O ancoramento do complexo trans-[RuIII(NH3)4(SO4)ina]Cl em dendrímeros PAMAM de geração 0 e 2 (G0 e G2) foi realizada por meio de uma ligação peptídica, e esses produtos foram submetidos à reação com NO(g) gerando os respectivos nitrosilo complexos G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO. A caracterização desses compostos por infravermelho, UV-vis, voltametria cíclica, RMN de 1H e 13C, e análise elementar indica que os nitrosilo complexos foram imobilizados na superfície dos PAMAM G0 e G2. Os espectros de infravermelho para G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO apresentaram apenas um estiramento &nu;NO+, respectivamente em 1933 e 1937 cm-1, e para o produto RuNO (não ligado ao dendrímero) em 1933 cm-1. O espectro eletrônico para esses três compostos apresentou bandas nas regiões de 230, 270 e 330 nm, e por meio de voltametria cíclica observou-se o processo eletroquímico relativo a NO+/NO0 com ENO+/NO0 vs ECS igual a -0,173 V para G0/RuNO, -0,178 V G2/RuNO e -0,175 V para RuNO. O espectro de 1H RMN do complexo RuNO apresentou dois dubletos com deslocamentos químicos centrados em 8,73 e 8,35 ppm, referentes aos hidrogênios aromáticos respectivamente nas posições orto e meta do ligante ina coordenado ao metal. Para G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO esses sinais foram observados em 8,73 e 8,36 ppm, e os sinais referentes aos dendrímeros nesses produtos foram verificados entre 2,7 e 4,0 ppm. O espectro de RMN 13C para o complexo RuNO apresentou quatro sinais, e para G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO, respectivamente, dez e doze sinais, conforme esperado para esses compostos. Apesar dos resultados supracitados indicarem que o ancoramento ocorreu de forma satisfatória, os dados de análise elementar apresentaram desvios significativos entre o valor teórico e o experimental, principalmente para G2/RuNO. Em adição, foram realizados ensaios em células do baço de camundongos para verificar a toxicidade dos nitrosilo complexos às células saudáveis, e os resultados indicaram baixa citotoxicidade (<15%) para RuNO, G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO. Também foram realizados experimentos sobre a atividade in vitro desses compostos contra os parasitos Trypanosoma cruzi e Leishmania major. Os melhores resultados, ainda que preliminares, foram obtidos com a maior concentração, 200&micro;M (em relação à Ru), em que observou-se atividade tripanocida (média) em torno de 88% para G2/RuNO, 82% para G0/RuNO e 72% para RuNO, enquanto que para o Bz (referência) esse valor foi de 96%. Já a atividade leishmanicida (concentração de 200&micro;M) desses compostos ficou entre 60 a 70% (65% para G2RuNO, 69% para G0/RuNO e 60% para RuNO). / The anchoring of the complex trans-[RuIII(NH3)4(SO4)ina]Cl on PAMAM dendrimers of generation 0 and 2 (G0 and G2) was performed by a peptide bond, and the products were submitted to reaction with NO (g) generating the related nitrosyl complexes G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO. The characterization of these compounds by IR, UV-vis, cyclic voltammetry, 1H and 13C NMR, and elemental analysis indicated that the nitrosyl complexes were immobilized on the surface of PAMAM G0 and G2. Infrared spectra for G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO showed only one &nu;NO+ band in 1933 and 1937 cm-1 respectively, and for RuNO (complex not bounded to the dendrimer) at 1933 cm-1. Electronic spectra for these three compounds showed bands in the regions of 230, 270 and 330 nm, and by cyclic voltammetry it was possible to observe the electrochemical process relative to NO+/NO0 with ENO+/NO0 equal to -0.173 V vs SCE for G0/RuNO , -0.178 V for G2/RuNO and -0.175 V for RuNO. The 1H NMR spectra for RuNO complex showed two doublets with chemical shifts centered at 8.73 and 8.35 ppm, respectively referring to the aromatic hydrogens in the ortho and meta positions of the ina ligand coordinated to the metal. The same signals obtained for G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO were observed in 8.73 and 8.36 ppm, and signals related to dendrimers between 2.7 and 4.0 ppm. The 13C NMR spectrum for RuNO exhibited four signals, and for G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO, respectively, ten and twelve signals, as expected for these compounds. Despite the results above, which indicate that anchoring occurred satisfactorily, the elemental analysis showed significant deviations between the theoretical and experimental values, especially for G2/RuNO. In adition, in vitro assays were performed on mice spleen cells to determine the toxicity of the nitrosyl complex to healthy cells, and the results showed low cytotoxicity (<15%) for RuNO, G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO. In vitro experiments were also carried out to determine the activity of these compounds against the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major. The best results (preliminary) were obtained with the highest concentration 200&micro;M (relative to Ru), which was observed trypanocidal activity (average) around 88% for G2/RuNO, 82% for G0/RuNO and 72% for RuNO, while for Bz (reference) it was around 96%. The leishmanicidal activity (concentration of 200&micro;M) of these compounds was in the range of 60 to 70% (65% for G2RuNO, 69% for G0/RuNO and 60% for RuNO).

