Würzburg, University, Diss., 2002.

Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 1999. / Dateien im PDF-Format. Computerdatei im Fernzugriff.

Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 1999. / Dateien im PDF-Format. Computerdatei im Fernzugriff.

Würzburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 1999. / Dateien im PDF-Format.

A significant relatedness is of fundamental importance for the evolution and maintenance of social life (kin selection theory, Hamilton 1964a,b). Not only kin selection itself, but also more complex evolutionary theories make predictions on the occurrence of conflict and co-operation in animal societies. They all depend on the genetic relationships among individuals. Therefore, the study of unrelated, co-operating individuals provides a unique opportunity to critically test predictions based on these evolutionary theories. Using allozyme electrophoresis, the study species Pachycondyla villosa was found to represent three different species. Young queens in one of these species, provisionally called Pachycondyla cf. inversa, may co-operate during colony founding (pleometrosis). Approximately 50 per cent of all founding colonies collected near Itabuna, Brazil, consisted of two to five founding queens. Queens of P. cf. inversa have to forage for food (semi-claustral founding), and in founding associations only one queen specialised for this risky task. A microsatellite study showed that nestmate queens were typically not related. How can a division of labour be achieved, where one individual performs risky tasks to the favour of another individual to which it is not related? In contrast to the predictions made by group selectionists, this study provided clear evidence that the division of labour among co-foundresses of P. cf. inversa results from social competition: Co-foundresses displayed aggressive interactions and formed dominance hierarchies which predominantly served to force subordinates to forage. The frequency of queen antagonism increased with the duration since food was last added to the foraging arena. The social status was not, or only weakly associated with the reproductive status: As predicted by the reproductive skew theory, all foundresses laid eggs at similar rates, though the subordinate may be harassed during egg laying and occasionally, some of her eggs may be eaten by the dominant. The differential oophagy presumably was also reflected in a microsatellite study of foundress associations, which was conducted shortly after the first workers emerged: Here, the co-foundresses occasionally contributed unequally to the colony’s workers. Conflicts among workers or between workers and queens, e.g. over the division of labour or sex ratio, strongly depend on the genetic relationships among members of a colony. The number of two to five co-founding queens in polygynous colonies of P. cf. inversa, and the lack of relatedness among them, should lead to a decrease in the relatedness of workers. However, nestmate workers were closely related. Furthermore, worker relatedness may decrease as several queens were found to be multiply inseminated. Inbreeding coefficients were significantly different from zero in both queens and workers. No evidence for a geographical substructuring of the population was found. The deviation from random mating presumably was probably due to small, localised nuptial flights. Virgin queens do not mate near their natal nest and disperse before founding colonies. The analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons obtained from live queens revealed consistent differences between the patterns of cuticular hydrocarbons of queens with high vs. low rank: only high-ranking queens showed considerable amounts of cuticular pentadecane (n-C15) and heptadecene (n-C17:1). The presence of the two substances apparently was not associated with reproductive status. It is not yet known, if the two substances indeed serve to communicate high social status in P. cf. inversa. In experimentally assembled associations of two founding queens, queens engaged in aggressive interactions which already within one to twenty minutes resulted in stable dominance hierarchies. The queens attacking first usually won the contest and became dominant. Nest ownership at least for a couple of days did not influence the outcome of dominance interactions in the laboratory experiments, whereas queen body size