Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3335039 bytes, checksum: 432a8a4734747e35f11922a30da30b08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed at evaluating the disinfection process of sewage sludge from a UASB reactor by greenhouse solar drying. Seven lots of sewage sludge were monitored between February 2010 and May 2011, each lot referring to an event of sludge discharge from the UASB reactor. The monitoring period of time of the different sludge lots varied from 50 to 130 days, with sampling every week. The following variables were monitored: pH, moisture, total solids, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, total and viable helminth eggs. In addition, somatic coliphages spiking experiments were conducted in sludge samples dried in the same field greenhouse, as well as in samples dried in a laboratory incubator kept under controlled temperature. A high sludge dewatering during the drying treatment in the greenhouse was observed, with moisture and total solids contents reaching levels, respectively, below 10% and above 90% when the sludge was subjected to periods of treatment longer than 75 days. Microbial decay during sludge drying was variable, but effective. Exponential decay was quite clear for total coliforms and Escherichia coli, but not so much for total and viable helminth eggs. Regarding the bacterial removal, an influence of the temperature was noticed, with higher decreasing of total coliforms and E.coli in the warmer periods. E.coli concentrations below 10³ MPN/gTS (the CONAMA Resolution 375/2006 standard for Class A biosolids) were obtained with more than 60 days of treatment in the greenhouse. Calculated values of Kb 20 for E.coli varied widely, between 0.004 and 0.142 d-1. Wide variations in the decay of helminth eggs were also observed, with calculated values of Koh 20 for total eggs ranging between 0.008 and 0.035 d-1. Concentrations of viable helminth eggs were always low, requiring only 15 days to reach counts below 0.25 eggs/gTS (the CONAMA Resolution 375/2006 standard for Class A biosolids). The results of the spiking experiments conducted in the greenhouse also showed intense exponential decay of somatic coliphages, with high Kcs 20 values ranging between 0.187 and 0.248 d-1. In contrast, in the spiking experiments performed in laboratory under conditions of controlled temperature (30ºC) the decay was much less intense, with Kcs 20 values between 0.028 and 0.078 d-1. Finally, this work presents a model for estimating the microbiological quality of biosolids treated by greenhouse drying based on the microbiological quality of raw sewage. Using stochastic modeling (taking into account variations on the input variables) it was estimated that, with 60 days of sludge drying in the greenhouse, the probability of reaching the bacteriological quality established in COMANA Resolution 375/2006 for biosolids classes A and B (103 and 106 E.coli/gST, respectively) was 66.2% and 97% respectively. In the case of helminth eggs these chances were respectively 64.3% and 99.8%. That is, the results suggest high stability and reliability of the greenhouse drying treatment process of the UASB sewage sludge. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o acompanhamento da higienização de lodo de esgoto proveniente de reator UASB por secagem em estufa. Foram monitorados sete lotes de lodo, entre fevereiro de 2010 e maio de 2011, sendo cada lote referente a um evento de descarte de lodo do reator UASB. O tempo de acompanhamento dos vários lotes de lodo variou de 50 a 130 dias, com realização de coletas semanais. Foram monitoradas as seguintes variáveis: pH, umidade, sólidos totais, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e ovos totais e viáveis de helmintos. Foram ainda realizados experimentos de inoculação de colifagos somáticos em lodos submetidos à secagem na mesma estufa de campo e também sob condições de temperatura controlada (estufa laboratorial). Foi observada elevada desidratação do lodo durante a secagem em estufa, sendo obtidos teores de umidade menores que 10% e de sólidos totais acima de 90% quando os lotes foram submetidos a períodos de tratamento superiores a 75 dias. O decaimento microbiano durante a secagem do lodo se mostrou variável, mas eficiente. Decaimento exponencial foi bastante nítido para coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, porém essa tendência não foi tão clara para os dados de ovos viáveis e totais de helmintos. Para a remoção das bactérias, foi possível perceber influência da temperatura (sazonalidade), com quedas das concentrações de coliformes totais e E.coli mais acentuada nos períodos mais quentes. Valores de E.coli abaixo de 10³ NMP/gST, limite