Migrating from a wired to a wireless implementation for communication system used in industrial applications is a logical move to avoid the many shortcomings associated with wires. When operated under harsh environments, those wires can break and could cause not only damage to the system but also endanger human lives. However, it is not well documented how well a wireless protocol can work under such harsh industrial environments. This thesis attempts to answer this research question in the point of view of gauging the performance of a wireless protocol under the influence of electromagnetic noise. More specifically, the type of noise signal that is the focus of this investigation is the random, pulsed type (e.g., discharges caused by sparking) that creates a hyperbolic broadband disturbance in the frequency domain. Consequently, a fractal noise model is used to study noise of this nature. The steps toward achieving this goal include: requirements gathering, wireless technology selection; noise modelling and synthesis; real noise capture and analysis to validate the chosen noise model; high-frequency fractal noise emulation in hardware; the use of a novel noise injection method for empirical work; and the conducting of a controlled synthetic noise-to-wireless node performance evaluation to obtain performance measure in the form of packet error rate (PER). Performance data in terms of PER versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for various nodes separation have been collected. There were three significant findings: the obtained performance curves follow the standard 'S' trend; for a specific desired reliability (denoted by a certain PER), the SNR at the transmitter needs to be boosted as the correlation of the noise being present increases; and the maximum distance between nodes separation for a certain reliability to be achieved depends exponentially with the transmitter‟s SNR. The relationship in the third finding assists in placement of wireless nodes, which in turn can determine the minimum amount of wireless nodes required for an industrial system to reach the desired system reliability, thus boasting network cost saving.

Migrating from a wired to a wireless implementation for communication system used in industrial applications is a logical move to avoid the many shortcomings associated with wires. When operated under harsh environments, those wires can break and could cause not only damage to the system but also endanger human lives. However, it is not well documented how well a wireless protocol can work under such harsh industrial environments. This thesis attempts to answer this research question in the point of view of gauging the performance of a wireless protocol under the influence of electromagnetic noise. More specifically, the type of noise signal that is the focus of this investigation is the random, pulsed type (e.g., discharges caused by sparking) that creates a hyperbolic broadband disturbance in the frequency domain. Consequently, a fractal noise model is used to study noise of this nature. The steps toward achieving this goal include: requirements gathering, wireless technology selection; noise modelling and synthesis; real noise capture and analysis to validate the chosen noise model; high-frequency fractal noise emulation in hardware; the use of a novel noise injection method for empirical work; and the conducting of a controlled synthetic noise-to-wireless node performance evaluation to obtain performance measure in the form of packet error rate (PER). Performance data in terms of PER versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for various nodes separation have been collected. There were three significant findings: the obtained performance curves follow the standard 'S' trend; for a specific desired reliability (denoted by a certain PER), the SNR at the transmitter needs to be boosted as the correlation of the noise being present increases; and the maximum distance between nodes separation for a certain reliability to be achieved depends exponentially with the transmitter‟s SNR. The relationship in the third finding assists in placement of wireless nodes, which in turn can determine the minimum amount of wireless nodes required for an industrial system to reach the desired system reliability, thus boasting network cost saving.

<p>This thesis work started with an extensive literature study in several areas, ZigBee, instruments and measuring methods. The knowledge was implemented in use with the ZigBee modules from the two manufacturers ITN and Chipcon along with ZigBee Software Stack. Measuring methods were developed and software in ZigBee software Stack was developed to use in the ZigBee modules for the measurements. Developing measurement methods and performing measurements was an iterative process for the different measurements. The aim was to characterize the ZigBee modules in the most important areas during the extent of this master thesis work.</p>

This thesis work started with an extensive literature study in several areas, ZigBee, instruments and measuring methods. The knowledge was implemented in use with the ZigBee modules from the two manufacturers ITN and Chipcon along with ZigBee Software Stack. Measuring methods were developed and software in ZigBee software Stack was developed to use in the ZigBee modules for the measurements. Developing measurement methods and performing measurements was an iterative process for the different measurements. The aim was to characterize the ZigBee modules in the most important areas during the extent of this master thesis work.

