Les régions qui gagnent, sont celles dans lesquelles existent, grâce à une décentralisation, notamment régionale, large et réelle, des centres de décision proches, des synergies fortes entre tous les acteurs de la vie sociale et économique, appuyés sur une identité reconnue. Au sein de la région PACA, l'agrégation financière territorialisée doit constituer un outil de transparence démocratique qui permet une dynamique à l'intérieur du territoire régional.L'agrégation se définit comme l'addition de certaines données financières de plusieurs niveaux de collectivités sur un territoire donné. Le champ et la nature des informations agrégées sont déterminés par les acteurs locaux en fonction de leurs besoins. Ils peuvent être globaux ou partiels, porter sur l'ensemble de l'action des collectivités ou sur une compétence déterminée.L'objectif de la démarche est de permettre à la région PACA d'avoir à sa disposition une restitution qui lui permette de connaître avec exactitude la situation financière des zones de son territoire. Actuellement, la représentation d'une région s'opère uniquement à travers les comptes du conseil régional. Certes, les régions opèrent des audits pour leur permettre de connaître la situation d'une zone sur son territoire, mais ces études sont isolées, incomplètes et peu représentatives de la réalité financière globale de leur territoire.Aussi, est-il nécessaire de mettre en œuvre un véritable outil qui permettrait d'avoir une vision complète et exacte des différentes zones territoriales dans la région.Les thèmes étudiés relèveront de l'économie spatiale, mais aussi des finances publiques territoriales et des systèmes de diffusion de l'information.Les travaux de recherche se sont étalés sur cinq années et présentent l'exercice 2008 comme une année de référence. Outre une présentation agrégée de la région, c'est une méthode scientifique qui est conçue pour y parvenir / The winning regions are those where a real decentralization, particularly regional, exists with local centres of decision and strong synergies between the different social and economic partners in a common identity.Within the PACA region, the territorial financial aggregate should constitute a dynamic tool for democratic transparency.The aggregate can be defined as the sum of certain financial data on several local community levels in a given territory. The content of the aggregate information is chosen by the local decision centres depending on their needs. This can be global or partial : concerning all or only certain community competences.Our aim is to make the exact financial situation of the different sectors of its territory avaible to the PACA region.At the present time, the information on the situation of any region can only be obtained from the accounts of the regional council. Indeep, the regions carry out audits to be informed of the situation of particular sectors, but these audits are isolated, incomplete and do not reflect the global financial reality of the territory. It is thus necessary to provide a tool capable of giving an exact and complete report on the different sectors. The themes to be studied will concern spatial economics, as well as territorial public finance and the diffusion of information. The research has taken place over five years and presents 2008 as the year of reference. In addition to an aggregate presentation of the region, this is a scientific method conceived to succeed

This thesis presents the results of a 3 year field study on the behavioural ecology of the mara on the Valdés Peninsula in Argentina. The main goal was to investigate why the mara's social system incorporates both monogamy and communal denning, a combination unknown in other mammals. The research techniques used were behavioural observations and radio-tracking. Radio-tracking of 9 maras revealed that pairs were continually moving into new areas, suggesting that their ranging behaviour is adapted to an irregular pattern of resource distribution. Two maras had prevailing ranges of 35 ha and moved yearly over about 200 ha. Ranges floated around a geographic centre. One constraint on the animals' movements may be the need to stay near a den site for pupping. Maras were diurnal, and spent on average 46% of the day grazing. Ranges may overlap up to 33%, but range use between neighbouring pairs were negatively correlated suggesting that animals were avoiding each other--pairs may be occupying floating territories. Evidence that maras are monogamous in the wild is presented. The factors leading to monogamy are argued to be: (i) females are irregularly dispersed because of the distribution of food; and (ii) the brevity of the female's oestrus (1-2 hrs). A male attempting to mate polygynously would have difficulties in finding and securing a female; thus males may do best by staying with one female to ensure a successful mating. Males may enhance their reproductive success by watching for predators so that their females can spend more time feeding to meet the energetic demands of lactation and gestation. During the pupping season, August to January, groups of 1 to 22 pairs gather at single dens. Several dens may be located near each other to form denning communities. Most pairs produce only one litter a year and there is a peak of births in September and October. Pairs visit the den once a day for a period of 5-6 weeks to nurse their young. Den sites are not limited; and the reason maras den communally appears to be the increased protection from predators accruing to pups and adults in larger groups. Two possible routes are suggested in the evolution of the mara's social system: (i) from a monogamous starting point it has become advantageous to creche pups; or (ii) ancestral maras were more colonial and probably polygynous, but have been forced to space out because of changes in the distribution of food, which has led to monogamy. Finally, maras were compared with other caviomorph rodents, lagomorphs, and monogamous ruminants and were shown to be most similar to the latter in their adaptations to the environment a remarkable example of convergent evolution.

