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The petrogenesis of the older (> 3.0 Ga) potassic granitoids of eastern Mpumalanga (South Africa) and Swaziland : an investigation of crustal formation processes in the early EarthSanchez-Garrido, Cynthia J. M. G. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Earth’s oldest preserved granitoid crust dates back to the Paleoarchean and consists predominantly
of sodic tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) granitoids that arose through the partial melting of
hydrated metabasalts. In contrast, granites (sensu stricto) typically postdate the TTG and appear late
in the plutonic record of the old cratons.
However, the existence of Hadean zircons with mineral inclusion suites that are consistent with
crystallization from peraluminous granitic magmas indicates that granitic rocks formed part of the
earliest felsic crust; although we have direct evidence, this earliest felsic crust is not preserved.
In this PhD I present an unusual variety of markedly CaO-poor, K2O-rich, rutile-bearing, peraluminous
granite and rhyolite that are located in the basal conglomerate of the Moodies Group (South Africa).
These rocks challenge the common view of the Archean craton evolution as they were produced
concurrently with TTG magmas during three magmatic cycles in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
(BGB) and were later emplaced, as clasts, in a younger conglomerate.
The study of mineral inclusions located in the zircons present within the granites and rhyolites, shows
that alkali feldspar inclusions are abundant relative to plagioclase inclusions and demonstrates that
the main characteristics of these granites, i.e. they are K-rich and Ca-poor, are a magmatic signature.
The oxygen isotope signature of these zircon grains reveals that the zircons have preserved the δ18O
value of the magma from which the granites originated and that the source of the granites had a
magmatic oxygen isotope value close to the one of the regional coeval TTG. Further study of the
zircons shows that their Lu-Hf isotopic system reflects the crustal signature of the magma into which
they grew. Sm-Nd study of the granites and rhyolites whole rock indicates that the minimum age of
the source’s protolith of the granites and rhyolites is close to 3.9 billion years, which is in agreement
with the zircons’ Lu-Hf signature. Additionally I show in this thesis that the peraluminous character
of the granites and rhyolites, along with their high Sr and low Ca content associated to their Eu/
Eu* ~ 1 is a consequence of phengite melting in a metagreywacke source at pressures in excess of
plagioclase stability.
My work therefore illustrates that K-rich, Ca-poor peraluminous granites were generated in the
Paleo and Meso Archean, alongside with the sodic TTG, through partial melting of sediments at high
pressures. Not only has this process demonstrated the ability of the early Earth to recycle relatively
young material since 3.9 billions years ago, but it has also contributed to each episode of continental
crustal growth through the Paleoarchean to Mesoarchean in the BGB, despite leaving no plutonic
record at the typical mid-crustal level of exposure that the TTG plutons around the belt represent. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aarde se oudste bewaarde granitoïed kors dateer terug na die Paleo Argeïkum en bestaan
hoofsaaklik uit natrium-ryke tonaliet-trondhjemiet-granodioriet (TTG) granitoïede wat ontstaan het
deur die gedeeltelike smelting van gehidreerde metabasalte. In teenstelling hiermee is graniete (sensu
stricto) tipies jonger as die TTG’s en verskyn laat in die plutoniese rekord van die ou kratons.
