 mm var den bäst lämpade. Metoden jämfördes även med en etablerad metod där tjocka substrat beläggs och sedan slipas ned till lämplig tjocklek. En korrelationsfaktor som relaterar de två metoderna bestämdes till 0,91 ± 0,28. Slutligen undersöktes möjligheterna att använda metoden i löpande produktion. Kostnads- och tidsanalyser utfördes och resultaten stödjer metodens användbarhet.

Em um processo de fabricação de revestimentos cerâmicos por via úmida há vários custos relacionados à atomização - processo no qual ocorre à pulverização e secagem da suspensão cerâmica - tais como: combustível, manutenção e perda de produção. O principal custo da manutenção está relacionado com a troca do bico desgastado, em especial o componente interno (pastilha furada) de WC-Co, que tem vida útil de cinco dias, devido ao elevado desgaste erosivo provocado pelas partículas cerâmicas. Neste trabalho foi realizado tratamento superficial, o qual consiste na aplicação de filmes finos (AlCrN, AlCrN_TiSiN e TiAlN) sobre as pastilhas furadas de WC-Co via PAPVD (deposição física de vapor assistida por plasma) para aumentar sua resistência ao desgaste. Indentações Rockwell “A” com carga de 60 kgf foram realizadas para caracterizar a adesão dos filmes nos substratos. Em seguida as pastilhas furadas de WCCo com tratamento e sem tratamento foram caracterizadas quanto à rugosidade, fases presentes por difração de raios X, microdureza, e carga de ruptura e espessura dos revestimentos. Analisou-se a microestrutura transversal e superficial das amostras tratadas e não tratadas através do microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Também foi desenvolvido um pulverizador de bancada piloto para testes, no qual pastilhas furadas revestidas e não revestidas foram testadas usando-se uma suspensão cerâmica de feldspato. A pastilha revestida que obteve menor desgaste erosivo no protótipo foi a WC-Co + AlCrN. Este recobrimento apresentou propriedades intermediárias de dureza e boa qualidade de adesão em relação aos demais tratamentos empregados. Em seguida, substratos de dois fornecedores (“A” e “B”) foram revestidos com AlCrN para serem testados em um atomizador industrial. Nesta aplicação, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para os substratos do fornecedor “A”. Observou-se que as amostras do fornecedor “A” apresentaram dureza similar em relação às amostras do fornecedor “B”, porém, somente as amostras do fornecedor “A” foram aprovadas em relação à qualidade de adesão, conforme a norma alemã VDI 3198. Foi possível estimar um aumento de 40% na vida útil da pastilha furada. / In a spray-drying process of a ceramic suspension for production of ceramic tiles there are many costs related to: fuel, maintenance and productions losses. The main cost in maintenance is related to the exchange of the worn spray nozzle, especially the nozzle stuck, an internal component made of WC-Co that has a shelf life of five days due to the high erosive wear caused by ceramics particles. In this work surface treatment to produce thin films (AlCrN, AlCrN_TiSiN e TiAlN) on the nozzle stuck, made of WCCo, via PAPVD (Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition) was carried out in order to increase its wear resistance. Rockwell “A” indentation with 60 kgf loading was used in order to characterize the adhesion of films. The films and the substrate were also characterized by x-ray diffraction, roughness, microhardness, rupture load, and coating thickness. The microstructure was analyzed by SEM. A spray pilot bench was constructed for testing the parts with or without treatment using a ceramic suspension of feldspar. The samples who achieved less erosive wear in the prototype was WCCo+ AlCrN. This coating developed higher adhesion and intermediate hardness compared to other treatments. Substrates from two suppliers ("A" and "B") were treated with AlCrN and subsequently tested in an industrial spray-dyer. In this application the best results were obtained for the substrates of supplier "A". It was observed that samples of supplier "A" showed similar hardness for the samples from "B", but adherence was significantly greater for supplier "A". It could be estimate an increasing of 40% in a shelf life of a nozzle stuck.