Os roedores da sub-ordem histricomorfa, na qual a paca está classificada, apresentam placentação hemocorial e desenvolvem uma estrutura peculiar junto a sua placenta denominada de subplacenta. Apesar dos relatos de sua presença em diversas espécies, as possíveis funções dessa estrutura permanecem no âmbito especulativo, devido às variações na forma, dimensão e localização, bem como à falta de estudos experimentais focalizando essa estrutura placentária. Foram utilizadas oito placentas de pacas obtidas nos períodos médio e final de gestação, para avaliações das organizações e constituições teciduais, relações anatômicas do órgão por meio da microscopia de luz e eletrônica, aliadas às técnicas de citoquímica, imunocitoquímica e perfusões de traçadores para a rede vascular. Os resultados demonstraram que a subplacenta da paca estava localizada no ápice da placenta corioalantoidiana, separada desta por um tecido mesenquimal e inserida na parede uterina em íntimo contato com o tecido materno. A subplacenta consistia de estruturas lamelares com um eixo de tecido mesenquimal fetal sobre o qual apoiavam-se arranjos epiteliais de citotrofoblastos e sinciciotrofoblastos. Nas áreas de interfaces dos perímetros da subplacenta em contato com o tecido materno foram encontradas ainda populações de células trofoblásticas gigantes multinucleadas. Essas células trofoblásticas gigantes e sinciciotrofoblastos citoqueratina positivas foram também encontradas distantes do perímetro da subplacenta, invadindo profundamente o endométrio, que se apresenta totalmente desestruturado, contendo vasos sangüíneos com as paredes infiltradas pelas células trofoblásticas e destituídas de revestimento endotelial, confirmada pela reação vimentina negativa pela imunocitoquímica. Essas localizações de células trofoblásticas apontam para a capacidade invasiva das células trofoblásticas tanto através do leito vascular materno quanto pelos interstícios do estroma endometrial. Verificou-se uma área limítrofe de tecido endometrial decidualizado junto ao miométrio que se mantinha íntegra e que aparentemente conteve a invasividade das células trofoblásticas. Nos espaços interlamelares do interior da subplacenta, em meio ao sinciciotrofoblato, foram encontrados materiais amorfos resultantes da degradação do tecido endometrial retidos durante a progressão e crescimento da placenta para o interior da parede uterina. Nesses espaços, não foram encontrados vasos sangüíneos, porém, no eixo mesenquimal da subplacenta, foram constatados vasos sangüíneos de pequeno calibre, todos vimentina positivos, sugerindo a ausência de vascularização através de sangue materno na subplacenta. Pela localização estratégica, acima da placenta principal e pelos aspectos ultra-estruturais das células citotroblasticas presentes nas lamelas, juntamente com sua intensa marcação pelo PCNA, presume-se que as células da subplacenta possam originar as demais células trofoblásticas, particularmente as sinciciais e as gigantes, ao longo do terço médio da gestação. A vascularização da subplacenta avaliada pela perfusão de látex colorido e pela técnica de corrosão e análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura comprovou a ausência de vasos de origem materna na subplacenta e demonstrou uma irrigação oriunda da artéria fetal que, após capilarização na subplacenta, dirigia-se para os lóbulos da placenta principal. Esta disposição lembra uma circulação do tipo portal, com uma possível recapilarização dos vasos oriundos da subplacenta junto à placenta principal, onde o sangue fetal efetuaria as trocas metabólicas para retornar como sangue oxigenado antes de confluir para a veia fetal no cordão umbilical. / The rodents of suborder hystricomorph, in which is classified the Agouti paca, present hemochorial type placentation and develops an unique structure known as subplacenta. In spite of many report of its presence in several species, the possible functions of this structure related to placenta and pregnancy remains speculative, mainly due to the diversity of form, size, localization and lack of experimental studies focusing such a placental structure. In the present study were used eight placentas collected from paca at midle and end stage of gestation in the aim to evaluate their tissue components and organization, anatomical relation of the organ at light and electron microscopy level, associated with cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques and perfusion of vascular bed. The results showed the subplacenta was localized at apical portion of chorioallantoic placenta of paca, separated from this by mesechimal tissue and inserted in the uterine wall in intimate contact with maternal tissue. The subplacenta consisted of lamellar structures with