apparently played an important role: In all eight trials, the larger queen became dominant. However, dominant queens from natural foundress associations were on average not larger than subordinates, suggesting that in the field, resident asymmetries might override size asymmetries only after a more prolonged period of nest ownership. Sequencing of the COI/COII region of mitochondrial DNA displayed sufficient variability for the study of the sociogenetic structure of the secondarily polygynous ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis: Six different haplotypes could be distinguished among six workers of different colonies from one study population in Costa Rica. The variability of other methods which were established (RFLPs, microsatellites, allozymes, and multilocus DNA fingerprinting) was too low for a further study on the genetic structure in P. obscuricornis. / Die Verwandtschaft zwischen Individuen ist von fundamentaler Bedeutung für die Entstehung und Erhaltung sozialen Lebens (Verwandtenselektionstheorie, Hamilton 1964a,b). Nicht nur die Verwandtenselektionstheorie, sondern auch darauf aufbauende Modelle, die Vorhersagen über das Auftreten von Kooperation und Konflikten treffen, basieren auf den genetischen Beziehungen zwischen Individuen. Die Untersuchung von unverwandten, kooperierenden Individuen stellt somit eine einzigartige Möglichkeit dar, Vorhersagen dieser grundlegenden evolutionsbiologischen Modelle kritisch zu überprüfen. Mit Hilfe der Allozym-Elektrophorese wurde die neotropische Ameise Pachycondyla villosa in drei verschiedene Arten aufgeteilt. Bei einer dieser Arten, vorläufig als Pachycondyla cf. inversa bezeichnet, können Jungköniginnen nach dem Hochzeitsflug bei der Koloniegründung kooperieren. Die Hälfte aller Gründungs-kolonien, die in der Nähe von Itabuna, Bahia, in Brasilien gesammelt wurden, enthielten zwischen zwei und fünf Königinnen. P. cf. inversa Königinnen müssen in der Koloniegründungsphase auf Futtersuche gehen, wobei sich in Gründungsassoziationen immer eine Königin auf diese gefährliche Tätigkeit spezialisierte. Eine genetische Analyse von kooperierenden Königinnen mittels Mikrosatelliten konnte zeigen, dass diese nicht miteinander verwandt sind. Wie kann es zu einer Arbeitsteilung zwischen unverwandten Tieren kommen, bei denen ein Individuum sich zum Vorteil eines anderen verhält, mit dem es nicht verwandt ist? Im Unterschied zu Vorhersagen von Gruppenselektionisten, konnte in dieser Studie gezeigt werden, dass die Arbeitsteilung bei kooperierenden Königinnen auf Konkurrenz basiert: Aggressive Interaktionen führten zu der Ausbildung von Dominanzhierarchien, die vor allem die Arbeitsteilung beeinflussten. Dominante Individuen zwangen unterlegene, auf Futtersuche zu gehen. Der soziale Status eines Individuums war nicht, bzw. nur geringfügig mit dem reproduktiven Status assoziiert: Wie von der „reproductive skew“ Theorie postuliert, legten in den einzelnen Kolonien alle Gründungsköniginnen zu gleichen Anteilen Eier. Allerdings wurden unterlegene Tiere auch während der Eiablage attackiert, und in einigen Fällen wurden die Eier der unterlegenen Königin gefressen. Dieser selektive Eifraß spiegelte sich auch in einer Analyse der Genotypen von Arbeiterinnen und Königinnen mittels Mikrosatelliten wieder, die kurz nach dem Schlüpfen der ersten Arbeiterinnen durchgeführt wurde: In einigen Fällen produzierten kooperierende Königinnen eine unterschiedliche Anzahl von Nachkommen (Arbeiterinnen). Konflikte zwischen Arbeiterinnen oder zwischen Arbeiterinnen und Königinnen, z.B. über Arbeitsteilung bei den Arbeiterinnen oder die sex ratio, basieren auf den genetischen Beziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Individuen einer Kolonie. In P. cf. inversa müsste es durch die Anzahl von zwei bis fünf Königinnen in Gründungsassoziationen und deren fehlender Verwandtschaft zu einer ausgeprägten Reduktion des Verwandtschaftsgrades zwischen Arbeiterinnen kommen. Allerdings waren Arbeiterinnen recht eng miteinander verwandt. Zu einer Reduktion des Verwandtschaftsgrades zwischen Arbeiterinnen (in diesem Fall sogar innerhalb einzelner Matrilinien) führte außerdem, dass einzelne Königinnen mehrfach verpaart waren. In dieser Studie konnte ebenfalls gezeigt werden, dass die Inzuchtkoeffizienten (berechnet aus den Allelfrequenzen aus Königinnen und Arbeiterinnen) signifikant von Null unterschiedlich waren, wobei eine geographische