Em um processo de fabricação de revestimentos cerâmicos por via úmida há vários custos relacionados à atomização - processo no qual ocorre à pulverização e secagem da suspensão cerâmica - tais como: combustível, manutenção e perda de produção. O principal custo da manutenção está relacionado com a troca do bico desgastado, em especial o componente interno (pastilha furada) de WC-Co, que tem vida útil de cinco dias, devido ao elevado desgaste erosivo provocado pelas partículas cerâmicas. Neste trabalho foi realizado tratamento superficial, o qual consiste na aplicação de filmes finos (AlCrN, AlCrN_TiSiN e TiAlN) sobre as pastilhas furadas de WC-Co via PAPVD (deposição física de vapor assistida por plasma) para aumentar sua resistência ao desgaste. Indentações Rockwell “A” com carga de 60 kgf foram realizadas para caracterizar a adesão dos filmes nos substratos. Em seguida as pastilhas furadas de WCCo com tratamento e sem tratamento foram caracterizadas quanto à rugosidade, fases presentes por difração de raios X, microdureza, e carga de ruptura e espessura dos revestimentos. Analisou-se a microestrutura transversal e superficial das amostras tratadas e não tratadas através do microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Também foi desenvolvido um pulverizador de bancada piloto para testes, no qual pastilhas furadas revestidas e não revestidas foram testadas usando-se uma suspensão cerâmica de feldspato. A pastilha revestida que obteve menor desgaste erosivo no protótipo foi a WC-Co + AlCrN. Este recobrimento apresentou propriedades intermediárias de dureza e boa qualidade de adesão em relação aos demais tratamentos empregados. Em seguida, substratos de dois fornecedores (“A” e “B”) foram revestidos com AlCrN para serem testados em um atomizador industrial. Nesta aplicação, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para os substratos do fornecedor “A”. Observou-se que as amostras do fornecedor “A” apresentaram dureza similar em relação às amostras do fornecedor “B”, porém, somente as amostras do fornecedor “A” foram aprovadas em relação à qualidade de adesão, conforme a norma alemã VDI 3198. Foi possível estimar um aumento de 40% na vida útil da pastilha furada. / In a spray-drying process of a ceramic suspension for production of ceramic tiles there are many costs related to: fuel, maintenance and productions losses. The main cost in maintenance is related to the exchange of the worn spray nozzle, especially the nozzle stuck, an internal component made of WC-Co that has a shelf life of five days due to the high erosive wear caused by ceramics particles. In this work surface treatment to produce thin films (AlCrN, AlCrN_TiSiN e TiAlN) on the nozzle stuck, made of WCCo, via PAPVD (Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition) was carried out in order to increase its wear resistance. Rockwell “A” indentation with 60 kgf loading was used in order to characterize the adhesion of films. The films and the substrate were also characterized by x-ray diffraction, roughness, microhardness, rupture load, and coating thickness. The microstructure was analyzed by SEM. A spray pilot bench was constructed for testing the parts with or without treatment using a ceramic suspension of feldspar. The samples who achieved less erosive wear in the prototype was WCCo+ AlCrN. This coating developed higher adhesion and intermediate hardness compared to other treatments. Substrates from two suppliers ("A" and "B") were treated with AlCrN and subsequently tested in an industrial spray-dyer. In this application the best results were obtained for the substrates of supplier "A". It was observed that samples of supplier "A" showed similar hardness for the samples from "B", but adherence was significantly greater for supplier "A". It could be estimate an increasing of 40% in a shelf life of a nozzle stuck.

Em um processo de fabricação de revestimentos cerâmicos por via úmida há vários custos relacionados à atomização - processo no qual ocorre à pulverização e secagem da suspensão cerâmica - tais como: combustível, manutenção e perda de produção. O principal custo da manutenção está relacionado com a troca do bico desgastado, em especial o componente interno (pastilha furada) de WC-Co, que tem vida útil de cinco dias, devido ao elevado desgaste erosivo provocado pelas partículas cerâmicas. Neste trabalho foi realizado tratamento superficial, o qual consiste na aplicação de filmes finos (AlCrN, AlCrN_TiSiN e TiAlN) sobre as pastilhas furadas de WC-Co via PAPVD (deposição física de vapor assistida por plasma) para aumentar sua resistência ao desgaste. Indentações Rockwell “A” com carga de 60 kgf foram realizadas para caracterizar a adesão dos filmes nos substratos. Em seguida as pastilhas furadas de WCCo com tratamento e sem tratamento foram caracterizadas quanto à rugosidade, fases presentes por difração de raios X, microdureza, e carga de ruptura e espessura dos revestimentos. Analisou-se a microestrutura transversal e superficial das amostras tratadas e não tratadas através do microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Também foi desenvolvido um pulverizador de bancada piloto para testes, no qual pastilhas furadas revestidas e não revestidas foram testadas usando-se uma suspensão cerâmica de feldspato. A pastilha revestida que obteve menor desgaste erosivo no protótipo foi a WC-Co + AlCrN. Este recobrimento apresentou propriedades intermediárias de dureza e boa qualidade de adesão em relação aos demais tratamentos empregados. Em seguida, substratos de dois fornecedores (“A” e “B”) foram revestidos com AlCrN para serem testados em um atomizador industrial. Nesta aplicação, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para os substratos do fornecedor “A”. Observou-se que as amostras do fornecedor “A” apresentaram dureza similar em relação às amostras do fornecedor “B”, porém, somente as amostras do fornecedor “A” foram aprovadas em relação à qualidade de adesão, conforme a norma alemã VDI 3198. Foi possível estimar um aumento de 40% na vida útil da pastilha furada. / In a spray-drying process of a ceramic suspension for production of ceramic tiles there are many costs related to: fuel, maintenance and productions losses. The main cost in maintenance is related to the exchange of the worn spray nozzle, especially the nozzle stuck, an internal component made of WC-Co that has a shelf life of five days due to the high erosive wear caused by ceramics particles. In this work surface treatment to produce thin films (AlCrN, AlCrN_TiSiN e TiAlN) on the nozzle stuck, made of WCCo, via PAPVD (Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition) was carried out in order to increase its wear resistance. Rockwell “A” indentation with 60 kgf loading was used in order to characterize the adhesion of films. The films and the substrate were also characterized by x-ray diffraction, roughness, microhardness, rupture load, and coating thickness. The microstructure was analyzed by SEM. A spray pilot bench was constructed for testing the parts with or without treatment using a ceramic suspension of feldspar. The samples who achieved less erosive wear in the prototype was WCCo+ AlCrN. This coating developed higher adhesion and intermediate hardness compared to other treatments. Substrates from two suppliers ("A" and "B") were treated with AlCrN and subsequently tested in an industrial spray-dyer. In this application the best results were obtained for the substrates of supplier "A". It was observed that samples of supplier "A" showed similar hardness for the samples from "B", but adherence was significantly greater for supplier "A". It could be estimate an increasing of 40% in a shelf life of a nozzle stuck.