mesenchimal axis of fetal origin on which, cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblasts layers were organized as epithelial sheets. The interfaces at peripheral portion of subplacenta in contact with maternal tissue were also found populations of multinucleated giant trophoblast cells. These giant cells and syncytiotrophoblast were cytokeratin positives and were found far from the limits of subplacenta, deeply invading the completely damaged endometrium, as did the maternal vessels showing presence of trophoblast cells in their walls devoid of endothelial cells attested by vimentin and cytokeratin immunostaining. These findings suggest the invasive capability of trophoblast cells either through the maternal vascular bed and interstitium of endometrial stroma. However, it was seen a well defined border line of helthy decidualized endometrium near the miometrium that seems to retain the invasive progression of trophoblast cells. In the interlamellar space of subplacenta formed by syncytiotrophoblast, it was found amorphous materials originated from degradation of endometrial tissue retained during the progression and growth of placenta into the uterine wall. In these interlamellar spaces were not found blood vessels, but in the mesenchimal axes were found vimentin positive small vessels, which suggest absence of maternal vascularization inside the subplacenta. The strategical localization of subplacenta upside of chorioallantoic placenta of paca and the ultra structure of cytotrophoblast cells and their strong reaction to PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) supports these subplacental cells could be the source of trophoblast cells, namely the giant and syncytiotrophoblast. The vascularization of subplacenta evaluated by stained latex perfusion and by microvascular casting seen at scaning electron microscopy clearly showed the absence of maternal vascularization in the subplacenta. The blood supply of subplacenta seems to be exclusively from fetal artery whieems after capilarization in the subplacenta flows to the lobules of main placenta. Such a blood flow remind the portal type circulation, being the second capilarization of venous type vessels coming from the subplacenta inside the lobulules of the main placenta, where the fetal blood could make the metabolic changes to return with enough oxygenation level before join to the fetal vein in the umbilical cord.

Neste trabalho realizamos a análise macroscópica das estruturas do funículo umbilical e da placenta, a análise macroscópica da vascularização funicular e placentária, e a análise à microscopia de luz dos componentes funiculares da paca, procurando melhor conhecer a morfologia reprodutiva desta espécie. Para tanto, utilizamos nove pacas fêmeas, provenientes do Setor de Animais Silvestres do Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal - UNESP, nos estágios inicial, intermediário e final de prenhez, os animais tiveram o corno uterino gestante retirado cirurgicamente. Com o útero aberto identificamos as membranas fetais e fizemos a mensuração do funículo umbilical e da distância céfalo-coccígea fetal, em seguida identificamos os vasos funiculares que foram injetados com látex do tipo Neoprene corado com pigmento específico; após injeção, esses vasos foram dissecados para a visualização da disposição das artérias e veias na placenta. Três animais foram direcionados à análise microscópica do funículo umbilical que depois de colhido foi seccionado em porções proximal, intermediária e distal que foram fixadas e sofreram processamento histológico usual com posterior colorações em hematoxilina- eosina e tricromico de Masson. Constatamos nestes animais uma placenta de formato discoidal globoso e as membranas fetais constavam de cório-alantóide e âmnio. As médias das medidas dos comprimentos dos funículos umbilicais e das distâncias cefalococcígeas foram de 7,31cm e 14,5 cm respectivamente. Macroscopicamente observamos no funículo umbilical a presença de duas artérias umbilicais, uma veia umbilical, o alantóide, vasos onfalomesentéricos; microscopicamente, observamos que as artérias e veias umbilicais eram musculares, o ducto alantóide era constituído por epitélio bi-estratificado cúbico e, essas estruturas, juntamente com os vasos onfalomesentéricos estavam englobadas pela gelatina de Wharton, também se observou a presença de vasa vasorum. A dissecação dos vasos umbilicais injetados indicou que as veias se localizavam basicamente na periferia da placenta enquanto as artérias ocupavam posição centralizada. / On this research we peform the macroscopic analysis of the umbilical cord and placenta structure, the macroscopic analysis of umbilical cord and placenta valcularization, and analysis with