Substrukturierung, Wahlund Effekte, oder Null-Allele als mögliche Ursachen ausgeschlossen wurden. Die positiven Inzuchtkoeffizienten sind wahrscheinlich eine Konsequenz von kleinen, örtlich begrenzten Paarungsflügen. Königinnen verpaaren sich dabei nicht in der Nähe des Mutternestes. Die Analyse kutikulärer Kohlenwasserstoffe lebender Königinnen zeigte eindeutige Unterschiede zwischen dominanten und unterlegenen Königinnen aus Gründungs-assoziationen von P. cf. inversa. Nur die Kutikula hochrangiger Königinnen wies größere Mengen an zwei Substanzen, Pentadecan (n-C15) und Heptadecen (n-C17:1), auf. Das Vorhandensein dieser Substanzen war dabei nicht vom reproduktiven Status des Tieres abhängig. Es konnte bislang noch nicht geklärt werden, ob die beiden Substanzen tatsächlich einen hohen sozialen Status mitteilen. In Kolonien, bei denen experimentell zwei Königinnen von P. cf. inversa zusammengesetzt wurden, kam es zu heftigen aggressiven Interaktionen. Innerhalb von 1 bis 20 Minuten waren stabile Dominanzverhältnisse erkennbar. Die Königin, die mit der ersten Attacke begonnen hatte, wurde das dominante Tier. Für die Ausbildung der Dominanzhierarchie spielte es keine Rolle, ob ein Individuum schon einige Tage länger in dem Nest war als das andere. Vielmehr war die Größe der Königinnen wichtig: in allen acht Versuchen wurde immer die größere dominant. Allerdings waren dominante Königinnen aus natürlichen Kolonien nicht signifikant größer als unterlegene. Im Freiland ist wahrscheinlich der Besitz eines Nestes für den Ausgang von Dominanzinteraktionen wichtiger als die Körpergröße der Königinnen. So könnten Königinnen, die bereits über einen längeren Zeitraum ein Nest bewohnen, dominant über neuankommende, frisch vermählte Weibchen werden. Für die Untersuchung der soziogenetischen Struktur einer sekundär polygynen Ameisenart, Pachycondyla obscuricornis, erwiesen sich Sequenzen mitochondrialer DNA (COI/COII) als ausreichend variabel: Sechs unterschiedliche Haplotypen konnten bei sechs Arbeiterinnen aus unterschiedlichen Kolonien einer Population unterschieden werden. Alle anderen Methoden, die für diese Art innerhalb dieser Doktorarbeit etabliert wurden (RFLPs, Mikrosatelliten-Analysen, Multilocus DNA Fingerprinting und Allozym-Elektrophorese) waren für eine weitere Untersuchung nicht ausreichend variabel.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-03-31T16:39:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3752075 bytes, checksum: 6be8efd4925be2cc35a5aacd2b24e303 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T16:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3752075 bytes, checksum: 6be8efd4925be2cc35a5aacd2b24e303 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Com o objetivo de avaliar a contribuição dos cromossomos no conhecimento dos processos evolutivos em Formicidae, foram realizados estudos citogenéticos em diferentes espécies neotropicais e analisadas informações relativas a citotaxonomia, evolução do cariótipo e padrões de especiação de formigas, focalizando as relações que existem entre a citogenética e a biogeografia. Ênfase foi dada em grupos pertencentes às subfamílias Formicinae (gênero Camponotus) e Ponerinae (gêneros Typhlomyrmex e Pachycondyla). Os resultados contribuíram para uma análise global (focalizando evolução e citogenética), sucessivamente, dos referidos gêneros, da tribo Ponerini, de diversas subfamílias e da família Formicidae no seu conjunto. As espécies dos gêneros Typhlomyrmex e Pachycondyla foram coletadas nos estados da Bahia, Minas Gerais e São Paulo no Brasil, e em duas localidades na Guiana Francesa. A técnica empregada de coloração convencional proporcionou a caracterização numérica e morfológica dos cariótipos, que variaram de 2n=12-100. Foram analisadas, entre outros caracteres, a variação de número máximo e mínimo de cromossomos/gênero, as relações entre o número de cromossomos metacêntricos (M) e acrocêntricos (A) e a direção da evolução cariotípica. No gênero Camponotus, a evolução do cariótipo segue dois tipos de ciclos de rearranjos cromossômicos: ciclo de inversão-fusão e ciclo de fissão-inversão. A variação cariotípica encontrada em diferentes populações de Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi sugere a ocorrência de um modelo clinal, seguindo portanto um padrão biogeográfico clássico normalmente utilizado para descrever variações em caracteres morfológicos ou de coloração. Dentro