Le traitement de boues de station d'épuration (Boues activées de Marrakech) en mélange avec déchets verts (Palmier dattier) selon deux mélanges dont les proportions : A (1/3 Boues + 2/3 Déchets de palmier) et B (1/2 Boues + 1/2 Déchets de palmier), a été effectué par la filière du compostage, pendant six mois. Au cours du co-compostage, l’intense activité microbienne s’est traduite par une augmentation de température (autour 65 C°) au cours des premières semaines (phase thermophile) et un taux de décomposition final de l’ordre de 40%. Après six mois de co-compostage, le compost final est caractérisé par un rapport C/N voisin de 10, un rapport de NH4+/NO3- < 1, un pH autour de la neutralité signe de maturité des composts. L’analyse FTIR a montré une diminution de l'absorbance des bandes aliphatiques et l'augmentation de la structure de bandes d'absorbance aromatiques reflètent l'état d'avancement du processus d'humification. Le taux d’abattement des lipides totaux est de l’ordre de 43%. Les esters méthyliques d’acide gras (FAMEs) des Gram-positif (i,C15 :0) ont augmenté durant la phase thermophile. Les FAMEs d’origine non spécifique (C6 :0, C14 :0) ont connu une intense diminution, les FAMEs de bactéries non spécifiques représentent une grande teneur durant la phase thermophile. L’indice CPI a augmenté à la fin du co-compostage indiquant l’enrichissement du compost en FAMEs d’origine végétale. Les principaux composés ligneux identifiés, au cours du co-compostage, par Py-GC-MS, sont classés en deux groupes. Le premier est constitué de 7 composés dont la teneur diminue au cours du co-compostage, parmi lesquels : Toluène, 2,4-diméthylbenzène, éthylbenzène, Styrène, 1-éthyl-2-méthylbenzène, 4-méthylphénol et 2-méthylnaphthalène. Le deuxième groupe est constitué de 4 composés qui augmentent au cours du co-compostage : phénol, benzofuran, éthylméthoxyphénol et diméthoxyphénol. Les principaux stéroïdes identifiés sont les C27-C29 sterènes, stanols, 5β-cholesta-3-one, cholesta-3,5-diène et 2 thiostéranes. A l’exception des thiosteranes et quelques composés de C27-C29 cholestenes la concentration relative des stéroides diminue au cours du processus suit à leur attaque microbien. L’abattement total de la teneur des stéroïdes est corrélé positivement avec les indicateurs de maturité du compost (C/N et NH4+/NO3-) ce qui ouvre la voie à une éventuelle utilisation des stéroïdes comme indicateur de dépollution et de maturité de compost. 12 isolats d’actinomycètes ayant une activité antimicrobienne vis-à-vis d’un large spectre des germes pathogènes ont été isolés sur le milieu sélectif CTEA. Le degré d’hygiénisation est confirmé par la diminution de la concentration des coliformes fécaux et totaux, et l’abattement des œufs d’helminthes identifiés (Ascaris sp., Capillaria sp., et Trichuris sp.) vers la fin du co-compostage. La phytotoxicité, déterminée par l’effet des extraits hydrosolubles à différents stades de co-compostage sur la germination et la croissance des radicules (Navet, Cresson, Laitue, Luzerne), a diminué et l’indice de germination dépasse 100%, après six mois de co-compostage. La génotoxicité du chrome hexavalent (Cr(VI)) du substrat de co-compostage est corrélée positivement avec la fréquence des micronoyaux (MN). Après six mois de co-compostage le taux des MN diminue avec un taux d’abattement de 70,4% et 77,2% avec l’abattement de la concentration du Cr(VI) avec 58 et 58,6% respectivement pour le mélange A et B. Ceci ouvrira la voie d’utilisation de cet indice comme un indice de maturité des composts. La diminution de la phytotoxicité et la génotoxicté au cours du co-compostage confirme l’état de stabilisation et de la maturité des co-composts, ce qui pemettra l’épandage de ces composts en tant qu’amendement organique des sols sans risque de contamination du système sol-plante. / The co-composting of activated sludge and lignocellulose waste (palm tree waste) was monitored to study the behaviour of two mixtures, referred to as A (1/3 sludge + 2/3 palm waste) and B (1/2 sludge + 1/2 waste palm) for 6 months. The biotransformation was evaluated by physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. The thermophilic phase is characterized by a rise in temperature, which peaked at 65°C. This is the result of intense microbial activities. The final composts exhibited a higher degree of decomposition than the controls as shown by a decomposition rate of about 40%, decrease of C/N ratio to around 10 and NH4 +/NO3 - ratio below 1. The decrease of aliphatic absorbance bands and the increase of aromatic absorbance bands follow the progress of the humification process. Total extractable lipid was decreased by 43%. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from Gram-positive bacteria (i, C15: 0) increased during the thermophilic phase. FAMEs from non-spécific origin (C6 :0, C14 :0) exhibited a decrease toward the end of co-compostin, linear FAMEs from non-specific bacteria underwent a decrease during co-composting. The CPI index thus increased at the end of the composting process, indicating that the final product was proportionally richer in fatty acids of plant origin. Two lignin groups were distinguished by Py-GC-MS. Group 1 contained toluene, 2,4-dimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, 1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene, 4-methylphenol and 2-methylnaphthalene; their relative proportions decreased during co-composting. A second group of 4 components showed concentrations that increased with co-composting time: phenol, benzofuran, ethylmethoxyphenol and dimethoxyphenol. The main steroids identified were C27-C29 sterenes and stanols, 5β-cholesta-3-one, cholesta-3,5-diene and 2 thiosteranes. Except for thiosteranes and some of the C27-C29 cholestenes, the relative concentrations decreased during co-composting due to microbial degradation. The changes in steroids during co-composting, was positively correlated with the physico-chemical parameters of mature compost, especially C/N and NH4 +/NO3 - ratios, opening the way for the use of steroids as indicators of pollution and compost maturity. On the selective CTEA medium, 12 active strains of isolated actinobacteria presented a suppressive action against various pathogens. This may justify that a biotic factor is also an important factor contributing to making co-composting substrates hygienic. The degree hygiene reached is confirmed by the reduction in the faecal and total coliforms, and by the abatement of identified helminth eggs (Ascaris sp., Capillaria sp., and Trichuris sp.) towards the end of the process. The phytotoxicity determined by the effect of aqueous extract, at various stages of the co-composting, performed by monitoring the number of germinated seeds and the rootlets growth of turnip, watercress, alfalfa, and lettuce was decreased, and the growth of radicals that have a germination index that exceeds 100% after six months of co-composting. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) genotoxicity showed a positive correlation with micronucleus (MN) frequency. After six months of co-composting, the MN rate decreased significantly by 70.4 and 77.2% with decreasing Cr(VI) concentration with 58 and 58.6%, for mixtures A and B respectively. That indicates their suitability for use as a maturity index. During co-composting the abatement rate of phytotoxicity and genotoxicity confirme the maturation and stabilization degree of co-composting end products which encourages their recycling in agriculture as a fertilizer for the soil without any contamination of the soil-plant system.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar por meio da análise elementar (C, N, H, S, O), Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE), e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) às características dos ácidos húmicos (AHs) extraídos do solo do manguezal de Pai Matos (Cananéia-SP-BR) sob diferentes tipos de vegetação (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa, Spartina alterniflora) e condições de redução, bem como às características dos AHs extraídos do solo de marismas espanholas também sob diferentes tipos de vegetação (Galícia: Spartina maritima, Juncus maritimus e Phragmites australis; Valência: Phragmites australis e Scirpus maritimus) e condições de redução; e 2) avaliar por meio da Pirólise-associada à cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas (Pi-CG/EM) às características da matéria orgânica (MO) extraída do solo destes ecossistemas sob os mesmos tipos de vegetação e condições e redução. O carbono orgânico total, o nitrogênio total, o enxofre total e os valores de Eh e pH dos solos estudados também foram analisados. Os resultados mostraram que o ambiente predominantemente redutor dos solos estudados ocasionou uma maior incorporação de N e S e uma menor concentração de radicais livres semiquinona (CRLS) em relação aos AHs derivados de solos de ecossistemas terrestres, sugerindo desta forma, a presença de uma matéria orgânica (MO) menos humificada no solo das áreas de estudo; entretanto, somente os AHs extraídos do solo do manguezal apresentaram uma maior razão atômica H/C e O/C em relação aos AHs derivados de solos terrestres. A CRLS também foi maior nos AHs das camadas subsuperficiais dos solos estudados, sugerindo que o ambiente mais anóxico ocasionou um maior grau de humificação da MOS destas camadas, entretanto, como os manguezais e as marismas são ambientes de sedimentação, a contribuição de uma matéria orgânica mais humificada de origem terrestre previamente depositada nas áreas de estudo também pode ter ocasionado este resultado. Entre as diferentes vegetações estudadas, foi observada uma maior relação C/N e CRLS dos AHs extraídos do solo sob Rhizophora e Avicennia (manguezal) e uma maior relação C/N dos AHs extraídos do solo da marisma de Valência-ES, sugerindo uma maior recalcitrância da MOS sob estas vegetações. Os espectros de FTIR não permitiram verificar variações significativas na composição química e estrutural dos AHs obtidos dos solos sob as diferentes vegetações e condições de redução; entretanto, observo-se através da Pi-CG/EM uma maior concentração de compostos lignificados na MO extraída do solo sob Avicennia e Rhizophora (manguezal) e da marisma de Valência-ES, também sugerindo uma maior recalcitrância e menor humificação da MOS destas áreas de estudo. Além