Die bestaan van Hadeaanse zirkone met mineraal insluitsels wat ooreenstem met die kristallisasie van
peralumineuse granietiese magma dui egter daarop dat granietiese gesteentes deel gevorm het van
die vroegste felsiese kors. Alhoewel daar direkte getuienis is hiervoor het hierdie vroegste felsiese
kors nie behoue gebly nie. In hierdie dissertasie toon ek ‘n ongewone verskeidenheid van merkbaar
CaO-arm, K2O-ryk, rutiel-draende, peralumineuse graniet en rioliet wat in die basale konglomeraat
van die Moodies Groep (Suid-Afrika) voorkom. Hierdie gesteentes daag die algemene siening van
Argeïkum kraton evolusie uit omdat hulle gelyktydig met TTG magma geproduseer is tydens drie
TTG magmatiese siklusse in die Baberton-groensteenstrook en later ingeplaas is as klaste in ‘n
jonger konglomeraat. Die studie op minerale insluitsels in zirkone binne die graniete en rioliete toon
dat alkaliveldspaat insluitsels volop is relatief tot plagioklaas insluitsels. Dit toon ook dat die hoof
eienskap van hierdie graniete, hulle K-ryke en Ca-arme samestelling, ‘n onderskeidende magmatiese
kenmerk is. Die suurstof-isotoop samestelling van hierdie zirkoon minerale onthul dat die zirkone
die δ18O waarde van die magma waaruit die graniet gevorm is behou het en dat die bronnemateriaal
van die graniete ‘n magmatiese suurstofisotoop waarde gehad het nader aan dié van die plaaslike
sinchroniese TTG waardes. Verdere studie van die zirkone dui daarop dat hul Lu-HF isotoopstelsel die
aardkorseienskappe weerspieël van die oorspronklike magma waarin hulle gegroei het. Sm-Nd studie
van die graniete en rioliete heelgesteente dui daarop dat die minimum ouderdom van die protoliet van
graniete en rioliete ongeveer 3,9 biljoen jaar is, wat ooreenstem met die zirkone se Lu-HF eienskappe.
Daarbenewens het hierdie dissertasie bewys dat die peralumineuse karakter van die graniete en rioliete,
tesame met hulle hoë Sr- en lae Ca-inhoud geassosieer tot hul Eu/Eu * ~ 1, ‘n gevolg is van “phengite”
smelting in’ n metagrouwak bron by drukking hoër as plagioklaas stabiliteit.
Hierdie studie illustreer dus dat K-ryke, Ca-arme peralumineuse graniete gegenereer is in die Paleo en
Meso Argeïkum, saam met die natrium-ryke TTG’s, deur middel van parsiële smelting van sedimente
teen ‘n hoë druk. Hierdie proses het nie slegs getoon dat die vroeë aarde sedert 3,9 biljoen jaar gelede
die vermoë gehad het om relatief jong materiaal te herwin nie; dit het ook bygedra tot elke episode van
kontinentale korsgroei deur die Paleo en Meso Argeïkum in die Barberton groensteenstrook, ten spyte
daarvan dat geen plutoniese rekord gelaat is teen die tipiese mid-kors vlak van blootstelling wat die
TTG plutone in die strook verteenwoordig nie. / RESUMÉ: La croûte de granitoïdes de la Terre Primitive la plus ancienne qui ait été préservée remonte au
Paleoarchéen et se compose principalement de granitoïdes sodiques tonalite-trondhjémite-granodiorite
(TTG) qui se sont formés par la fusion partielle de métabasaltes hydratés. En revanche, les granites
(stricto sensu) sont en général postérieurs aux TTG et apparaissent tardivement dans les cratons
anciens.
Cependant, l’existence de zircons Hadéens préservant des suites d’inclusions minérales qui sont
compatibles avec la cristallisation à partir d’un magma granitique peralumineu, indique que les roches
granitiques faisaient aussi partie de la croûte felsique de la Terre Primitibe; même si nous n’avons pas
de preuves directes et que cette dernière n’ait pas été conservée.
Dans cette thèse, je présente une variété inhabituelle de granites et rhyolites peralumineux qui sont
marquée par une forte teneur en K2O et une faible teneur en CaO et qui possèdent du rutile. Ces
roches sont situées dans le conglomérat basal du Groupe du Moodies (Afrique du Sud). Elles défient
la vision commune que l’on a de l’évolution des cratons Archéens puisqu’elles ont été produites en
même temps que des magmas TTG, pendant trois cycles magmatiques qui ont affecté la ceinture de
roches vertes de Barberton (CRVB). Ces roches ont été par la suite mises en place, comme galets,
dans un conglomérat plus jeune.