dos agrupamentos propostos para as espécies de Pachycondyla, o grupo Pachycondyla (Pachycondyla) tem as espécies com os mais elevados números cromossômicos, com cromossomos bem pequenos, e na sua maioria, acrocêntricos. As espécies-irmãs Pachycondyla crenata e P. mesonotalis devem ter sofrido um processo de especiação no qual a alteração morfológica não acompanhou a alteração cariotípica, com cariótipos divergindo apenas na morfologia de um par de cromossomos, e onde a especiação traduz certamente uma adaptação divergente de nicho ecológico. Por isso, ambas são freqüentemente observadas em simpatria hoje. Esses resultados permitiram propor uma nova hipótese para a evolução do cariótipo em Formicidae baseando-se em conceitos da biogeografia e nas particularidades biológicas desta família de insetos sociais, onde o ponto central é a discussão da importância da estrutura cromossômica do genoma no processo de diferenciação dos taxa em diversas situações nesta família. Com relação à evolução cariotípica da família Formicidae concordamos com a teoria proposta por Imai e colaboradores de que seja muito provável que o cariótipo ancestral dos formicídeos seja composto por um número baixo de cromossomos. Durante o processo evolutivo, este cariótipo sofreu diferentes tipos de ciclos de rearranjos, dos quais as fissões cêntricas e as inversões pericêntricas foram os mais freqüentes. A evolução cariotípica não apresenta um único padrão para todas as subfamílias. Há gêneros com espécies que apresentam cariótipos uniformes e outros muito diversos cariotipicamente. O grau de diversidade cariotípica é mais elevado nas espécies das subfamílias consideradas filogeneticamente mais primitivas (Myrmeciinae e Ponerinae) e diminui nos grupos considerados mais derivados (Atta e Acromyrmex) e também naqueles que sofreram ampla radiação (Camponotus e Pheidole). Entre as Ponerinae, existe certamente um número maior do que se imaginava de espécies crípticas de Pachycondyla que se encontram com freqüência em simpatria. Alterações cromossômicas têm importância nos processos de especiação, atuando como um mecanismo de isolamento reprodutivo ou quando os rearranjos, ao alterar a morfologia dos cromossomos e, conseqüentemente, a localização dos genes no genoma, alteram também sua expressão. Os estudos citogenéticos são de fundamental importância no entendimento dos processos evolutivos em formigas, em particular dos eventos que levam à diferenciação de novos taxa. / To evaluate the contribution of chromosomal structure to the knowledge of the evolutionary processes among the Formicidae, cytogenetic studies on several neotropical ant species were carried out together with analysis of information relative to cytotaxonomy, karyotype evolution and patterns of ant speciation, focusing on the links which exist between cytogenetics and biogeography. Emphasis was given to some groups belonging to the Formicinae (genus Camponotus) and Ponerinae (genera Typhlomyrmex and Pachycondyla) subfamilies. The results were used for a general analysis (focusing on evolution and cytogenetics), successively, of the referred genera, of the tribe Ponerini, of several subfamilies and of Formicidae family as a whole. Species of the genera Typhlomyrmex e Pachycondyla were collected in the states of Bahia, Minas Gerais and São Paulo, Brazil, and in two localities of French Guyana. The staining conventional technique was applied for numerical and morphological characterization of the karyotypes, which varied from 2n=12-100. It was analyzed, among other characteristics, the variation between the minimum and maximum numbers of chromosomes per genus, the relation between the number of metacentric (M) and acrocentric (A) chromosomes and the sense of the karyotypical evolution. In Camponotus, the evolution follows two types of cycles of chromosomal rearrangements: cycle of inversion-fusion and cycle of fusion-inversion. The karyotypical variation which was found in different populations of Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi suggests the occurrence of a clinal phenomenon, which thus follows a classical biogeographic pattern normally used to explain variations on morphological or color characters. Among the groupings suggested for the Pachycondyla species, the group Pachycondyla (Pachycondyla) has the species with the higher, and generally acrocentric, chromosome numbers, all of very small sizes. The sister-species