disso, observou-se que a maior decomposição da MOS ocasionou o decréscimo no conteúdo de lignina com o acréscimo relativo de compostos alifáticos; o acréscimo dos compostos alifáticos de cadeia curta em detrimento ao acúmulo dos de cadeia longa; a perda da dominância dos alcanos/alquenos de cadeias ímpares em relação aos de cadeias pares; e o acréscimo de compostos orgânicos de origem microbiana nos solos estudados. / The goals of this study were: 1) evaluate by elemental analysis (C, N, H, S, O), Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) the characteristics of the humic acids (HA) extracted from the soil of Pai Matos mangrove forest (Cananéia, SP, BR) under different vegetation types (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa, Spartina alterniflora) and soil reduction conditions, as well as the HA extracted from Spanish salt marsh soils (Galícia and Valência) under different vegetation types (Galicia: Spartina maritima, Juncus maritimus, and Phragmites australis; Valencia: Phragmites australis e Scirpus maritimus) and soil reduction conditions; and 2) evaluate by Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique the characteristics of the SOM extracted from the these study areas under the same vegetation types and reduction condition. The total organic carbon, the total nitrogen, the total sulfur, and the soil pH and Eh in the field also were analyzed. The results showed that the predominantly anoxic soil condition caused the higher N and S content in the HA of both study areas than the HA derived from terrestrial soils and marine environments, and that the studied HA also showed a lower semiquinone-type free radical (SFR) content than terrestrial soils, thus suggesting a lower humification degree of the SOM derived from the study areas; however, only the HA derived from de mangrove forest soil showed a higher H/C and O/C atomic ratio than the HA derived from the terrestrial soils and marine environments. In addition, the SFR content also was lower in the surface soil layers, suggesting the input of a fresh and labile plant-derived organic matter as responsible by the lower humification degree of the SOM derived from these layers; however, as mangroves and salt marshes are sedimentation environments, it is likely that besides the more anoxic soil condition, a more humified organic matter (OM) derived from terrestrial soils also may cause the highest SFR content observed in the subsurface soil layers. Among the different vegetation types, also was observed a higher C/N ratio of the soil and HA derived from Valencian salt marsh, as well as both a higher C/N ratio and SFR content in the HA extracted from the soil under Rizhophora and Avicennia (mangrove), suggesting a more recalcitrant SOM in these sites. The FTIR spectras did not show significant variation among vegetation types and soil depths, and finally, by the Py-GC/MS technique was observed that the OM derived from the Valencian salt marsh soils and from the soil under Avicennia and Rhizophora (mangrove) showed a more recalcitrant SOM (higher lignin content) than the SOM derived from the soil under the other vegetation types studied. In addition, it was also observed that the SOM decomposition caused a decrease in lignin contents and a relative increase in aliphatics; an increase in short-chain aliphatics at the expense of longer ones; a loss of odd-over-even dominance in the n-alkanes and n-alkenes; and an increase in microbial products in the studied soils.

The most frequent soils in the São Paulo State Coastal Plain are Podzols, characterized by strong to moderate hydromorphic to well-drained podzolization with very well developed podzol-B horizons (Bh or Bhm). Podzolization processes include the effects of hydrology and rooting on profile morphology and the subsequent effects of improved drainage. A Podzol chrono-hydrosequence was described in detail on a cliff at the south coast of Ilha Comprida, a Holocene barrier island, and allowed a subdivision into four distinct groups: poorly-drained profiles, profiles with well-drained B horizons, strongly rooted profiles and superposed profiles. The morphological description and some observations about the exposure cliff were essential for grouping and differentiating the podzol profiles. Some well-drained podzols have OM-depleted mottles that are related to selective decomposition of organic matter (OM) by microorganisms. Such mottles are frequently associated to root channels. Seventeen profiles were studied, thirteen had depletion mottles scattered along the profile. Most of these mottles are whitish and are located preferentially in the horizons of transition between the E and B horizons, particularly in conditions of good drainage. Such mottles have certain morphological differences and may be grouped according to similarities in their morphology and their position in the profile. Distinct groups are: (a) concentric OM-depleted mottles; (b) circular/tubular OM-depleted mottles (burrows); (c) dotted OM-depleted mottles; (d) ghost OM-depleted mottles; (e) irregular OM-depleted mottles and (f) Fe-depleted mottles. The chemical composition of soil organic matter was studied in detail