light microscopy of umbilical cords constituents of paca, aiming to increase the knowledge about the reproductive morphology in this species. To achieve that we used nine female pacas, which came from the Wild Animal Sector of the Zootechnology Departament at the Faculty of Agrarian and Veterenary Sciences of Jaboticabal - UNESP -, in early, entermediary and late phases of pregnancy. The animals had their pregnanty uterine horn taken out on surgery. After opening the uterus, we identified the fetal membranes and measured the umbilical cord and the cephalococcyga distance. Than we identified the umbilical cords vessels with were injected with latex (Neoprene®) dyed by specific pigment; after the injections, the vessels were dissected for visualization of the disposition of arteries and veins in the placenta. Three animals were carried out to microscopic analysis of the umbilical cord that , after the collect, was sectioned in proximal, intermediary and distal portions wich were set and than went to an usual histological processing with furthering colorations with hematoxilin-eosin and Masson tricome method. In these animals we noticed a discoid globular placenta, and the fetal membranes were constituted by chorion-alantois and amnion. The averages of the umbilical cords length and the crown-rump distance were 7,31 cm and 14,5 cm respectively. Macroscopically, we noticed the presence of two umbilical cord arteries, one umbilical cord vein, the allantois and onfalomesenteric vessels; microscopically, we noticed that the umbilical cord arteries and veins were muscly, the alantoic duct was formed by a cubic double layer epthelium and this sctructures, together with the onfalomezenteric vessels, were surrounded by the Wharton´s gelatin. The presence of vasa vasorum was also observed. The dissection of the injected umbilical cord vessels pointed that veins were basically placed that the placenta periphery and arteries presented a central position.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 740821 bytes, checksum: ffe79be26074f2aa867147dd972cb18e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-29 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / This research aims to evaluate the spermatogenic process of sexually mature pacas. Five animals bred in captivity were used, one of them from the Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres ( Wild animals selection center ) of Universidade Federal de Viçosa and the other ones from the Um sonho a mais farm. Morphometric analyses were performed from fragments of testicles collected by means of hemicastration. The analyzed data concern the volume of the testicles, the proportion of different components of the testicular parenchyma, qualitative and quantitative morphometry of the seminiferous tubules and of the intertubular space, with greater emphasis on Leydig cells. It was observed that approximately 0.28% of the body weight is placed in the gonads, which represents its gonadosomatic index (GSI). Regarding the volumetric proportion of the components of the testicular parenchyma, it shows 90.87% of its mass placed in seminiferous tubules: 2.62% in Leydig cells and the remaining of the intertubular space corresponded to 6.51%. The tubulosomatic index (TSI), i.e. the percentage of body mass placed in seminiferous tubules, was 0.24%. The height of the seminiferous epithelium and the diameter of the seminiferous tubule were, respectively, 63,05µm and 202,05µm, and the length of the seminiferous tubules per testicle gram was 29.71. The relative population of Sertoli cells and reproduction cells in transversal sections of the seminiferous tubules in the first stage of the seminiferous epithelium cycle (SEC) was calculated. These data were crossed so as to determine the general yield of the spermatogenesis of 19.80 cells. Each Sertoli cell endured an average of 24.34 reproduction cells. Regarding Leydig cells, a leydigosomatic index (LSI) of 0.007% was observed. The average nuclear volume and total volume of the adult paca s Leydig cells are, respectively, 222 μm³ and 690μm³. It was possible, with this data, to calculate an average of 35.88 million Leydig cells per testicle gram; the quantity found in the amplitute average of the mammals observed ranges from 20 to 40 million. It is thus concluded that pacas show one of the greatest values of tubule length per testicle gram ever reported for a mammal and that the functional yield of Sertoli cells in these animals is higher than what is reported for most studied species so far. / Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o processo espermatogênico de pacas sexualmente maduras. Utilizaram- se cinco animais criados em cativeiro, sendo um destes animais proveniente