O ancoramento do complexo trans-[RuIII(NH3)4(SO4)ina]Cl em dendrímeros PAMAM de geração 0 e 2 (G0 e G2) foi realizada por meio de uma ligação peptídica, e esses produtos foram submetidos à reação com NO(g) gerando os respectivos nitrosilo complexos G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO. A caracterização desses compostos por infravermelho, UV-vis, voltametria cíclica, RMN de 1H e 13C, e análise elementar indica que os nitrosilo complexos foram imobilizados na superfície dos PAMAM G0 e G2. Os espectros de infravermelho para G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO apresentaram apenas um estiramento &nu;NO+, respectivamente em 1933 e 1937 cm-1, e para o produto RuNO (não ligado ao dendrímero) em 1933 cm-1. O espectro eletrônico para esses três compostos apresentou bandas nas regiões de 230, 270 e 330 nm, e por meio de voltametria cíclica observou-se o processo eletroquímico relativo a NO+/NO0 com ENO+/NO0 vs ECS igual a -0,173 V para G0/RuNO, -0,178 V G2/RuNO e -0,175 V para RuNO. O espectro de 1H RMN do complexo RuNO apresentou dois dubletos com deslocamentos químicos centrados em 8,73 e 8,35 ppm, referentes aos hidrogênios aromáticos respectivamente nas posições orto e meta do ligante ina coordenado ao metal. Para G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO esses sinais foram observados em 8,73 e 8,36 ppm, e os sinais referentes aos dendrímeros nesses produtos foram verificados entre 2,7 e 4,0 ppm. O espectro de RMN 13C para o complexo RuNO apresentou quatro sinais, e para G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO, respectivamente, dez e doze sinais, conforme esperado para esses compostos. Apesar dos resultados supracitados indicarem que o ancoramento ocorreu de forma satisfatória, os dados de análise elementar apresentaram desvios significativos entre o valor teórico e o experimental, principalmente para G2/RuNO. Em adição, foram realizados ensaios em células do baço de camundongos para verificar a toxicidade dos nitrosilo complexos às células saudáveis, e os resultados indicaram baixa citotoxicidade (<15%) para RuNO, G0/RuNO e G2/RuNO. Também foram realizados experimentos sobre a atividade in vitro desses compostos contra os parasitos Trypanosoma cruzi e Leishmania major. Os melhores resultados, ainda que preliminares, foram obtidos com a maior concentração, 200&micro;M (em relação à Ru), em que observou-se atividade tripanocida (média) em torno de 88% para G2/RuNO, 82% para G0/RuNO e 72% para RuNO, enquanto que para o Bz (referência) esse valor foi de 96%. Já a atividade leishmanicida (concentração de 200&micro;M) desses compostos ficou entre 60 a 70% (65% para G2RuNO, 69% para G0/RuNO e 60% para RuNO). / The anchoring of the complex trans-[RuIII(NH3)4(SO4)ina]Cl on PAMAM dendrimers of generation 0 and 2 (G0 and G2) was performed by a peptide bond, and the products were submitted to reaction with NO (g) generating the related nitrosyl complexes G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO. The characterization of these compounds by IR, UV-vis, cyclic voltammetry, 1H and 13C NMR, and elemental analysis indicated that the nitrosyl complexes were immobilized on the surface of PAMAM G0 and G2. Infrared spectra for G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO showed only one &nu;NO+ band in 1933 and 1937 cm-1 respectively, and for RuNO (complex not bounded to the dendrimer) at 1933 cm-1. Electronic spectra for these three compounds showed bands in the regions of 230, 270 and 330 nm, and by cyclic voltammetry it was possible to observe the electrochemical process relative to NO+/NO0 with ENO+/NO0 equal to -0.173 V vs SCE for G0/RuNO , -0.178 V for G2/RuNO and -0.175 V for RuNO. The 1H NMR spectra for RuNO complex