using pyrolysis in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Samples of all horizons of the distinct profiles studied were taken, as well as from the center of the mottle (M) and from the direct surroundings (S). The processes involved in the genesis of Podzols in the sandy coastal plain are directly related to drainage, the contribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the contribution of organic matter derived from roots, the chemical composition of organic matter and its decomposition by microorganisms, causing a large variation in adjacent Podzols. The well-drained Podzols differ in characteristics from the poorly drained ones in composition and deposition of OM, as well as its decomposition, which is directly related to the activity of groups of microorganisms. They also differ in the relative contribution of OM-derived from roots and DOM. There is a wide variation in the characteristics of decomposition by microorganisms between the profiles of Podzols permanently exposed to air and marine spray (the cliffs) on Ilha Comprida and those inland (pits). There are therefore two main processes that change the morphology of Podzols (OM and composition): (a) change in drainage and rooting, and (b) exposure to air. / Os solos mais frequentes na Planície Costeira do Estado de São Paulo são os podzóis, caracterizados por podzolização com hidromorfismo forte a moderado a bem drenado com horizontes B-podzol muito bem desenvolvidos (Bh ou Bhm). O processo de podzolização inclui os efeitos da hidrologia e do enraizamento no perfil e os efeitos subsequentes da drenagem melhorada. Uma crono-hidrosequencia de podzóis foi descrita em detalhes em um barranco na costa sul da Ilha Comprida, uma ilha barreira do Holoceno, e permitiu uma subdivisão em quatro grupos distintos: perfis mal drenados, perfis com horizonte B bem drenados, perfis fortemente enraizados e perfis superpostos. A descrição morfológica e algumas observações sobre o barranco exposto foram essenciais para o agrupamento e diferenciar os perfis de podzóis. Alguns desses podzóis bem drenados possuem manchas esbranquiçadas que estão relacionadas com a seletiva decomposição da matéria orgânica (MO) por microorganismos. Tais manchas são freqüentemente associadas aos canais radiculares. Foram estudados dezessete perfis, dos quais treze apresentaram manchas de esgotamento espalhadas ao longo do perfil. A maioria destas manchas são esbranquiçadas e estão localizadas preferencialmente nos horizontes de transição entre os horizontes E e B, particularmente em condições de boa drenagem. Tais manchas possuem algumas diferenças morfológicas e puderam ser agrupadas de acordo com semelhanças na sua morfologia e da sua posição no perfil. Os grupos são: (a) manchas concêntricas de depleção da MO; (b) manchas circulares/tubularess de depleção da MO (tocas); (c) manchas pontilhadas de depleção da MO; (d) manchas fantasmas de depleção da MO; (e) manchas irregulares de depleção da MO; e (f) manchas de depleção de Fe. A composição química da matéria orgânica do solo foi estudada em detalhe por pirólise em combinação com cromatografia em fase gasosa/espectrometria de massa (Py-CG/EM). Amostras de todos os horizontes dos perfis estudados foram coletadas, bem como amostras do centro das manchas (M) e do solo adjacente (S). Os processos envolvidos na gênese de podzóis da planície costeira arenosa estão diretamente relacionados com a drenagem, a contribuição de matéria orgânica dissolvida (MOD), a contribuição de matéria orgânica derivada de raízes, a composição química da matéria orgânica e sua decomposição por microorganismos, causando uma grande variação no podzóis. Os podzóis bem drenados diferem em características dos mal drenados em composição e deposição de MO, bem como a sua decomposição, que está directamente relacionada com a actividade dos grupos de microrganismos. Eles também diferem na contribuição relativa da MO derivada de raízes e MOD. Existe uma grande variação nas características da decomposição por microorganismos entre os perfis de podzóis permanentemente expostas ao ar e spray marinho (falésias) na Ilha Comprida e os do interior (trincheiras). Há, portanto, dois processos principais que alteram a morfologia de podzóis (composição da MO): (a) mudança na drenagem e enraizamento, e (b) a exposição ao ar.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar por meio da análise elementar (C, N, H, S, O), Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE), e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) às características dos ácidos húmicos (AHs) extraídos do solo do manguezal de Pai Matos (Cananéia-SP-BR) sob diferentes tipos de vegetação (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa, Spartina alterniflora) e condições de redução, bem como às características dos AHs extraídos do solo de marismas espanholas também sob diferentes tipos de vegetação (Galícia: Spartina maritima, Juncus maritimus e Phragmites australis; Valência: Phragmites australis e Scirpus maritimus) e condições de redução; e 2) avaliar por meio da Pirólise-associada à cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas (Pi-CG/EM) às características da matéria