Este trabalho concentra-se no aumento da robustez à taxa de erros em redes de sensores sem fio industriais (RSSFI). Para alcançar tal objetivo, é preciso, de algum modo, contornar os problemas intrínsecos da comunicação sem fio, que são, o ruído ambiental, interferências e desvanecimento por multipercurso. O multipercurso pode ser considerado um dos principais fatores que tornam as comunicações nas redes de sensores sem fio (RSSF) um verdadeiro desafio quando comparadas com outros meios, como a transmissão em fibra óptica, cabo ou mesmo transmissões de rádio ponto-a-ponto. Nesse sentido, propõe-se a diversidade de antenas como uma solução para minimizar os efeitos do multicaminho, com o objetivo de melhorar a confiabilidade do enlace de rádio para permitir o emprego de RSSF densas. O potencial da diversidade de antenas em RSSF não está totalmente explorado em aplicações industriais. Esta dissertação apresenta ainda, a técnica “Combinação de seleção” para RSSFI através de um algoritmo que seleciona a porta do receptor que apresenta o melhor indicador de qualidade de enlace e realiza a comutação das antenas nos módulos de rádio. Os resultados são analisados para dois tipos de enlaces, isto é, com e sem diversidade de antenas na recepção, e discute-se opções para melhorar o PER (“Packet Error Rate”) com as atuais técnicas de diversidade. / This work concentrates on the increase of reliability and robustness in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs), decreasing the Packet Error Rate (PER). To achieve this objective, is need to somehow circumvent and reduce the underlying problems of wireless communication, which are: environmental noise, interference, and multipath fading. The multipath can be seen as the main factor which becomes the communications in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) a real challenge when compared to other types of means such as a transmission in fiber, cable or even point-to-point radio transmissions. In this sense, it is proposed antenna diversity as solution to reduce these effects, with the aim to improve the reliability of the radio link to allow the use of dense WSNs. The potential of antenna diversity in WSN is not fully exploited in industrial applications. In this sense, this dissertation presents the "Combination of selection" technique for IWSNs through an internal algorithm that selects the receiver port that has the highest LQI ("Link Quality Indicator") and performs an antenna switching in the radio modules. Also, options to improve PER using diversity techniques are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VICTOR ISHIZUCA TELES.pdf: 2209340 bytes, checksum: eade76b90d01487ba8c4f5e2b7226ad0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-10 / The objective of this work is to experimentally evaluate how physical impairments on the network can affect the performance of IP applications. Especially This work encompasses the analysis of the cross-layer effect caused by all-optical wavelength converters in the video signal. For this purpose, it was evaluated the packet error rate degradationcaused by physical layer parameters. Such analysis was made for a video signal propagation through the KyaTera Network, followed by an all optical wavelength conversion. The experimental results allowed concluding that converted signals separated by up to 1.5 THz from the original signal may experience 2.1-dB penalty. This fact indicates that for each wavelength conversion the signal propagation range will be reduced in 10 km (Considering an attenuation of 0.2 dB/km in the transmission fibers). It was also verified that the presence of the all-optical wavelength converter in the network implies a 16-dB power penalty. For this reason the wavelength conversion is a viable option for cases where the propagation distance for the unconverted signal is larger than 80 km. Results indicate the existence of a strong relation between the packet error rate and the degradation of the optical signal-noise ratio caused by the mentioned converter. It was not found any reference in the literature of any work with this type of characterization. Additionally, experiments to emulate the degradation of the video signals transmitted through links with a cascade of optical amplifiers were also performed. The results indicate that the packet error rate is related not only with optical signal-noise ratio, but also with the received signal power. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar experimentalmente como impedimentos f?sicos de redes ?pticas afetam o desempenho de aplica??es IP. Em especial, esse trabalho compreendeu a an?lise do efeito de cross-layer causado por conversores de comprimento de onda totalmente ?pticos em sinais de v?deo. Para isso avaliou-se a degrada??o da taxa de erro de pacotes em fun??o de par?metros da camada f?sica. Essa an?lise foi feita para uma propaga??o do sinal de v?deo pela Rede KyaTera, seguida de uma convers?o de comprimentos de onda totalmente ?ptica. Os resultados experimentais permitiram concluir que sinais convertidos, separados do sinal original por at? 1,5 THz, sofrem uma penalidade m?dia de pot?ncia de 2,1 dB. Este fato indica que para cada convers?o que o sinal sofrer o seu alcance ser? reduzido em aproximadamente 10 km (admitindo-se uma atenua??o de 0,2 dB/km nas fibras da rede). Concluiu-se tamb?m que a presen?a do conversor de comprimentos de onda na rede implica em uma penalidade de 16 dB. Este fato torna a convers?o de comprimentos de onda uma op??o vi?vel para os casos nos quais o sinal n?o convertido tenha de ser propagado por uma dist?ncia superior a 80 km. Os resultados obtidos indicam que existe uma forte correla??o entre a taxa de erro de pacotes da transmiss?o do sinal de v?deo e a degrada??o da raz?o sinal-ru?do ?ptica imposta pelo referido conversor. N?o foi encontrada nenhuma refer?ncia na literatura de qualquer trabalho que fizesse uma caracteriza??o desta maneira. Adicionalmente tamb?m foram realizados experimentos para emular a degrada??o de sinais de v?deo transmitidos por enlaces com uma cascata de amplificadores ?pticos. Os resultados deste experimento indicam que a taxa de erro de pacotes est? relacionada n?o apenas com a raz?o sinal-ru?do ?ptica, mas tamb?m com a pot?ncia do sinal no receptor.