estabelecido pela Resolução CONAMA 375/2006 para biossólido Classe A, foram obtidos com tempos de secagem acima de 60 dias. Os valores de Kb 20 calculados para E.coli foram bastante variáveis, entre 0,004 e 0,142 d-1. Variações amplas também foram observadas no decaimento de ovos de helmintos, com valores de Koh 20 calculados para ovos totais entre 0,008 e 0,035 d-1. As concentrações de ovos viáveis de helmintos foram sempre baixas, sendo necessários apenas 15 dias para se obter contagens abaixo de 0,25 ovos/gST (biossólido Classe A de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA 375/2006). Os resultados dos experimentos de campo de inoculação de colifagos somáticos também mostraram intenso decaimento exponencial para esse bacteriófago em estufa, com valores de Kcs 20 elevados e variando entre 0,187 e 0,248 d-1. Em contrapartida, nos experimentos de inoculação realizados em laboratório sob condições temperatura controlada (30ºC) o decaimento foi bem menos intenso, com valores de Kcs 20 entre 0,028 e 0,078 d-1. Por fim, o trabalho apresenta um modelo de estimativa da qualidade microbiológica de biossólidos tratados por secagem em estufa a partir da qualidade microbiológica do esgoto bruto. Por meio de modelagem estocástica (que leva em consideração variações em torno das variáveis de entrada) estimou-se que, com 60 dias de secagem em estufa, a probabilidade de alcançar a qualidade bacteriológica preconizada para as Classes A e B na Resolução CONAMA 375/2006 (103 e 106 E.coli/gST, respectivamente) seria de 66,2% e 97%, respectivamente. No caso dos ovos de helmintos essas chances seriam, respectivamente, de 64,3% e 99,8%. Ou seja, os resultados sugerem estabilidade e confiabilidade consideráveis do processo de tratamento por secagem em estufa do lodo de reator.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandaLC.pdf: 619525 bytes, checksum: b172a729547f262e355961911646e833 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The technology of anaerobic reactors for sanitary wastewater treatment has been extensively developed in Brazil, and today it is practically consolidated. They present several advantages, such as low construction and operating costs, and low sludge production, the anaerobic reactors are an attractive alternative to minimize problematic lack of basic sanitation in urban areas, and also of the rural areas. The anaerobic filters have been widely used in Brazil. It produces an effluent with low concentration of organic matter and solids suspended, besides conserving the nutrients, therefore, it is good for use in irrigation, but the practice must be associated with knowledge of the pathogens presence. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of anaerobic filters in removal faecal coliforms and helminth eggs, and to verify if the effluent can be used for agricultural purposes, according to the World Organization of Health (WHO, 1989). The protocol used to enumerate helminths eggs was the modified Bailenger method, (Ayres and Mara, 1996) recommended by WHO for evaluation of raw effluent and treated effluent. The membrane filtration method was utilized to determine the concentrations of faecal coliforms. Three different systems of sewer treatment composed by anaerobic filters were analyzed. The results, in a general analysis, showed that all the researched systems reached a larger removal than 93% to helminth eggs, resulting in an effluent with smaller average than 1 egg/L. One of these systems, Sistema RN, reached a larger removal than 99%, confirming the good performance of the anaerobic filters in removal helminths eggs. Even with low concentrations of eggs in the influent, the filters were capable to remove this parameter efficiently. About faecal coliforms, it was observed for all the researched systems an effluent with 106 CFU/100mL. The high concentrations to faecal coliforms in the effluent just allow reuse for restricted irrigation, in agreement with the guidelines of WHO. Although the researched systems have not removed faecal coliforms efficiently, the results indicated a good efficiency of the anaerobic filters in removal helminth eggs / A tecnologia de reatores anaer?bios para o tratamento de esgoto sanit?rio vem sendo extensivamente desenvolvida no Brasil, e hoje encontra-se praticamente consolidada. Apresentando diversas vantagens, como baixos custos de constru??o e opera??o, e baixa produ??o de lodo, os reatores anaer?bios s?o uma alternativa bastante atrativa para a mitiga??o dos problemas de saneamento b?sico urbano, e tamb?m das ?reas rurais. Os filtros anaer?bios v?m sendo bastante aplicados no Brasil. Sua utiliza??o produz um efluente com baixa concentra??o de mat?ria org?nica e s?lidos suspensos, al?m