L’étude des inclusions minérales localisées dans des zircons présents dans les granites et les rhyolites
qui font le sujet de cette étude, montre que les inclusions de feldspaths alcalins sont plus abondantes
que les inclusions de plagioclases et démontre que les principales caractéristiques de ces granites,
c’est à dire qu’ils sont riches en K et pauvres en Ca, sont une signature magmatique. La signature
isotopique de l’oxygène de ces zircons révèle que ceux-ci ont conservé la valeurdu δ18O du magma à
partir duquel les granites se sont formés. De plus ceci montre que la valeur du δ18O de la source des
granites était proche de celle de TTG contemporains. La poursuite de l’étude des zircons montre que
leur système isotopique Lu-Hf reflète la signature crustale du magma dans lequel ils ont cru. L’étude
Sm-Nd des granites et rhyolites indique que l’âge minimum du protolithe de leur source est de près
de 3,9 milliards d’années, ce qui est en accord avec la signature Lu-Hf des zircons. De plus, je montre
dans cette thèse que le caractère peralumineux des granites et des rhyolites, avec leurs forte teneur
an Sr et basse teneur en Ca associé à leur Eu / Eu * ~ 1, est une conséquence de la fusion partielle
de phengite dans une source métagrauwacke à des pressions supérieures a celle de la stabilité du
plagioclase.
Mon travail montre donc que des granites peralumineux riche en K et pauvre en Ca ont été générés
durant le Paléo et Méso-Archéen, aux côtés des TTG sodiques, par la fusion partielle de sédiments, à haute pression. Non seulement ce processus a démontré la capacité de la Terre Primitive à recycler
du matériel relativement jeune et ce, dès 3,9 milliards d’années; mais il a également contribué à
chaque épisode de croissance crustale à travers le Paleo- et Méso-Archéen dans la CRVB, malgré
l’absence de pluton mis en place profondeur à des profondeurs identiques à celles des TTG.
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The petrogenesis of the older ( > 3.0 Ga) potassic granitoids of eastern Mpumalanga (South Africa) and Swaziland : an investigation of crustal formation processes in the early Earth / La pétrogenèse des granitoïdes potassiques plus anciens ( > 3,0 Ga) du Mpumalanga oriental (Afrique du Sud) et du Swaziland : une étude des processus de formation de la croûte terrestre au début du siècle dernierSanchez-Garrido, Cynthia 28 June 2012 (has links)
La croûte de granitoïdes de la Terre Primitive la plus ancienne qui ait été préservée remonte au Paleoarchéen et se compose principalement de granitoïdes sodiques tonalite-trondhjémite-granodiorite (TTG) qui se sont formés par fusion partielle de métabasaltes hydratés. En revanche, les granites (stricto sensu) sont en général postérieurs aux TTG et apparaissent tardivement dans les cratons anciens.Cependant, l’existence de zircons Hadéens préservant des suites d’inclusions minérales qui sont compatibles avec la cristallisation à partir d’un magma granitique peralumineux, indique que les roches granitiques faisaient aussi partie de la croûte felsique de la Terre Primitive; même si nous n’avons pas de preuves directes et que cette dernière n’ait pas conservée. Dans cette thèse, je présente une variété inhabituelle de granites et rhyolites peralumineux qui sont marqués par un forte teneur en K2O et une faible teneur en CaO et qui possèdent du rutile. Ces roches sont situées dans le conglomérat basal du Groupe du Moodies (Afrique du Sud). Elles défient la vision commune que l’on a de l’évolution des cratons Archéens puisqu’elles ont été produites en même temps que des magmas TTG, pendant trois cycles magmatiques qui ont affectés la ceinture de roches vertes de Barberton (CRVB). Ces roches ont été par la suite mises en place, comme galets, dans un conglomérat plus jeune.L’étude des inclusions minérales localisées dans des zircons présents dans les granites et les rhyolites qui font le sujet de cette étude, montre que les inclusions de feldspaths alcalins sont plus abondantes que les inclusions de plagioclases et démontre que les principales caractéristiques de ces granites, c’est à dire qu’ils sont riches en K et pauvres en Ca, ont une signature magmatique. La signature isotopique de l’oxygène de ces zircons révèle que ceux-ci ont conservé la valeur du δ18O du magma à partir duquel les granites