Este trabalho concentra-se no aumento da robustez à taxa de erros em redes de sensores sem fio industriais (RSSFI). Para alcançar tal objetivo, é preciso, de algum modo, contornar os problemas intrínsecos da comunicação sem fio, que são, o ruído ambiental, interferências e desvanecimento por multipercurso. O multipercurso pode ser considerado um dos principais fatores que tornam as comunicações nas redes de sensores sem fio (RSSF) um verdadeiro desafio quando comparadas com outros meios, como a transmissão em fibra óptica, cabo ou mesmo transmissões de rádio ponto-a-ponto. Nesse sentido, propõe-se a diversidade de antenas como uma solução para minimizar os efeitos do multicaminho, com o objetivo de melhorar a confiabilidade do enlace de rádio para permitir o emprego de RSSF densas. O potencial da diversidade de antenas em RSSF não está totalmente explorado em aplicações industriais. Esta dissertação apresenta ainda, a técnica “Combinação de seleção” para RSSFI através de um algoritmo que seleciona a porta do receptor que apresenta o melhor indicador de qualidade de enlace e realiza a comutação das antenas nos módulos de rádio. Os resultados são analisados para dois tipos de enlaces, isto é, com e sem diversidade de antenas na recepção, e discute-se opções para melhorar o PER (“Packet Error Rate”) com as atuais técnicas de diversidade. / This work concentrates on the increase of reliability and robustness in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs), decreasing the Packet Error Rate (PER). To achieve this objective, is need to somehow circumvent and reduce the underlying problems of wireless communication, which are: environmental noise, interference, and multipath fading. The multipath can be seen as the main factor which becomes the communications in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) a real challenge when compared to other types of means such as a transmission in fiber, cable or even point-to-point radio transmissions. In this sense, it is proposed antenna diversity as solution to reduce these effects, with the aim to improve the reliability of the radio link to allow the use of dense WSNs. The potential of antenna diversity in WSN is not fully exploited in industrial applications. In this sense, this dissertation presents the "Combination of selection" technique for IWSNs through an internal algorithm that selects the receiver port that has the highest LQI ("Link Quality Indicator") and performs an antenna switching in the radio modules. Also, options to improve PER using diversity techniques are discussed.