orgânica (MO) extraída do solo destes ecossistemas sob os mesmos tipos de vegetação e condições e redução. O carbono orgânico total, o nitrogênio total, o enxofre total e os valores de Eh e pH dos solos estudados também foram analisados. Os resultados mostraram que o ambiente predominantemente redutor dos solos estudados ocasionou uma maior incorporação de N e S e uma menor concentração de radicais livres semiquinona (CRLS) em relação aos AHs derivados de solos de ecossistemas terrestres, sugerindo desta forma, a presença de uma matéria orgânica (MO) menos humificada no solo das áreas de estudo; entretanto, somente os AHs extraídos do solo do manguezal apresentaram uma maior razão atômica H/C e O/C em relação aos AHs derivados de solos terrestres. A CRLS também foi maior nos AHs das camadas subsuperficiais dos solos estudados, sugerindo que o ambiente mais anóxico ocasionou um maior grau de humificação da MOS destas camadas, entretanto, como os manguezais e as marismas são ambientes de sedimentação, a contribuição de uma matéria orgânica mais humificada de origem terrestre previamente depositada nas áreas de estudo também pode ter ocasionado este resultado. Entre as diferentes vegetações estudadas, foi observada uma maior relação C/N e CRLS dos AHs extraídos do solo sob Rhizophora e Avicennia (manguezal) e uma maior relação C/N dos AHs extraídos do solo da marisma de Valência-ES, sugerindo uma maior recalcitrância da MOS sob estas vegetações. Os espectros de FTIR não permitiram verificar variações significativas na composição química e estrutural dos AHs obtidos dos solos sob as diferentes vegetações e condições de redução; entretanto, observo-se através da Pi-CG/EM uma maior concentração de compostos lignificados na MO extraída do solo sob Avicennia e Rhizophora (manguezal) e da marisma de Valência-ES, também sugerindo uma maior recalcitrância e menor humificação da MOS destas áreas de estudo. Além disso, observou-se que a maior decomposição da MOS ocasionou o decréscimo no conteúdo de lignina com o acréscimo relativo de compostos alifáticos; o acréscimo dos compostos alifáticos de cadeia curta em detrimento ao acúmulo dos de cadeia longa; a perda da dominância dos alcanos/alquenos de cadeias ímpares em relação aos de cadeias pares; e o acréscimo de compostos orgânicos de origem microbiana nos solos estudados. / The goals of this study were: 1) evaluate by elemental analysis (C, N, H, S, O), Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) the characteristics of the humic acids (HA) extracted from the soil of Pai Matos mangrove forest (Cananéia, SP, BR) under different vegetation types (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa, Spartina alterniflora) and soil reduction conditions, as well as the HA extracted from Spanish salt marsh soils (Galícia and Valência) under different vegetation types (Galicia: Spartina maritima, Juncus maritimus, and Phragmites australis; Valencia: Phragmites australis e Scirpus maritimus) and soil reduction conditions; and 2) evaluate by Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique the characteristics of the SOM extracted from the these study areas under the same vegetation types and reduction condition. The total organic carbon, the total nitrogen, the total sulfur, and the soil pH and Eh in the field also were analyzed. The results showed that the predominantly anoxic soil condition caused the higher N and S content in the HA of both study areas than the HA derived from terrestrial soils and marine environments, and that the studied HA also showed a lower semiquinone-type free radical (SFR) content than terrestrial soils, thus suggesting a lower humification degree of the SOM derived from the study areas; however, only the HA derived from de mangrove forest soil showed a higher H/C and O/C atomic ratio than the HA derived from the terrestrial soils and marine environments. In addition, the SFR content also was lower in the surface soil layers, suggesting the input of a fresh and labile plant-derived organic matter as responsible by the lower humification degree of the SOM derived from these layers; however, as mangroves and salt marshes are sedimentation environments, it is likely that besides the more anoxic soil condition, a more humified organic matter (OM) derived from terrestrial soils also may cause the highest SFR content observed in the subsurface soil layers. Among the different vegetation types, also was observed a higher C/N ratio of the soil and HA derived from Valencian salt marsh, as well as both a higher C/N ratio and SFR content in the HA extracted from the soil under Rizhophora and Avicennia (mangrove), suggesting a more recalcitrant SOM in these sites. The FTIR spectras did not show significant variation among vegetation types and soil depths, and finally, by the Py-GC/MS technique was observed that the OM derived from the Valencian salt marsh soils and from the soil under Avicennia and Rhizophora (mangrove) showed a more recalcitrant SOM (higher lignin content) than the SOM derived from the soil under the other vegetation types studied. In addition, it was also observed that the SOM decomposition caused a decrease in lignin contents and a relative increase in aliphatics; an increase in short-chain aliphatics at the expense of longer ones; a loss of odd-over-even dominance in the n-alkanes and n-alkenes; and an increase in microbial products in the studied soils.