Pachycondyla crenata and P. mesonotalis have certainly suffered a speciation process in which the morphological modifications did not follow that of the karyotypes, with their karyotypes divergent only by the morphology of one chromosome pair, and where the speciation translate certainly a divergent adaptation to the ecological niche. For that reason, both are frequently found in sympatry today. These results allowed to formulate a new hypothesis for the evolution of the karyotype in Formicidae, based on biogeographic concepts and on the biological particularities of this family of social insects, where the main point is the discussion about the importance of the chromosomal structure of the genome in taxa differentiation process in distinguished situations in the family. Concerning the karyotypical evolution of the Formicidae family, we agree with the theory formulated by Imai and collaborators in which it is highly probable that a small chromosome number compounded the ancestral karyotype of ants. During the evolutionary process, this karyotype suffered different sorts of cycles of rearrangements where centric fission and pericentric inversion were most frequent. The evolution of the karyotype does not show a unique pattern for the all subfamilies. There are genera that show uniform karyotypes and others very diverse for this point of view. The degree of karyotypical diversity is higher in subfamilies considered as more primitive phylogenetically (Myrmeciinae and Ponerinae) and decreases in the groups seen as more derived (Atta and Acromyrmex), as well as in those which suffered a large radiation (Camponotus and Pheidole). Among the Ponerinae, there are certainly a larger number of cryptic Pachycondyla than imagined until now, and frequently in sympatric situation. Chromosomal alterations are important in the speciation process, acting as reproductive isolation mechanisms or when the rearrangements, which cause chromosome morphology alteration and, consequently, of the genes localization in the genome, change their expression too. Cytogenetic studies are fundamentally important to understand the evolution processes among ants, and the events that originate new taxa differentiation. / Não foi localizado o cpf do autor.

The ant Pachycondyla analis (formerly Megaponera foetens, commonly known as the Matabele ant) is a widespread ponerine in sub-Saharan Africa. It feeds solely on termites of economic importance belonging to the sub-family Macrotermitinae. These termites are captured during organised raids on their nests and galleries. Previous studies mostly concentrated on certain aspects of the raiding behaviour and trail laying pheromones in this species. Thus the detailed raiding behaviour and chemically-mediated communication between P. analis and its prey are virtually unknown. The aim of this study was to undertake detailed behavioural studies on termite raiding behaviour of P. analis, and to investigate whether P. analis uses olfactory cues for intra-specific communication during termite raids, and for detecting its prey. Termite raiding behaviour of P. analis was monitored at Mpala, a Kenyan savannah for six months (April to September, 2007). During this period, raids were found to occur mainly in the mornings and evenings, with late night raids occurring during dry periods. P. analis at Mpala mainly nests under rocks and in deserted termite mounds. Microtermes and Odontotermes were the main preyed termite genera, and ant raiding behaviour was synchronised with termite prey behaviour, and was influenced by foraging costs, prey defences and rewards. Olfactometric assays showed that P. analis workers used olfactory cues in their intra-specific chemical communication, with workers responding more to volatiles of individuals of the same size class (major to major and minor to minor) than between groups. Major workers discriminated more between the volatiles of the two groups than minor workers. GC-MS analysis of volatiles from major and minor workers revealed a cocktail of 48 compounds, majority of which were hydrocarbons. Volatile compounds were colony specific and quantitative analysis showed that major and minor workers alone released 2.5 fold more volatiles than the mixed stages. This suggests that ants have the innate ability to regulate the levels of the colony odour which they make up for with higher release levels when separated from each other. Using a