Opportunistic selection and rate adaptation play a vital role in improving the spectral and power efficiency of current multi-node wireless systems. However, time-variations in wireless channels affect the performance of opportunistic selection and rate-adaptation in the following ways. Firstly, the selected node can become sub-optimal by the time data transmission commences. Secondly, the choice of transmission parameters such as rate and power for the selected node become sub-optimal. Lastly, the channel changes during data transmission. In this thesis, we develop a comprehensive and tractable analytical framework that accurately accounts for these effects. It differs from the extensive existing literature that primarily focuses on time-variations until the data transmission starts. Firstly, we develop a novel concept of a time-invariant effective signal-to-noise ratio (TIESNR), which tractably and accurately captures the time-variations during the data transmission phase with partial channel state information available at the receiver. Secondly, we model the joint distribution of the signal-to-noise ratio at the time of selection and TIESNR during the data transmission using generalized bivariate gamma distribution. The above analytical steps facilitate the analysis of the outage probability and average packet error rate (PER) for a given modulation and coding scheme and average throughput with rate adaptation. We also present extensive numerical results to verify the accuracy of each step of our approach and show that ignoring the correlated time variations during the data transmission phase can significantly underestimate the outage probability and average PER, whereas it overestimates the average throughput even for packet durations as low as 1 msec.

Cette thèse a pour but d'évaluer la performance théorique des approches coopératives pour la fiabilisation des transmissions dans les réseaux autour du corps humain. Ces réseaux sont formés d'un nombre limité de capteurs communicants disposés sur et dans le corps. Les techniques de coopération dans les réseaux de cette taille sont extrêmement dépendantes de l'information disponible quand à la qualité des canaux de communication au moment de la transmission. Sous une hypothèse de connaissance de la valeur moyenne à moyen et long terme de l'affaiblissement de ces canaux, nous dérivons une approximation du taux d'erreur paquet de bout en bout pour des techniques de relayage. Nous présentons également, pour certains de ces modèles, une allocation de puissance asymptotiquement optimale, fournissant un gain sur une large plage des puissances d'émission. En supposant ensuite que les noeuds ont une connaissance parfaite de l'état du réseau, nous étudions la capacité de Shannon sur des canaux à relais, et des canaux comprenant deux émetteurs coopérant entre eux. Pour ces deux modèles, nous montrons que lorsque l'on cherche à optimiser la répartition de puissance totale disponible à l'émission, l'étude se réduit à celle d'un modèle de canal équivalent simplifiant grandement l'analyse de la capacité et fournissant des solutions analytiques aux problèmes d'allocation de ressources. Nous présentons enfin une plate-forme de mesures pour les réseaux autour du corps humain, permettant de relever de manière quasi-simultanée l'intégralité des affaiblissements des liens entre les nœuds du réseau. Cette plateforme nous permet de traiter de la stabilité de ces liens et de la validité de l'hypothèse de réciprocité. Nous évaluons également la corrélation spatiale de l'affaiblissement des liens et nous montrons en particulier que celle-ci varie fortement au cours du mouvement, mais de façon suffisamment lente pour être estimée au fil de l'eau. / This thesis aimed at studying the theoretical performance bounds of cooperative techniques in Body Area Networks (BAN). These networks are sensor networks, with a small number of nodes located on and inside the human body. Cooperative techniques are extremely dependent on the channel side information available at the time of transmission. Considering statistical information about the channel fading and the short-term mean of the signal, we derive an asymptotic approximation of the packet error rate under the so-called block fading channel model. Using this approximation, we can express in closed-form asymptotically optimal power allocation among transmitting nodesfor various models of relay channels. Under a complete channel knowledge hypothesis, we then study the Shannon capacity of small-scale cooperative networks, namely relay channels and cooperative multiple access channels. We show that for these networks, when you aim at optimizing the global power allocation of the whole network, the problem is equivalent to a simpler problem on an equivalent channel model. Using this equivalence, we are able to derive a number of closed-form resource allocation for relay channels and cooperative multiple access channels. In the last part of the manuscript, we present a measurement platform for BAN where the quality of every link in the network is gathered in a quasi-simultaneous manner. This platform allows us to discuss results and assess hypotheses on the stability and reciprocity of BAN links. We also evaluate the variation of the spatial correlation of the links during a walking scenario, and show that although the correlation matrix may vary a lot during the movement, it does so sufficiently slowly to be estimated on-line by an adequate protocole, paving the way to more precise resource allocation techniques and relay selection protocols.