The most frequent soils in the São Paulo State Coastal Plain are Podzols, characterized by strong to moderate hydromorphic to well-drained podzolization with very well developed podzol-B horizons (Bh or Bhm). Podzolization processes include the effects of hydrology and rooting on profile morphology and the subsequent effects of improved drainage. A Podzol chrono-hydrosequence was described in detail on a cliff at the south coast of Ilha Comprida, a Holocene barrier island, and allowed a subdivision into four distinct groups: poorly-drained profiles, profiles with well-drained B horizons, strongly rooted profiles and superposed profiles. The morphological description and some observations about the exposure cliff were essential for grouping and differentiating the podzol profiles. Some well-drained podzols have OM-depleted mottles that are related to selective decomposition of organic matter (OM) by microorganisms. Such mottles are frequently associated to root channels. Seventeen profiles were studied, thirteen had depletion mottles scattered along the profile. Most of these mottles are whitish and are located preferentially in the horizons of transition between the E and B horizons, particularly in conditions of good drainage. Such mottles have certain morphological differences and may be grouped according to similarities in their morphology and their position in the profile. Distinct groups are: (a) concentric OM-depleted mottles; (b) circular/tubular OM-depleted mottles (burrows); (c) dotted OM-depleted mottles; (d) ghost OM-depleted mottles; (e) irregular OM-depleted mottles and (f) Fe-depleted mottles. The chemical composition of soil organic matter was studied in detail using pyrolysis in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Samples of all horizons of the distinct profiles studied were taken, as well as from the center of the mottle (M) and from the direct surroundings (S). The processes involved in the genesis of Podzols in the sandy coastal plain are directly related to drainage, the contribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the contribution of organic matter derived from roots, the chemical composition of organic matter and its decomposition by microorganisms, causing a large variation in adjacent Podzols. The well-drained Podzols differ in characteristics from the poorly drained ones in composition and deposition of OM, as well as its decomposition, which is directly related to the activity of groups of microorganisms. They also differ in the relative contribution of OM-derived from roots and DOM. There is a wide variation in the characteristics of decomposition by microorganisms between the profiles of Podzols permanently exposed to air and marine spray (the cliffs) on Ilha Comprida and those inland (pits). There are therefore two main processes that change the morphology of Podzols (OM and composition): (a) change in drainage and rooting, and (b) exposure to air. / Os solos mais frequentes na Planície Costeira do Estado de São Paulo são os podzóis, caracterizados por podzolização com hidromorfismo forte a moderado a bem drenado com horizontes B-podzol muito bem desenvolvidos (Bh ou Bhm). O processo de podzolização inclui os efeitos da hidrologia e do enraizamento no perfil e os efeitos subsequentes da drenagem melhorada. Uma crono-hidrosequencia de podzóis foi descrita em detalhes em um barranco na costa sul da Ilha Comprida, uma ilha barreira do Holoceno, e permitiu uma subdivisão em quatro grupos distintos: perfis mal drenados, perfis com horizonte B bem drenados, perfis fortemente enraizados e perfis superpostos. A descrição morfológica e algumas observações sobre o barranco exposto foram essenciais para o agrupamento e diferenciar os perfis de podzóis. Alguns desses podzóis bem drenados possuem manchas esbranquiçadas que estão relacionadas com a seletiva decomposição da matéria orgânica (MO) por microorganismos. Tais manchas são freqüentemente associadas aos canais radiculares. Foram estudados dezessete perfis, dos quais treze apresentaram manchas de esgotamento espalhadas ao longo do perfil. A maioria destas manchas são esbranquiçadas e estão localizadas preferencialmente nos horizontes de transição entre os horizontes E e B, particularmente em condições de boa drenagem. Tais manchas possuem algumas diferenças morfológicas e puderam ser agrupadas de acordo com semelhanças na sua morfologia e da sua posição no perfil. Os grupos são: (a) manchas concêntricas de depleção da MO; (b) manchas circulares/tubularess de depleção da MO (tocas); (c) manchas pontilhadas de depleção da MO; (d) manchas fantasmas de depleção da MO; (e) manchas irregulares de depleção da MO; e (f) manchas de depleção de Fe. A composição química da matéria orgânica do solo foi estudada em detalhe por pirólise em combinação com cromatografia em fase gasosa/espectrometria de massa (Py-CG/EM). Amostras de todos os horizontes dos perfis estudados foram coletadas, bem como amostras do centro