se sont formés. De plus ceci montre que la valeur du δ18O de la source des granites etait proche de celle de TTG contemporains. La poursuite de l’étude des zircons montre que leur système isotopique Lu-Hf reflète la signature crustale du magma dans lequel ils ont cru. L’étude Sm-Nd des granites et rhyolites indique que l’âge minimum du protolithe de leur source est de près de 3,9 milliards d’années, ce qui est en accord avec la signature Lu-Hf des zircons. De plus, je montre dans cette thèse que le caractère peralumineux des granites et des rhyolites, avec leur forte teneur en Sr et basse teneur en Ca associés à leurs Eu / Eu * ~ 1, est une conséquence de la fusion partielle de phengite dans une source métagrauwacke à des pressions supérieures a celle de la stabilité du plagioclase. Mon travail montre donc que des granites peralumineux riches en K et pauvres en Ca ont été générés durant le Paléo et Méso-Archéen, aux côtés des TTG sodiques, par la fusion partielle de sédiments, à haute pression. Non seulement ce processus a démontré la capacité de la Terre Primitive à recycler du matériel relativement jeune et ce, dès 3,9 milliards d’années; mais il a également contribué à chaque épisode de croissance crustale à travers le Paleo- et Méso-Archéen dans la CRVB, malgré l’absence de pluton mis en place à des profondeurs identiques à celles des TTG. / Earth’s oldest preserved granitoid crust dates back to the Paleoarchean and consists predominantly of sodic tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) granitoids that arose through the partial melting of hydrated metabasalts. In contrast, granites (sensu stricto) typically postdate the TTG and appear late in the plutonic record of the old cratons. However, the existence of Hadean zircons with mineral inclusion suites that are consistent with crystallization from peraluminous granitic magmas indicates that granitic rocks formed part of the earliest felsic crust; although we have direct evidence, this earliest felsic crust is not preserved. In this PhD I present an unusual variety of markedly CaO-poor, K2O-rich, rutile-bearing, peraluminous granite and rhyolite that are located in the basal conglomerate of the Moodies Group (South Africa). These rocks challenge the common view of the Archean craton evolution as they were produced concurrently with TTG magmas during three magmatic cycles in the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) and were later emplaced, as clasts, in a younger conglomerate. The study of mineral inclusions located in the zircons present within the granites and rhyolites, shows that alkali feldspar inclusions are abundant relative to plagioclase inclusions and demonstrates that the main characteristics of these granites, i.e. they are K-rich and Ca-poor, are a magmatic signature. The oxygen isotope signature of these zircon grains reveals that the zircons have preserved the δ18O value of the magma from which the granites originated and that the source of the granites had a magmatic oxygen isotope value close to the one of the regional coeval TTG. Further study of the zircons shows that their Lu-Hf isotopic system reflects the crustal signature of the magma into which they grew. Sm-Nd study of the granites and rhyolites whole rock indicates that the minimum age of the source’s protolith of the granites and rhyolites is close to 3.9 billion years, which is in agreement with the zircons’ Lu-Hf signature. Additionally I show in this thesis that the peraluminous character of the granites and rhyolites, along with their high Sr and low Ca content associated to their Eu/ Eu* ~ 1 is a consequence of phengite melting in a metagreywacke source at pressures in excess of plagioclase stability. My work therefore illustrates that K-rich, Ca-poor peraluminous granites were generated in the Paleo and Meso Archean, alongside with the sodic TTG, through partial melting of sediments at high pressures. Not only has this process demonstrated the ability of the early Earth to recycle relatively young material since 3.9 billions years ago, but it has also contributed to each episode of continental crustal growth through the Paleoarchean to Mesoarchean in the BGB, despite leaving no plutonic record at the typical mid-crustal level of exposure that the TTG plutons around the belt represent.