de conservar os nutrientes, sendo por isso muito bom para irriga??o com fins produtivos, desde que sejam resguardados os cuidados com a presen?a de organismos patog?nicos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a efici?ncia de filtros anaer?bios na remo??o de coliformes fecais e ovos de helmintos, e verificar se os mesmos atendem ?s recomenda??es sanit?rias para reuso em irriga??o, segundo a Organiza??o Mundial de Sa?de - OMS (WHO, 1989). Para enumera??o dos ovos de helmintos foi utilizada a t?cnica de Bailenger modificada (Ayres e Mara, 1996), que deu origem ? metodologia atualmente recomendada pela OMS para avalia??o de ?guas residu?rias brutas e tratadas. Para determina??o de coliformes fecais foi utilizado o m?todo da membrana filtrante. Foram analisados tr?s diferentes sistemas de tratamento de esgoto compostos por filtros anaer?bios. Numa an?lise geral dos resultados, observou-se que todos os sistemas pesquisados atingiram efici?ncia maior que 93% para remo??o de ovos de helmintos, resultando em um efluente final com valor m?dio menor que 1 ovo/L. Um dos sistemas, o Sistema RN, alcan?ou uma remo??o maior que 99%, confirmando o bom desempenho dos filtros anaer?bios na remo??o de ovos de helmintos. Mesmo com baixas concentra??es de ovos no afluente, os filtros foram capazes de remover eficientemente este par?metro. Em rela??o ? contagem de coliformes fecais, foi observado, para todos os sistemas pesquisados um efluente final com cerca de 106 UFC/100mL. As altas concentra??es de coliformes fecais no efluente dos filtros permitem a reutiliza??o apenas para irriga??o restrita, de acordo com as diretrizes da OMS. Apesar dos sistemas pesquisados n?o removerem eficazmente coliformes fecais, os resultados encontrados no presente estudo indicaram uma boa efici?ncia dos filtros anaer?bios na remo??o de ovos de helmintos

Le traitement de boues de station d'épuration (Boues activées de Marrakech) en mélange avec déchets verts (Palmier dattier) selon deux mélanges dont les proportions : A (1/3 Boues + 2/3 Déchets de palmier) et B (1/2 Boues + 1/2 Déchets de palmier), a été effectué par la filière du compostage, pendant six mois. Au cours du co-compostage, l’intense activité microbienne s’est traduite par une augmentation de température (autour 65 C°) au cours des premières semaines (phase thermophile) et un taux de décomposition final de l’ordre de 40%. Après six mois de co-compostage, le compost final est caractérisé par un rapport C/N voisin de 10, un rapport de NH4+/NO3- < 1, un pH autour de la neutralité signe de maturité des composts. L’analyse FTIR a montré une diminution de l'absorbance des bandes aliphatiques et l'augmentation de la structure de bandes d'absorbance aromatiques reflètent l'état d'avancement du processus d'humification. Le taux d’abattement des lipides totaux est de l’ordre de 43%. Les esters méthyliques d’acide gras (FAMEs) des Gram-positif (i,C15 :0) ont augmenté durant la phase thermophile. Les FAMEs d’origine non spécifique (C6 :0, C14 :0) ont connu une intense diminution, les FAMEs de bactéries non spécifiques représentent une grande teneur durant la phase thermophile. L’indice CPI a augmenté à la fin du co-compostage indiquant l’enrichissement du compost en FAMEs d’origine végétale. Les principaux composés ligneux identifiés, au cours du co-compostage, par Py-GC-MS, sont classés en deux groupes. Le premier est constitué de 7 composés dont la teneur diminue au cours du co-compostage, parmi lesquels : Toluène, 2,4-diméthylbenzène, éthylbenzène, Styrène, 1-éthyl-2-méthylbenzène, 4-méthylphénol et 2-méthylnaphthalène. Le deuxième groupe est constitué de 4 composés qui augmentent au cours du co-compostage : phénol, benzofuran, éthylméthoxyphénol et diméthoxyphénol. Les principaux stéroïdes identifiés sont les C27-C29 sterènes, stanols, 5β-cholesta-3-one, cholesta-3,5-diène et 2 thiostéranes. A l’exception des thiosteranes et quelques composés de C27-C29 cholestenes la concentration relative des stéroides diminue au cours du processus suit à leur attaque microbien. L’abattement total de la teneur des stéroïdes est corrélé positivement avec les indicateurs de maturité du compost (C/N et NH4+/NO3-) ce qui ouvre la voie à une éventuelle utilisation des stéroïdes comme indicateur de dépollution et de maturité de compost. 