showed two doublets with chemical shifts centered at 8.73 and 8.35 ppm, respectively referring to the aromatic hydrogens in the ortho and meta positions of the ina ligand coordinated to the metal. The same signals obtained for G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO were observed in 8.73 and 8.36 ppm, and signals related to dendrimers between 2.7 and 4.0 ppm. The 13C NMR spectrum for RuNO exhibited four signals, and for G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO, respectively, ten and twelve signals, as expected for these compounds. Despite the results above, which indicate that anchoring occurred satisfactorily, the elemental analysis showed significant deviations between the theoretical and experimental values, especially for G2/RuNO. In adition, in vitro assays were performed on mice spleen cells to determine the toxicity of the nitrosyl complex to healthy cells, and the results showed low cytotoxicity (<15%) for RuNO, G0/RuNO and G2/RuNO. In vitro experiments were also carried out to determine the activity of these compounds against the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major. The best results (preliminary) were obtained with the highest concentration 200&micro;M (relative to Ru), which was observed trypanocidal activity (average) around 88% for G2/RuNO, 82% for G0/RuNO and 72% for RuNO, while for Bz (reference) it was around 96%. The leishmanicidal activity (concentration of 200&micro;M) of these compounds was in the range of 60 to 70% (65% for G2RuNO, 69% for G0/RuNO and 60% for RuNO).

No description available.

Nouveaux polymères avec une structure arborescente unique, les dendrimères suscitent un grand intérêt auprès des chercheurs de tous les domaines scientifiques confondus et spécialement auprès des biologistes. Théoriquement synthétisés de façon à ce qu’ils soient parfaitement mono disperses en taille et en masse et de forme sphérique, les dendrimères PAMAM ont des propriétés structurales qui pourraient donner de bons résultats lors de leur utilisation comme vecteurs de médicaments ou d’acides nucléiques.De récentes études biologiques ont montré que les dendrimères PAMAM pouvaient transfecter un grand nombre de cellules de différente nature. Les propriétés structurales et physicochimiques du dendrimère joueraient un rôle essentiel dans l’efficacité de cette transfection et pouvoir prédire ces propriétés permettraient de mieux contrôler le comportement de ces«vecteurs-médicaments» dans l’organisme / In the context of securing clinical gene transfer, new strategies are developed with the creationof synthetic gene vectors based on cationic polymers to replace commonly used viral vectors ingene therapy. PAMAM dendrimers are highly branched macromolecules with controlled nearmonodisperse three-dimensional architecture emanating from a central core. Polymer growthstarts from a central core molecule and growth occurs in an outward direction by a series ofpolymerisation reactions. Hence, precise control over size can be achieved by the extent ofpolymerisation, starting from a few nanometers. Cavities in the core structure and folding of thebranches create cages and channels. The surface groups of dendrimers are amenable tomodification and can be tailored for specific applications. Therapeutic and diagnostic agents areusually attached to surface groups on dendrimers by chemical modification.Recent biological studies have shown that PAMAM dendrimers could transfect a large numberof cells of different nature. The structural properties and physico-chemical properties ofdendrimer play a key role in the efficiency of transfection and to predict these properties wouldbetter control the behavior of these "drug delivery systems in the body.