do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e os demais da fazenda Um Sonho a Mais . As análises morfométricas foram realizadas a partir de fragmentos testiculares colhidos por hemicastração. Foram analisados dados referentes ao volume testicular, a proporção volumétrica dos diferentes componentes do parênquima testicular, morfometria qualitativa e quantitativa dos túbulos seminíferos e do espaço intertubular, com maior ênfase as células de Leydig. Observou-se que aproximadamente 0,28% do peso corporal está alocado em gônadas, o que representa seu índice gonadosomático (IGS). Quanto à proporção volumétrica dos componentes do parênquima testicular, este apresenta 90,87% de sua massa alocada em túbulos seminíferos, 2,62% alocado em células de Leydig e o restante do espaço intertubular representou 6,51%. O índice túbulossomático (ITS), ou seja, a porcentagem de massa corporal alocada em túbulos seminíferos, foi de 0,24%. A altura do epitélio seminífero e o diâmetro do túbulo seminífero foram respectivamente, 63,05 µm e 202,05 µm, e o comprimento dos túbulos seminíferos por grama de testículo foi 29,71m. Foi calculada a população relativa das células de Sertoli e de células germinativas de secções transversais de túbulos seminíferos no primeiro estádio do ciclo do epitélio seminífero (CES). O rendimento geral da espermatogênese foi de 19,80 células, sendo que cada célula de Sertoli suportou, em média 24,34 células germinativas. O índice leydigossomático (ILS) foi de 0,007%. O volume nuclear médio e volume total da célula de Leydig, na paca adulta foram, respectivamente, 222 μm³ e 690 μm³. Sendo estimado uma média de 35,88 milhões de células de Leydig por grama de testículo, estando na média da amplitude observada em mamíferos de 20 a 40 milhões. Concluiu-se que a paca apresenta um dos maiores valores de comprimento de túbulo seminífero por grama de testículo já relatado para um mamífero e que a eficiência funcional das células de Sertoli destes animais é superior ao relatado para a maioria das espécies estudadas até o momento.

L’objet de cette thèse est de questionner les modes de construction d’une action publique décentralisée. Plus spécifiquement, ce travail s’intéresse aux modalités d’institutionnalisation d’une politique foncière régionale volontariste en Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur au-delà du bloc de compétences transférées à la Région en 1983. Dans cette perspective, il s’agit d’étudier une forme originale de régionalisation à la marge du noyau dur des compétences régionales, jouant cependant un rôle important dans la construction de la Région et la structuration d’un domaine d’action. Adoptant une démarche de recherche croisant sociologie de l’action publique et sociologie politique, on appréhende les règles de cet espace d’action publique régional en privilégiant l’étude d’un champ d’action constitué au-delà du cadre fixé par la loi. L’on fait ainsi l’hypothèse que la politique foncière, à la croisée de multiples secteurs et de niveaux d’action déjà institutionnalisés, constitue un espace d’interactions privilégié pour l’analyse des processus de construction et d’institutionnalisation de la Région au travers d’une politique à laquelle elle participe. En adoptant une perspective diachronique et multi-niveaux, c’est-à-dire en privilégiant l’analyse du changement en longue durée au sein de l’espace régional, et en attachant une attention particulière aux jeux sociaux interdépendants qui interconnectent différents niveaux d’action publique, la thèse ambitionne de contribuer à l’étude sociologique des processus de régionalisation de l’action publique sous dynamique de décentralisation / The object of this thesis is to question the mode of construction of a decentralized public action. More specifically, this work is interested in the methods of institutionalization of a voluntarist regional land policy in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur beyond the block of skills transferred to the Region in 1983. In this perspective, it is a question of studying an original shape of regionalization outside of the hard core of the regional skills, playing however an important role in the construction of the Region and the structuring of a sphere of action. Adopting an approach of search crossing sociology of the public action and the political sociology, we arrest the rules of this regional public space of action by favoring the study of a radius of action established beyond the frame fixed by the law.We so make the hypothesis as the land policy, between multiple sectors and between already institutionalized levels of action, constitutes a space of interactions favored for the analysis of the processes of construction and institutionalization of the Region through a policy in which it participates. By adopting a diachronic and multilevel perspective, that is by favoring the analysis of the change in long lasting within the regional space, and by attaching a particular attention on the interdependent social games which interconnect various levels of public action, the thesis aspires to contribute to the sociological study of the processes of regionalization of the public action under dynamics of decentralization