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Seismic Imaging of a Granitoid-Greenstone Boundary in the Paleoarchean Pilbara CratonPrasad, Anusha 13 March 2023 (has links)
The mode of tectonics by which early Archean proto-continents were deformed was investigated in the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia, which has not been substantially tectonically deformed since ~3.2 Ga. The craton consists of a unique dome and keel structure where vertical, low-grade metamorphism basaltic greenstone keels surround large granitic (TTG) domes. The dominant model for 3.5-3.2 Ga deformation in the Pilbara is gravity-driven vertical tectonics, or partial convective overturn in a hot crust. In this model, the granitic bodies rose upward as solid-state diapirs, and the greenstones "sagducted" downward around the granitic bodies. Australian scientists acquired deep seismic reflection data crossing a granitoid-greenstone boundary. Their processing did not image the geologically mapped steep dip of the boundary because standard methods limit the maximum dip. A 37-km section of these data were reprocessed using 2D Kirchhoff prestack depth migration to include vertical dips. The western half of the migrated section images a granitoid dome with weak to no reflectivity that extends deeper than 4 km. The eastern half images 2-3 km of layered volcanic rocks of the Fortescue Group overlying the greenstones. Seismic velocity models created using travel-time tomography suggest a thin weathering layer overlying slightly fractured crystalline rocks. These fractures close within 200-300 m depth, and velocity reaches bedrock speeds consistent with expected values of granitoids to the west and volcanic rocks of the Fortescue Group to the east. The best migrated image contains several reflections with dips (~45-55˚) cross-cutting each other from both directions at the location of the expected granitoid-greenstone boundary. This strongly suggests the presence of steep dips in the upper ~1.5 km but does not provide a definitive image. This inconclusive result is due to strong surface-wave noise, the crooked 2D seismic line, and the 3D nature of the geologic boundary at the seismic line. A very small seismic velocity gradient within the crystalline bedrock limits the maximum depth to which vertical features can be imaged. / Master of Science / The Pilbara craton is one of the few exposed and intact pieces of continents that were formed ~3.2 billion years ago. This research analyzes how these early land masses were deformed. There are two methods by which early land masses evolved—vertical tectonics (a more rudimentary, gravity-driven form of plate movement) or horizontal tectonics (which is closer to modern-day tectonics and requires many stages of deformation). This area has a unique dome-and-keel structure where greenstones (metamorphosed volcanics) are vertically wrapped around large granitic domes. Studying the vertical features of the greenstones will allow us to ascertain how tectonics evolved in the area. A seismic survey was conducted in 2018 in the area. These data were reprocessed to include steep dips to extract the exact location of the steeply dipping boundary between the dome and keel structure at depth. The resulting image contains inconclusive evidence due to the physical limitations of the geology and the sharp bend in the seismic line. Further studies need to be done to determine if the Pilbara Craton was formed by vertical tectonics.
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Caracterização geoquímica e geocronológica do Complexo Granjeiro, Província Borborema, NE Brasil: implicações para a evolução crustal paleoarqueana do distrito ferrífero de Curral Novo / Lithochemistry and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology of the Southern Granjeiro Complex, Borborema Province: Implications for the Paleoarchean crustal evolution of the Curral Novo do Piauí iron mineral districtDo Vale, José Alberto Rodrigues 23 November 2018 (has links)