Este trabalho descreve a preparação e caracterização de bioanodos para biocélula a combustível etanol/O2 utilizando enzimas desidrogenases, tanto com transferência eletrônica mediada como com transferência eletrônica direta. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, os resultados de cinética enzimática com as enzimas comerciais álcool desidrogenase e aldeído desidrogenase em solução e imobilizada mostraram claramente que os vários parâmetros cinéticos analisados devem ser considerados, a fim de se obter atividade máxima com os biocatalisadores; além disso, os resultados obtidos com as diferentes metodologias de imobilização empregadas (adsorção passiva e automontagem) confirmaram que tal etapa é crucial para a obtenção de um sistema viável. Os testes de semi-célula e estabilidade com transferência eletrônica mediada mostraram que o dendrímero PAMAM se mostra bastante atrativo na preparação de bioanodos para biocélula a combustível enzimática com ambas as metodologias testadas. Na segunda parte do trabalho, os resultados obtidos com os bioanodos preparados com as enzimas desidrogenases contendo o grupamento pirroquinolina quinona extraídas da bactéria Gluconobacter sp. 33 e purificadas em laboratório mostraram que ambos os protocolos de imobilização empregados nesta etapa (dendrímero PAMAM e Nafion-modificado) foram capazes de proporcionar um ambiente no qual as enzimas são capazes de realizar transferência eletrônica diretamente com superfícies de ouro e carbono. Com base nos resultados de caracterização eletroquímica, observou-se que a reação de interesse ocorre mais facilmente na presença de nanotubos de carbono, onde se acredita que os grupamentos heme-c permanecem em um arranjo mais adequado que facilita o processo de transferência eletrônica e consequentemente fornece maiores correntes catalíticas. Os testes de semi-célula etanol/O2 com transferência eletrônica direta mostraram que os bioanodos preparados tanto com a membrana Nafion-modificada quanto com o dendrímero PAMAM se mostraram capazes de gerar densidades de potência competitivas em relação a outros métodos de imobilização. / This work describes the preparation and characterization of bioanodes for ethanol/O2 biofuel cell using dehydrogenases enzymes, using either mediated electron transfer or direct electron transfer. First, investigation of the enzymatic kinetics of the commercial enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in solution and immobilized onto carbon platforms clearly showed that the analyzed kinetic parameters must be considered for achievement of maximum activity. The results obtained by using different immobilization methodologies (passive adsorption and self-assembly) confirmed that this step is crucial for attainment of a viable system. The half-cell and stability tests employing mediated electron transfer showed that PAMAM dendrimers seem to be very attractive for the preparation of bioanodes for enzymatic biofuel cell using the tested protocols. In the second part of the work, the results obtained with the bioanodes prepared with dehydrogenases enzymes containing the pyrroloquinoline quinone group, extracted from the bacteria Gluconobacter sp. 33 and purified in our laboratory, revealed that both immobilization protocols employed in this step (PAMAM dendrimers and modified-Nafion) were able to provide an environment in which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer with gold and carbon surfaces. The electrochemical characterization results evidenced that the reaction of interest occurs more easily in the presence of carbon nanotubes. We believe that the c-heme groups remain in a more suitable arrangement in the nanotubes, which facilitates the electron transfer process and provides higher catalytic currents. Ethanol/O2 half-cell tests with direct electron transfer showed that both the bioanodes prepared with modified-Nafion membrane and PAMAM dendrimers were capable of generating competitive power densities as compared to other immobilization methods.