This thesis, in its theoretical part deals with the process of cutting, abrasion-resistant layers properties and their contribution to increasing of cutting properties. The second part of the thesis is experimental. It aims to determine, compare and subsequently evaluate cutting properties of threading tools using matrix taps with different types of PVD coatings. During implementation of the experiment, constant cutting conditions have been ensured and the only variable was the different types of coating layers. Outcome of the experiment is measurement of cutting torques in relation on time and rate of wear of cutting tools.

This diploma thesis deals with the durability of PVD coating in front groove milling. In the theoretical part there is the analysis of high-speed steels, a survey of milling and an overview of coating methods. The experimental part is focused on the power ratios during milling with a router cutter and its wear. From the experiment it is possible to conclude that nanocomposite coatings reduce cutting forces, but do not produce the most durable tool under the cutting conditions.

Super duplex stainless steels are applied in highly corrosive environments. To withstand such conditions, they designed with increased content of alloying elements and a duplex microstructure consisting of austenitic and ferritic phases. The result of this combination is the desired improvement in corrosion resistance, but also, the enhancement of mechanical properties. Machining super duplex stainless steels involves strain hardening of the workpiece, intense adhesive wear and elevated temperatures within the cutting zone leading to rapid tool wear and poor machined surface integrity. This research pertains to the application of commercially available PVD coatings to minimize the detrimental effects when turning super duplex stainless steel S32750. The selected coatings for this study were Alcronos (AlCrN), Alnova (AlCrN + AlCrSiN), Formera (CrN + CrAlTiN), Croma Plus (Cr + CrN + OX), Fortiphy (CrN) and Certiphy (TiAlN). The wear behavior and mechanisms in two distinct machining experiments were evaluated, and all tools failed by chipping preceded by intense adhesive wear and BUE formation. The use of AlCrN coatings improved tool life significantly. Data on the cutting force, chip formation, and workpiece surface integrity indicate less workpiece strain hardening effects, improved friction conditions at the tool/chip interface, as well as thinner chips being formed when machining with Alcronos coated carbide inserts. The micro-mechanical properties of the selected coatings were assessed and Alcronos combined high hardness and elastic modulus with a high plasticity index value that allows this coating to better manage the friction in the cutting zone and better dissipate the energy generated during cutting. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Super duplex stainless steels are designed to be applied in highly corrosive environments. Like any other stainless steels, processing the super duplex grade can be challenging, especially when it comes to machining. The major causes of poor machined surface quality and rapid tool wear are high temperature, the workpiece enhanced mechanical properties, surface hardening and the tendency to stick to the cutting tool causing adhesive wear. This research explores the application of coated cutting tools to improve the machinability of the super duplex stainless steel UNS S32750. Different commercially available coatings were tested and two, Alcronos and Alnova, improved tool life significantly. These two coatings were capable of improving the friction conditions within the cutting zone which, in turn, helps with the formation of the chips and leads to a better machined surface integrity and an approximately 5 to 6 times longer tool life.

In the automotive industry, Al-Si alloy is widely used for manufacturing of various engine parts. Machinability of die-cast Al-12Si alloy is challenging due to severe abrasion and adhesion wear of the tools. Form tapping is a common method for generating internal threads in engine blocks. It is usually a finishing process on a production line. An unexpected tap failure may lead to significant scrap and high rework costs. The objective of this research was to investigate the wear mechanisms of high-speed steel form taps when machining Al-12Si alloy. This research involved replicating the same process conditions as the industry partner to determine a feasible solution without changing the tap geometry or process parameters. A critical region of wear on the crest was identified where the aluminum adhesion was acute. Intense abrasion wear occurred on the crest and flanks due to hard silicon precipitates. In this study, two methods were proposed for measuring linear and volumetric wear on the chamfered threads. The second and third chamfered threads experienced the most significant wear on the tap. To improve wear-resistance of the form tap, PVD surface coatings were deposited on it. The preliminary tests of 12 surface coatings showed coating-delamination mostly on the critical region. A progressive wear study of the TiAlN coating showed an improvement in tap performance over the ZrN coating currently used. By the 4320th hole, the volumetric wear of the TiAlN coated tap was reduced by nearly 200% and 50% when compared against the uncoated and ZrN coated taps, respectively. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)