das manchas (M) e do solo adjacente (S). Os processos envolvidos na gênese de podzóis da planície costeira arenosa estão diretamente relacionados com a drenagem, a contribuição de matéria orgânica dissolvida (MOD), a contribuição de matéria orgânica derivada de raízes, a composição química da matéria orgânica e sua decomposição por microorganismos, causando uma grande variação no podzóis. Os podzóis bem drenados diferem em características dos mal drenados em composição e deposição de MO, bem como a sua decomposição, que está directamente relacionada com a actividade dos grupos de microrganismos. Eles também diferem na contribuição relativa da MO derivada de raízes e MOD. Existe uma grande variação nas características da decomposição por microorganismos entre os perfis de podzóis permanentemente expostas ao ar e spray marinho (falésias) na Ilha Comprida e os do interior (trincheiras). Há, portanto, dois processos principais que alteram a morfologia de podzóis (composição da MO): (a) mudança na drenagem e enraizamento, e (b) a exposição ao ar.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet MINERVE de la région wallonne quivise notamment à valoriser les anciens centres d’enfouissement technique et leur contenuau travers de la production de matières premières et de sources d’énergie. Plus particulièrement,l’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier un procédé de co-pyrolyse de déchetsplastiques et d’huiles de lubrification usagées, ayant pour finalité la production d’uncombustible alternatif liquide pour l’industrie, en vue d’une future montée en échelledu procédé.Pour ce faire, différentes approches ont été poursuivies. Premièrement, nous avonsmis en place un réacteur de 5 litres, agité et scellé hermétiquement, permettant demener des essais de co-pyrolyse. Des essais de co-pyrolyse d’un mélange de déchetsplastiques excavés et d’huiles de lubrification usagées ont été menés dans le réacteur.L’influence des paramètres clés du procédé, tels que la température maximale, la fractionmassique de plastiques dans le mélange ainsi que la vitesse de refroidissement, surle procédé et la qualité du produit fini a été étudiée. Nous avons été en mesure deproduire un combustible alternatif liquide, possédant un pouvoir calorifique d’environ30 MJ/kg, par la co-pyrolyse d’un mélange contenant 60% de plastiques, en chauffantle mélange durant 13 h, en atteignant une température maximale de 387°C et enlaissant la pression au sein du réacteur monter jusqu’environ 30 bars. Les besoins énergétiquesdu procédé ont été évalués à environ 8 MJ/kg de déchets à pyrolyser, grâce àun modèle de transferts thermiques développé pour le système constitué du réacteur deco-pyrolyse. Ensuite, une méthode a été développée pour déterminer le temps de fonted’une particule de plastique en fonction de sa plus petite dimension. L’application decette méthode nous a permis de déterminer que la plus petite dimension maximale quepeuvent avoir les particules de plastiques dans le mélange plastique/huile, pour queleur fusion ne limite pas le procédé de co-pyrolyse, est d’environ 3 cm. Deux analysesthermiques, la thermogravimétrie isotherme et la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage,ont été combinées pour caractériser le craquage thermique et son influence sur plusieurspolymères. L’influence du craquage thermique sur les polymères a été évaluée sur basede l’analyse de la fusion ou de la transition vitreuse du polymère. Les protocole et dispositifexpérimentaux de co-pyrolyse de déchets plastiques et d’huiles de lubrificationusagées à l’échelle du laboratoire ont été adaptés pour pouvoir co-pyrolyser un mélangecontenant du PVC. Différents essais de co-pyrolyse par étapes ont été menés pour évaluerl’influence des paramètres comme l’évolution de la température pendant l’essai, lecontenu en PVC du mélange et le plastique en mélange avec le PVC (LDPE ou PS).Enfin, les interactions qui prennent place entre le LDPE ou le PS et une huile, lorsde leur co-pyrolyse, ont été mises en évidence à l’aide d’essais de thermogravimétriehaute résolution. Nous avons tenté d’expliquer les interactions mises en évidence, grâceà une combinaison d’analyses thermiques permettant de caractériser, voire d’identifier,les produits de décomposition de l’échantillon, en continu ou en fin de chauffe.This study takes part in the MINERVE (Walloon region) which aims at enhancingthe old landfills and valorize their content through the production of raw materials andenergy sources. Specifically, the objective of this work is to study a co-pyrolysis processof waste plastics and used lubrication oils, whose purpose is the production of a liquidalternative fuel for industry, in order to future scaling up the process.To do so, different approaches have been pursued. First, we set up a 5 liter reactor,stirred and hermetically sealed for performing co-pyrolysis tests. Co-pyrolysis tests ofa mixture of excavated plastic wastes and used lubrication oils were performed in thereactor. The influence of key parameters, such as maximum temperature, the massfraction of plastics in the mixture and the cooling rate, on the process and the qualityof the fuel was investigated. We were