O distrito ferrífero de Curral Novo é hospedado pelo Complexo Granjeiro Sul, situado na Zona Transversal, na porção sudoeste da Província Borborema, no estado do Piauí. Nesse distrito, formações ferríferas bandadas apresentam teor médio de 27,5% de Fe em recursos de mais de um bilhão de toneladas. Dados de campo, petrográficos, isotópicos, geoquímicos e geocronológicos possibilitaram a caracterização de uma associação de gnaisses e migmatitos com afinidade TTG e uma sequência metavulcanossedimentar com evidências de atividade exalativa de fundo oceânico com idade paleoarqueana. A suíte TTG do Complexo Granjeiro Sul apresenta grande variação química. Inclui tipicamente rochas magnesianas de composição cálcica a álcali-cálcica com baixo conteúdo de minerais máficos. Essas rochas possuem baixa concentração em elementos LILE e HFSE, significativo fracionamento de ETRL (La/YbN = 9,78-139,12) e anomalias levemente negativas de Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0,62-0,97), características de magmas gerados a partir de uma fonte de baixa pressão. Idades U-Pb em zircão obtidas em gnaisses TTG indicam cristalização do magma em 3349 ±15 Ma (MSWD = 0,62). A sequência metavulcanossedimentar do Complexo Granjeiro Sul é constituída por rochas metamáficas, metaultramáficas e formações ferríferas bandadas e interpretada como de idade próxima à da geração das rochas TTG do complexo. As rochas derivadas de protólitos ultramáficos e máficos apresentam composição komatiítica a basáltica e possuem gênese associada à fase de subducção entre duas placas oceânicas, apresentando afinidade química análoga a de rochas de arcos de ilhas modernos. As formações ferríferas bandadas apresentam fácies sedimentares óxido e silicato, com forte empobrecimento em HFSE e ETR e anomalias negativas de Ce (Ce/CeN = 0,04-0,37). Todo este conjunto de rochas arqueanas foi intrudido por corpos sienograníticos de idade de 2,651.8 ±8.9 Ma (MSWD = 1,5), pós- colisionais do tipo A2. Os sienitos são quimicamente classificadas como rochas metaluminosas a peraluminosas, cálcio-alcalinas de alto-K e ferrosas. Possuem leve enriquecimento de ETRL em relação aos ETRP e apresentam altos conteúdos de LILE e HFSE. Processos de alteração hidrotermal presentes nas encaixantes do minério de ferro e nas próprias formações ferríferas bandadas incluem silicificação, albitização, potassificação, carbonatização, sulfetação e reconcentração do ferro. Assinaturas de isótopos de enxofre (\'delta\'\'POT 34\'S = -3,11 a 2,03) em sulfetos hidrotermais sugerem fontes magmáticas para o enxofre associado ao sistema hidrotermal. As rochas do Complexo Granjeiro registraram ainda forte retrabalhamento crustal no Paleoproterozoico a partir do Riaciano (ca. 2,2 Ga), que resultou em metamorfismo das rochas metavulcanossedimentares, com picos que perduram até o Estateriano (ca. 1,7 Ga). / The Southern Granjeiro Complex hosts the Curral Novo do Piauí iron district, located in the Transversal Zone of the Borborema Province. In this district, banded iron formations have an average grade of 27.5% of Fe in resources of more than one billion tons. Field, petrographic, isotopic, geochemical, and geochronological data allowed the characterization of an association of gneisses and migmatites with TTG affinity and a Paleoarchean greenstone belt sequence with evidence of ocean floor exhalative activity. The TTG suite of the Southern Granjeiro Complex includes magnesian rocks of calcic to alkali-calcic affinity and low content of mafic minerals. These rocks have a low concentration of LILE and HFSE elements, significant fractionation of ETRL (La/YbN = 9.78-139.12) and slightly negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.62-0.97). These characteristics are similar to that of TTG magmas generated from low-pressure sources. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages obtained in TTG gneisses indicate magma crystallization at 3.349 ±15 Ma (MSWD = 0.62). The Southern Granjeiro metavolcanosedimentary sequence comprises metamafic and metaultramafic volcanic rocks and banded iron formation. These rocks derived from basaltic and komatiitic protoliths with chemical affinity to those formed in modern island arcs. The banded iron formation has oxide (magnetite-quartz) and silicate (grunerite-quartz) facies, with strong impoverishment in HFSE and ETR and negative Ce anomaly (Ce/CeN = 0.04-0.37). Post-collisional A2-type syenogranites (2.651.8 ±8.9 Ma; MSWD = 1.5) crosscut the Southern Granjeiro Complex. The syenogranites are ferroan, metaluminous to peraluminous and have a high-K calc-alkaline affinity. They have a slight enrichment of ETRL concerning ETRP and high contents of LILE and HFSE. Hydrothermal alteration processes in the banded iron formations and associated volcanic rocks include silicification, albitization, potassic alteration, carbonation, sulfide formation and iron reconcentration. Sulfur isotopes signatures (\'delta\'\'POT.34\'S = -3.11 to 2.03) of hydrothermal sulfides suggest magmatic sulfur sources associated with the hydrothermal system. The rocks of the Southern Granjeiro Complex still recorded strong crustal reworking and metamorphism in the Riacian (ca. 2.2 Ga) until the Staterian (ca. 1.7 Ga).
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