Este trabalho descreve a preparação e caracterização de biocátodos para biocélula a combustível Etanol e Metanol//O2 utilizando a enzima lacase (trametes versicolor) num sistema de transferência eletrônica mediada (TEM). Na primeira etapa do trabalho, os resultados de cinética enzimática com a enzima lacase em solução e imobilizada sobre tecido de carbono mostraram que os vários parâmetros experimentais (pH, temperatura, estabilidade) analisados devem ser considerados, a fim de se obter atividade máxima com os biocatalisadores. Além disso, em relação aos testes cinéticos e de estabilidade, pode-se inferir que o dendrímero PAMAM pode ser empregado como um bom agente imobilizante na preparação de bicátodos para biocélula a combustível enzimática. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, uma semibiocélula Etanol//O2 foi testada e os eletrocatalisadores testados foram o verde de metileno (VM) e o azul de meldola (AM). Os testes de potência mostraram a importância da presença do mediador ABTS e do eletrocatalisador (VM) para melhorar o desempenho do dispositivo. Na terceira etapa do trabalho, eletrodos com diferentes mediadores (ABTS, ferro porfirina, ferroceno, complexo de ósmio e complexo de rutênio) e com polipirrol eletropolimerizado na superfície do eletrodo foram testados numa semibiocélula Metanol//O2. Os testes de semibiocélula Etanol e Metanol//O2 com transferência eletrônica mediada mostraram que os biocátodos preparados com o dendrímero PAMAM e com os diferentes eletrocatalisadores e mediadores, se mostraram capazes de gerar densidades de potência competitivas em relação aos valores encontrados na literatura. / This work describes the preparation and characterization of biocathodes for Ethanol and Methanol//O2 biofuel cell using the enzyme laccase (trametes versicolor) enzyme and mediated electron transfer (MET). Investigation of the enzymatic kinetics of the enzyme laccase in solution and immobilized onto carbon platforms showed that the analyzed experimental parameters (pH, temperature, and stability) must be considered for maximum activity to be achieved. The kinetic and stability tests revealed that PAMAM dendrimers constitute very good immobilization agent to prepare biocathodes for enzymatic biofuel cell. The second part of this work, dealt with Ethanol//O2half-cell using methylene green (MG) ormeldola blue (MB) as electrocatalyst. The power test evidenced that it is important to have ABTS as mediator and an electrocatalyst, to ensure that the device performs better. The third part of this work evaluated electrodes with distinct mediators (ABTS, iron porphyrin, ferrocene, osmium complex, and ruthenium complex) and containing electropolymerized polypyrrole on their surface in a Methanol//O2half-cell. Ethanol and Methanol//O2 half-cell tests with mediated electron transfer showed that the biocathodes prepared with PAMAM dendrimers, electrocatalyst, and distinct mediators generated competitive power densities as compared with literature data.

Este trabalho descreve a preparação e caracterização de biocátodos para biocélula a combustível Etanol e Metanol//O2 utilizando a enzima lacase (trametes versicolor) num sistema de transferência eletrônica mediada (TEM). Na primeira etapa do trabalho, os resultados de cinética enzimática com a enzima lacase em solução e imobilizada sobre tecido de carbono mostraram que os vários parâmetros experimentais (pH, temperatura, estabilidade) analisados devem ser considerados, a fim de se obter atividade máxima com os biocatalisadores. Além disso, em relação aos testes cinéticos e de estabilidade, pode-se inferir que o dendrímero PAMAM pode ser empregado como um bom agente imobilizante na preparação de bicátodos para biocélula a combustível enzimática. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, uma semibiocélula Etanol//O2 foi testada e os eletrocatalisadores testados foram o verde de metileno (VM) e o azul de meldola (AM). Os testes de potência mostraram a importância da presença do mediador ABTS e do eletrocatalisador (VM) para melhorar o desempenho do dispositivo. Na terceira etapa do trabalho, eletrodos com diferentes mediadores (ABTS, ferro porfirina, ferroceno, complexo de ósmio e complexo de rutênio) e com polipirrol eletropolimerizado na superfície do eletrodo foram testados numa semibiocélula Metanol//O2. Os testes de semibiocélula Etanol e Metanol//O2 com transferência eletrônica mediada mostraram que os biocátodos preparados com o dendrímero PAMAM e com os diferentes eletrocatalisadores e mediadores, se mostraram capazes de gerar densidades de potência competitivas em relação aos valores encontrados na literatura. / This work describes the preparation and characterization of biocathodes for Ethanol and Methanol//O2 biofuel cell using the enzyme laccase (trametes versicolor) enzyme and mediated electron transfer (MET). Investigation of the enzymatic kinetics of the enzyme laccase in solution and immobilized onto carbon platforms showed that the analyzed experimental parameters (pH, temperature, and stability) must be considered for maximum activity to be achieved. The kinetic and stability tests revealed that PAMAM dendrimers constitute very good immobilization agent to prepare biocathodes for enzymatic biofuel cell. The second part of this work, dealt with Ethanol//O2half-cell using methylene green (MG) ormeldola blue (MB) as electrocatalyst. The power test evidenced that it is important to have ABTS as mediator and an electrocatalyst, to ensure that the device performs better. The third part of this work evaluated electrodes with distinct mediators (ABTS, iron porphyrin, ferrocene, osmium complex, and ruthenium complex) and containing electropolymerized polypyrrole on their surface in a Methanol//O2half-cell. Ethanol and Methanol//O2 half-cell tests with mediated electron transfer showed that the biocathodes prepared with PAMAM dendrimers, electrocatalyst, and distinct mediators generated competitive power densities as compared with literature data.