12 isolats d’actinomycètes ayant une activité antimicrobienne vis-à-vis d’un large spectre des germes pathogènes ont été isolés sur le milieu sélectif CTEA. Le degré d’hygiénisation est confirmé par la diminution de la concentration des coliformes fécaux et totaux, et l’abattement des œufs d’helminthes identifiés (Ascaris sp., Capillaria sp., et Trichuris sp.) vers la fin du co-compostage. La phytotoxicité, déterminée par l’effet des extraits hydrosolubles à différents stades de co-compostage sur la germination et la croissance des radicules (Navet, Cresson, Laitue, Luzerne), a diminué et l’indice de germination dépasse 100%, après six mois de co-compostage. La génotoxicité du chrome hexavalent (Cr(VI)) du substrat de co-compostage est corrélée positivement avec la fréquence des micronoyaux (MN). Après six mois de co-compostage le taux des MN diminue avec un taux d’abattement de 70,4% et 77,2% avec l’abattement de la concentration du Cr(VI) avec 58 et 58,6% respectivement pour le mélange A et B. Ceci ouvrira la voie d’utilisation de cet indice comme un indice de maturité des composts. La diminution de la phytotoxicité et la génotoxicté au cours du co-compostage confirme l’état de stabilisation et de la maturité des co-composts, ce qui pemettra l’épandage de ces composts en tant qu’amendement organique des sols sans risque de contamination du système sol-plante. / The co-composting of activated sludge and lignocellulose waste (palm tree waste) was monitored to study the behaviour of two mixtures, referred to as A (1/3 sludge + 2/3 palm waste) and B (1/2 sludge + 1/2 waste palm) for 6 months. The biotransformation was evaluated by physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. The thermophilic phase is characterized by a rise in temperature, which peaked at 65°C. This is the result of intense microbial activities. The final composts exhibited a higher degree of decomposition than the controls as shown by a decomposition rate of about 40%, decrease of C/N ratio to around 10 and NH4 +/NO3 - ratio below 1. The decrease of aliphatic absorbance bands and the increase of aromatic absorbance bands follow the progress of the humification process. Total extractable lipid was decreased by 43%. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from Gram-positive bacteria (i, C15: 0) increased during the thermophilic phase. FAMEs from non-spécific origin (C6 :0, C14 :0) exhibited a decrease toward the end of co-compostin, linear FAMEs from non-specific bacteria underwent a decrease during co-composting. The CPI index thus increased at the end of the composting process, indicating that the final product was proportionally richer in fatty acids of plant origin. Two lignin groups were distinguished by Py-GC-MS. Group 1 contained toluene, 2,4-dimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, 1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene, 4-methylphenol and 2-methylnaphthalene; their relative proportions decreased during co-composting. A second group of 4 components showed concentrations that increased with co-composting time: phenol, benzofuran, ethylmethoxyphenol and dimethoxyphenol. The main steroids identified were C27-C29 sterenes and stanols, 5β-cholesta-3-one, cholesta-3,5-diene and 2 thiosteranes. Except for thiosteranes and some of the C27-C29 cholestenes, the relative concentrations decreased during co-composting due to microbial degradation. The changes in steroids during co-composting, was positively correlated with the physico-chemical parameters of mature compost, especially C/N and NH4 +/NO3 - ratios, opening the way for the use of steroids as indicators of pollution and compost maturity. On the selective CTEA medium, 12 active strains of isolated actinobacteria presented a suppressive action against various pathogens. This may justify that a biotic factor is also an important factor contributing to making co-composting substrates hygienic. The degree hygiene reached is confirmed by the reduction in the faecal and total coliforms, and by the abatement of identified helminth eggs (Ascaris sp., Capillaria sp., and Trichuris sp.) towards the end of the process. The phytotoxicity determined by the effect of aqueous extract, at various stages of the co-composting, performed by monitoring the number of germinated seeds and the rootlets growth of turnip, watercress, alfalfa, and lettuce was decreased, and the growth of radicals that have a germination index that exceeds 100% after six months of co-composting. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) genotoxicity showed a positive correlation with micronucleus (MN) frequency. After six months of co-composting, the MN rate decreased significantly by 70.4 and 77.2% with decreasing Cr(VI) concentration with 58 and 58.6%, for mixtures A and B respectively. That indicates their suitability for use as a maturity index. During co-composting the abatement rate of phytotoxicity and genotoxicity confirme the maturation and stabilization degree of co-composting end products which encourages their recycling in agriculture as a fertilizer for the soil without any contamination of the soil-plant system.