Neste trabalho realizamos a análise macroscópica das estruturas do funículo umbilical e da placenta, a análise macroscópica da vascularização funicular e placentária, e a análise à microscopia de luz dos componentes funiculares da paca, procurando melhor conhecer a morfologia reprodutiva desta espécie. Para tanto, utilizamos nove pacas fêmeas, provenientes do Setor de Animais Silvestres do Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal - UNESP, nos estágios inicial, intermediário e final de prenhez, os animais tiveram o corno uterino gestante retirado cirurgicamente. Com o útero aberto identificamos as membranas fetais e fizemos a mensuração do funículo umbilical e da distância céfalo-coccígea fetal, em seguida identificamos os vasos funiculares que foram injetados com látex do tipo Neoprene corado com pigmento específico; após injeção, esses vasos foram dissecados para a visualização da disposição das artérias e veias na placenta. Três animais foram direcionados à análise microscópica do funículo umbilical que depois de colhido foi seccionado em porções proximal, intermediária e distal que foram fixadas e sofreram processamento histológico usual com posterior colorações em hematoxilina- eosina e tricromico de Masson. Constatamos nestes animais uma placenta de formato discoidal globoso e as membranas fetais constavam de cório-alantóide e âmnio. As médias das medidas dos comprimentos dos funículos umbilicais e das distâncias cefalococcígeas foram de 7,31cm e 14,5 cm respectivamente. Macroscopicamente observamos no funículo umbilical a presença de duas artérias umbilicais, uma veia umbilical, o alantóide, vasos onfalomesentéricos; microscopicamente, observamos que as artérias e veias umbilicais eram musculares, o ducto alantóide era constituído por epitélio bi-estratificado cúbico e, essas estruturas, juntamente com os vasos onfalomesentéricos estavam englobadas pela gelatina de Wharton, também se observou a presença de vasa vasorum. A dissecação dos vasos umbilicais injetados indicou que as veias se localizavam basicamente na periferia da placenta enquanto as artérias ocupavam posição centralizada. / On this research we peform the macroscopic analysis of the umbilical cord and placenta structure, the macroscopic analysis of umbilical cord and placenta valcularization, and analysis with light microscopy of umbilical cords constituents of paca, aiming to increase the knowledge about the reproductive morphology in this species. To achieve that we used nine female pacas, which came from the Wild Animal Sector of the Zootechnology Departament at the Faculty of Agrarian and Veterenary Sciences of Jaboticabal - UNESP -, in early, entermediary and late phases of pregnancy. The animals had their pregnanty uterine horn taken out on surgery. After opening the uterus, we identified the fetal membranes and measured the umbilical cord and the cephalococcyga distance. Than we identified the umbilical cords vessels with were injected with latex (Neoprene®) dyed by specific pigment; after the injections, the vessels were dissected for visualization of the disposition of arteries and veins in the placenta. Three animals were carried out to microscopic analysis of the umbilical cord that , after the collect, was sectioned in proximal, intermediary and distal portions wich were set and than went to an usual histological processing with furthering colorations with hematoxilin-eosin and Masson tricome method. In these animals we noticed a discoid globular placenta, and the fetal membranes were constituted by chorion-alantois and amnion. The averages of the umbilical cords length and the crown-rump distance were 7,31 cm and 14,5 cm respectively. Macroscopically, we noticed the presence of two umbilical cord arteries, one umbilical cord vein, the allantois and onfalomesenteric vessels; microscopically, we noticed that the umbilical cord arteries and veins were muscly, the alantoic duct was formed by a cubic double layer epthelium and this sctructures, together with the onfalomezenteric vessels, were surrounded by the Wharton´s gelatin. The presence of vasa vasorum was also observed. The dissection of the injected umbilical cord vessels pointed that veins were basically placed that the placenta periphery and arteries presented a central position.