Mandible Opening Response (MOR) bioassay, ants were able to distinguish between nestmates and non-nestmates based on cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. This suggests that P. analis uses CHCs as short range contact recognition cues within the nest in traditional nest protection and during raids on termite species. GC-MS analyses revealed hydrocarbons of chain lengths in the range C8-C31 in the CHC profiles, comprising mainly alkanes, alkenes and methyl-branched alkanes. The CHCs were colony and individual worker specific. Nestmate recognition in P. analis may be encoded in the alkenes and methyl-branched alkanes. Dual choice olfactometric assays revealed that P. analis uses olfactory cues in locating potential termite sources with an average of 65% of workers choosing odours against the blank (clean air). When termite odours were offered to both major and minor workers, their choices were biased towards the termite odours, with minor workers attracted more to the odours than were major workers. Although ants responded to odours from the soil obtained for the termite gallery, overall, odours from termites inside their galleries were the most attractive to ants. These results suggest that the combined odours from both the termites and gallery components (in particular soil), serves as an effective nest location cue for the ants. Comparative GC-MS analyses showed that the composition of the volatiles from the gallery soil was richer than that released by the termites. Consistent with previous studies, the volatiles of the gallery soil were found to contain hydrocarbons, naphthalene and derivatives of this compound. In conclusion, these studies have revealed the rich diversity of chemical communication cues used by this ant species for nestmate recognition and for prey location during raids in search for its food source. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Moreira Carvalho de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T09:19:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bottcher_Claudia_D.pdf: 2277526 bytes, checksum: fd9c885535eb1d45ead71daf14f43c8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A grande quantidade de frutos carnosos e a diversidade e abundância de formigas em ambientes tropicais faz com que a interação entre formigas e diásporos seja bastante comum. Atualmente sabe-se que estas interações envolvem dezenas de espécies de plantas e formigas em uma comunidade ecológica. Dentre as espécies da fauna de formigas que interagem com diásporos, Pachycondyla striata e Odontomachus chelifer destacam-se como dispersores de sementes caídas no solo e as características físicas e químicas de seus ninhos freqüentemente promovem o estabelecimento de plântulas. Contudo, apesar da reconhecida importância dessas formigas para algumas espécies de plantas, nada se sabe sobre a influência desses diásporos no desenvolvimento e reprodução de suas colônias. Com base nesse cenário, esta tese foi dividida em duas partes relacionadas. Na primeira parte, Capítulo I, investigamos as interações entre formigas e diásporos não-mirmecocóricos em três diferentes fisionomias florestais da Ilha do Cardoso (restinga, planície e encosta), sudeste do Brasil. Durante dois anos de amostras mensais 517 interações envolvendo 53 espécies de formigas e 48 espécies de diásporos foram observadas. A maior parte das interações ocorreu em floresta de planície (54.62%), e menos da metade ocorreu nas demais áreas, encosta (31.33%) e restinga (14.06%). Myrmicinae teve o maior número de espécies em interação (39 espécies), totalizando 436 interações (82.20%). Seis espécies da subfamília Ponerinae foram responsáveis por 33 interações (6,4%). Myrtaceae foi a família de planta mais numerosa nas interações (14 espécies). Na segunda parte da tese, capítulos II e III, foi dado ênfase às duas espécies de formigas da subfamília Ponerinae (Pachycondyla striata e Odontomachus chelifer) onde investigamos a importância dos frutos na ecologia de forrageamento e desenvolvimento das colônias. No capítulo II nós estudamos como a estrutura dos ninhos, demografia das colônias, ritmo diário de atividades, dieta e área de vida dessas espécies variam espacial e sazonalmente em restinga e planície. Operárias de O. chelifer e de P. striata caçam de modo oportunista incluindo uma ampla variedade de itens alimentares, forrageando mais intensamente no período úmido quando alados