able to produce a liquid alternative fuel, witha calorific value of about 30 MJ/kg by co-pyrolyzing a mixture containing 60 % ofplastic, heating the mixture for 13 h, reaching a maximum temperature of 387°C anda maximum pressure of about 30 bar. The energy requirements of the process wereevaluated at about 8 MJ per kg of waste through a heat transfer model developed forthe system consisting of the co-pyrolysis reactor. In addition, a method was developedto determine the time of melting of a plastic particle according to its smallest size.The application of this method allowed us to determine that the maximum smallestsize that can have plastic particles in plastic/oil mixture, so that their melting willnot limit the co-pyrolysis process, is about 3 cm. Two thermal analysis techniques,isothermal thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, were combined tocharacterize the thermal cracking and its influence on several polymers. The influence ofthermal cracking of the polymers was evaluated based on the analysis of the melting orglass transition of the polymer. The experimental protocol and device of waste plasticsand used lubricating oils co-pyrolysis have been adapted to co-pyrolyze a mixturecontaining PVC. Two-step co-pyrolysis tests were performed to evaluate the influenceof parameters such as the evolution of the temperature during the test, the PVCcontent of the mixture and the plastic that is mixed with PVC (LDPE or PS). Finally,interactions that take place between the LDPE or the PS and an oil, when co-pyrolyzed,have been identified with high resolution thermogravimetry experiments. We tried toexplain the identified interactions through a combination of thermal analyzes thatcharacterized or identified the sample decomposition products, continuously duringthe thermal decomposition or at its end. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Present organic carbon fluxes from an upland peat catchment were quantified through measurement of in-situ direct and indirect greenhouse gas fluxes. To predict future greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, peat from eroded (E) and uneroded (U) site of an upland peat catchment was characterized.Composition of peat from E and U sites at the Crowden Great Brook catchment, Peak District Nation Park, UK that was characterized by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) at 700 oC. Pyrolysis products of the peat were then classified using the Vancampenhout classification into 6 compound classes - viz. aromatic and polyaromatic (Ar), phenols (Ph), lignin compounds (Lg), soil lipids (Lp), polysaccharide compounds (Ps) and N-compounds (N). There was no significant difference in the composition between the eroded and uneroded sites within the study area or between peats from different depths within each site. Nevertheless, there was a significant difference between sites in the proportions of Sphagnum that had contributed to the peat. Pyrolysis products of the peat were also classified into pedogenic (Pd) and aquagenic (Aq) OC – the mean percentage of Pd in both eroded and uneroded peats was 43.93 ± 4.30 % with the balance of the OC classified as Aq.Greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes were quantified directly by in-situ continuous measurement of GHG was carried out at the E and U sites of the catchment using a GasClam: mean in-situ gas concentrations of CH4 (1.30 ± 0.04 % v/v (E), 0.59 ± 0.05 % v/v (U) and CO2 (8.83 ± 0.22 % v/v (E), 1.77 ± 0.03 % v/v (U)) were observed, with both the CH4 and CO2 concentrations apparently unrelated to atmospheric pressure and temperature changes. Laboratory measurements of ex-situ gas production - for both CH4 and CO2 this was higher for U site soils than for E site soils. At the U site, maximum production rates of both CH4 (46.11±1.47 mMol t-1 day-1) and CO2 (45.56 ± 10.19 mMol t-1 day-1) were observed for 0-50 cm depth in soils. Increased temperature did not affect gas production, whilst increased oxygen increased gas production. The CH4/CO2 ratios observed in-situ are not similar to those observed in the ex-situ laboratory experiments; suggest that some caution is advised in interpreting the latter. However, the maximum OC loss of 2.3 wt. % observed after 20 weeks of ex-situ incubation is nevertheless consistent with the long-term degradation noted by Bellamy et al (1985) from organic-rich UK soils. Indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes were quantified through the mass flux of suspended organic carbon (SsOC) drained from studied catchments. The SsOC was quantified by interpolating and rating methods. Unfiltered (UF) organic carbon (OC) fluxes in 2010 were calculated to be 8.86 t/km2/yr for the eroded sub-catchment and 6.74 t/km2/yr for the uneroded sub-catchment. All the rating relationships have a large amount of scatter. Both UF OC and <0.2 µm fraction OC are positively correlated with discharge at the eroded site, whilst there is no discernable relationship with discharge at the uneroded site. SsOC is dominated by Pd type OC (95.23 ± 10.20 % from E; 92.84 ± 5.38 % from U) far more so than in sources of the peats, suggesting slower oxidation of Pd (cf. Aq) OC.