Os roedores da sub-ordem histricomorfa, na qual a paca está classificada, apresentam placentação hemocorial e desenvolvem uma estrutura peculiar junto a sua placenta denominada de subplacenta. Apesar dos relatos de sua presença em diversas espécies, as possíveis funções dessa estrutura permanecem no âmbito especulativo, devido às variações na forma, dimensão e localização, bem como à falta de estudos experimentais focalizando essa estrutura placentária. Foram utilizadas oito placentas de pacas obtidas nos períodos médio e final de gestação, para avaliações das organizações e constituições teciduais, relações anatômicas do órgão por meio da microscopia de luz e eletrônica, aliadas às técnicas de citoquímica, imunocitoquímica e perfusões de traçadores para a rede vascular. Os resultados demonstraram que a subplacenta da paca estava localizada no ápice da placenta corioalantoidiana, separada desta por um tecido mesenquimal e inserida na parede uterina em íntimo contato com o tecido materno. A subplacenta consistia de estruturas lamelares com um eixo de tecido mesenquimal fetal sobre o qual apoiavam-se arranjos epiteliais de citotrofoblastos e sinciciotrofoblastos. Nas áreas de interfaces dos perímetros da subplacenta em contato com o tecido materno foram encontradas ainda populações de células trofoblásticas gigantes multinucleadas. Essas células trofoblásticas gigantes e sinciciotrofoblastos citoqueratina positivas foram também encontradas distantes do perímetro da subplacenta, invadindo profundamente o endométrio, que se apresenta totalmente desestruturado, contendo vasos sangüíneos com as paredes infiltradas pelas células trofoblásticas e destituídas de revestimento endotelial, confirmada pela reação vimentina negativa pela imunocitoquímica. Essas localizações de células trofoblásticas apontam para a capacidade invasiva das células trofoblásticas tanto através do leito vascular materno quanto pelos interstícios do estroma endometrial. Verificou-se uma área limítrofe de tecido endometrial decidualizado junto ao miométrio que se mantinha íntegra e que aparentemente conteve a invasividade das células trofoblásticas. Nos espaços interlamelares do interior da subplacenta, em meio ao sinciciotrofoblato, foram encontrados materiais amorfos resultantes da degradação do tecido endometrial retidos durante a progressão e crescimento da placenta para o interior da parede uterina. Nesses espaços, não foram encontrados vasos sangüíneos, porém, no eixo mesenquimal da subplacenta, foram constatados vasos sangüíneos de pequeno calibre, todos vimentina positivos, sugerindo a ausência de vascularização através de sangue materno na subplacenta. Pela localização estratégica, acima da placenta principal e pelos aspectos ultra-estruturais das células citotroblasticas presentes nas lamelas, juntamente com sua intensa marcação pelo PCNA, presume-se que as células da subplacenta possam originar as demais células trofoblásticas, particularmente as sinciciais e as gigantes, ao longo do terço médio da gestação. A vascularização da subplacenta avaliada pela perfusão de látex colorido e pela técnica de corrosão e análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura comprovou a ausência de vasos de origem materna na subplacenta e demonstrou uma irrigação oriunda da artéria fetal que, após capilarização na subplacenta, dirigia-se para os lóbulos da placenta principal. Esta disposição lembra uma circulação do tipo portal, com uma possível recapilarização dos vasos oriundos da subplacenta junto à placenta principal, onde o sangue fetal efetuaria as trocas metabólicas para retornar como sangue oxigenado antes de confluir para a veia fetal no cordão umbilical. / The rodents of suborder hystricomorph, in which is classified the Agouti paca, present hemochorial type placentation and develops an unique structure known as subplacenta. In spite of many report of its presence in several species, the possible functions of this structure related to placenta and pregnancy remains speculative, mainly due to the diversity of form, size, localization and lack of experimental studies focusing such a placental structure. In the present study were used eight placentas collected from paca at midle and end stage of gestation in the aim to evaluate their tissue components and organization, anatomical relation of the organ at light and electron microscopy level, associated with cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques and perfusion of vascular bed. The results showed the subplacenta was localized at apical portion of chorioallantoic placenta of paca, separated from this by mesechimal tissue and inserted in the uterine wall in intimate contact with maternal tissue. The subplacenta consisted of lamellar structures with mesenchimal axis of fetal origin on which, cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblasts layers were organized as epithelial sheets. The interfaces at peripheral portion of subplacenta in contact with maternal tissue were also found populations of multinucleated giant trophoblast cells. These giant cells and syncytiotrophoblast were cytokeratin positives and were found far from the limits of subplacenta, deeply invading the completely damaged endometrium, as did the maternal vessels showing presence of trophoblast