são mais abundantes e as condições ambientais são mais favoráveis. A atividade de forrageamento apresentou variação entre as espécies de formigas, o que poderia ser associada com fatores físicos e disponibilidade de alimentos, mostrando que o comportamento de forrageamento de O. chelifer e P. striata corresponde a variabilidade temporal e espacial da Mata Atlântica. Para testar a hipótese de que o consumo de diásporos não-mirmecocóricos beneficiaria colônias de formigas, no Capítulo III nós testamos o efeito do consumo de sementes de C. canjerana, com arilos ricos em lipídeos, em colônias de O. chelifer sob condições controladas em laboratório. Constatamos que larvas de formigas alimentadas com diásporos de C. canjerana foram em média maiores e se desenvolveram melhor que larvas controle. Em conclusão, os resultados desta tese reforçam a importância da dispersão secundária por formigas para sementes primariamente dispersas por vertebrados. Os dados evidenciam também a importância do estudo da ecologia de forrageamento e da influência do consumo de frutos na sobrevivência e crescimento de colônias de formigas. / Abstract: The large number of fleshy fruits and the diversity and abundance of ants in tropical environments makes the ant-diaspore interaction very common. Currently it is known that these interactions involve a large number of plants and ants species in an ecological community. Among the ant species interacting with diaspores, Pachycondyla striata and Odontomachus chelifer stand out as main dispersers of seeds encountered on the forest ground. Moreover, the physical and chemical characteristics of their nests often promote the establishment of seedlings. However, despite the recognized importance of these ants for some species of plants, nothing is known about the influence of the consumption of fleshy diaspores in the development and reproduction of the ant colonies. Based on this scenario, this thesis was divided into two related parts. In the first part, Chapter I, we investigated the interactions between ants and nonmyrmecochorous diaspores in three different physiognomic forest of Cardoso Island (sandy, lowland and hillside), southeastern Brazil. During two years of monthly samples 517 interactions involving 53 ant species and 48 species of seeds were observed. Most interactions occurred in lowland Forest (54.62%), and less than half occurred in the two other areas, hillside (31.33%) and sandy Forest (14.06%). Myrmicinae had the highest species number in interaction (39 species), totaling 436 interactions (82.20%). The six species of the Ponerinae subfamily were observed exploring diaspores accounted for 33 interactions (6.4%). Myrtaceae was the most numerous plant family in interactions (14 species). In the second part of this thesis, Chapter II and III, we emphasized two species of Ponerinae (Pachycondyla striata and Odontomachus chelifer), investigating the importance of fruits in their foraging ecology and the development of their colonies. In Chapter II we studied how nest structure, colonies demography, daily activities, diet and home range of these two species vary spatially and seasonally in sandy and lowland forest. Odontomachus chelifer and Pachycondyla striata workers hunt opportunistically including a wide variety of food items. They forage more intensively during the wet season when alates are more abundant and environmental conditions are more favorable. The foraging activity showed variation among the ant species, which could be associated with physical factors and food availability, showing that the foraging behavior of O. chelifer and P. striata correspond to temporal and spatial variability of the Atlantic Forest. To test the hypothesis that the consumption of non-myrmecochorous diaspores benefit ant colonies, in Chapter III we tested the effect of consumption of seeds of Cabralea canjerana, with lipid-rich arils, in colonies of O. chelifer under controlled laboratory conditions. We found that ant larvae fed with diaspores of C. canjerana were on average larger and grew better than control larvae. In conclusion, the data presented here reinforce the importance of secondary dispersal by ants for seeds primarily dispersed by vertebrates. Our results also indicate the importance of studying the foraging ecology and the influence of fruit consumption on survival and growth of colonies of ants. / Doutorado / Ecologia / Doutor em Ecologia