cells in their walls devoid of endothelial cells attested by vimentin and cytokeratin immunostaining. These findings suggest the invasive capability of trophoblast cells either through the maternal vascular bed and interstitium of endometrial stroma. However, it was seen a well defined border line of helthy decidualized endometrium near the miometrium that seems to retain the invasive progression of trophoblast cells. In the interlamellar space of subplacenta formed by syncytiotrophoblast, it was found amorphous materials originated from degradation of endometrial tissue retained during the progression and growth of placenta into the uterine wall. In these interlamellar spaces were not found blood vessels, but in the mesenchimal axes were found vimentin positive small vessels, which suggest absence of maternal vascularization inside the subplacenta. The strategical localization of subplacenta upside of chorioallantoic placenta of paca and the ultra structure of cytotrophoblast cells and their strong reaction to PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) supports these subplacental cells could be the source of trophoblast cells, namely the giant and syncytiotrophoblast. The vascularization of subplacenta evaluated by stained latex perfusion and by microvascular casting seen at scaning electron microscopy clearly showed the absence of maternal vascularization in the subplacenta. The blood supply of subplacenta seems to be exclusively from fetal artery whieems after capilarization in the subplacenta flows to the lobules of main placenta. Such a blood flow remind the portal type circulation, being the second capilarization of venous type vessels coming from the subplacenta inside the lobulules of the main placenta, where the fetal blood could make the metabolic changes to return with enough oxygenation level before join to the fetal vein in the umbilical cord.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, São José dos Pinhais, 2010 / Inclui bibliografias / E crescente a demanda dos consumidores por carnes exóticas rovenientes de animais silvestres. Entre as espécies silvestres da América Latina, a paca (Agouti paca) e bastante apreciada pelas características sensoriais de sua carne. Contudo, os dados relati / There is a growing consumer demand for exotic meats from wild animals. Among the wildlife of Latin America, the paca (Agouti paca) has a great appreciation due to the sensory characteristics of their meat. However, data on production and meat quality of p

Muitas espécies de mamíferos selvagens são criadas para produção de carne. No Brasil, a capivara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), a paca (Agouti paca), o cateto (Tayassu tajacu) e a queixada (Tayassu pecari) são criadas comercialmente para este fim, porém são escassas as informações sanitárias a respeito dessas espécies. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo estudar a presença de infecção causada por leptospiras, micobactérias, brucelas e Erysipelothrix spp. em 138 animais dessas quatro espécies, provenientes de nove criadouros e abatidos em estabelecimento com Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Nenhum animal apresentou anticorpos séricos contra brucelas lisas. As capivaras apresentaram a maior freqüência de animais sorologicamente reagentes para leptospiras (54,5%), seguidas das queixadas (39%) e dos catetos (21,7%). O sorovar mais provável mais freqüente para as espécies estudadas foi o Grippotyphosa, seguido do Hardjobovis e do Tarassovi. Das capivaras foram isolados Leptospira santarosai a partir de rim e Mycobacterium xenopi a partir de linfonodo mesentérico. Das queixadas foi isolado Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae a partir de tonsila. Segundo os bancos de dados Scopus, Pubmed e Cab Abstracts (Ovid), trata-se dos primeiros relatos de isolamento de M. xenopi em capivara e de E. rhusiopathiae em queixada. / Many species of wild mammals are raised for meat production. In Brazil, the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), paca (Agouti paca), collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) and the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) are commercially bred, however there is limited sanitary information related to these species. This study aimed to search for the presence of infection caused by Leptospira spp., Mycobacteria spp., Brucella spp. and Erysipelothrix spp. in 138 animals belonging to those species, coming from nine commercial breeders and slaughtered under the Federal Inspection Service. None of these animals presented antibodies against smooth brucellas. The capybaras showed the highest frequency of seropositive animals for leptospirosis (54.4%), followed by the white-lipped peccaries (39%) and the collared peccaries (21.7%). The most frequent serovar was Grippotyphosa, followed by Hardjobovis and Tarassovi. Leptospira santarosai was isolated from the kidneys and Mycobacterium xenopi from the mesenteric lymph nodes of the examined capybaras. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from the tonsils of one white-lipped peccary. According to the data banks Scopus, Pubmed e Cab Abstracts (Ovid), this is the first report of M. xenopi isolation from capybara and of E. rhusiopathiae from white-lipped peccary.