Este trabalho descreve a preparação e caracterização de bioanodos para biocélula a combustível etanol/O2 utilizando enzimas desidrogenases, tanto com transferência eletrônica mediada como com transferência eletrônica direta. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, os resultados de cinética enzimática com as enzimas comerciais álcool desidrogenase e aldeído desidrogenase em solução e imobilizada mostraram claramente que os vários parâmetros cinéticos analisados devem ser considerados, a fim de se obter atividade máxima com os biocatalisadores; além disso, os resultados obtidos com as diferentes metodologias de imobilização empregadas (adsorção passiva e automontagem) confirmaram que tal etapa é crucial para a obtenção de um sistema viável. Os testes de semi-célula e estabilidade com transferência eletrônica mediada mostraram que o dendrímero PAMAM se mostra bastante atrativo na preparação de bioanodos para biocélula a combustível enzimática com ambas as metodologias testadas. Na segunda parte do trabalho, os resultados obtidos com os bioanodos preparados com as enzimas desidrogenases contendo o grupamento pirroquinolina quinona extraídas da bactéria Gluconobacter sp. 33 e purificadas em laboratório mostraram que ambos os protocolos de imobilização empregados nesta etapa (dendrímero PAMAM e Nafion-modificado) foram capazes de proporcionar um ambiente no qual as enzimas são capazes de realizar transferência eletrônica diretamente com superfícies de ouro e carbono. Com base nos resultados de caracterização eletroquímica, observou-se que a reação de interesse ocorre mais facilmente na presença de nanotubos de carbono, onde se acredita que os grupamentos heme-c permanecem em um arranjo mais adequado que facilita o processo de transferência eletrônica e consequentemente fornece maiores correntes catalíticas. Os testes de semi-célula etanol/O2 com transferência eletrônica direta mostraram que os bioanodos preparados tanto com a membrana Nafion-modificada quanto com o dendrímero PAMAM se mostraram capazes de gerar densidades de potência competitivas em relação a outros métodos de imobilização. / This work describes the preparation and characterization of bioanodes for ethanol/O2 biofuel cell using dehydrogenases enzymes, using either mediated electron transfer or direct electron transfer. First, investigation of the enzymatic kinetics of the commercial enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in solution and immobilized onto carbon platforms clearly showed that the analyzed kinetic parameters must be considered for achievement of maximum activity. The results obtained by using different immobilization methodologies (passive adsorption and self-assembly) confirmed that this step is crucial for attainment of a viable system. The half-cell and stability tests employing mediated electron transfer showed that PAMAM dendrimers seem to be very attractive for the preparation of bioanodes for enzymatic biofuel cell using the tested protocols. In the second part of the work, the results obtained with the bioanodes prepared with dehydrogenases enzymes containing the pyrroloquinoline quinone group, extracted from the bacteria Gluconobacter sp. 33 and purified in our laboratory, revealed that both immobilization protocols employed in this step (PAMAM dendrimers and modified-Nafion) were able to provide an environment in which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer with gold and carbon surfaces. The electrochemical characterization results evidenced that the reaction of interest occurs more easily in the presence of carbon nanotubes. We believe that the c-heme groups remain in a more suitable arrangement in the nanotubes, which facilitates the electron transfer process and provides higher catalytic currents. Ethanol/O2 half-cell tests with direct electron transfer showed that both the bioanodes prepared with modified-Nafion membrane and PAMAM dendrimers were capable of generating competitive power densities as compared to other immobilization methods.

With the rapid growth of nanotechnology, situations where nanomaterials will interact with biological systems will unquestionably grow. Therefore, it is increasingly understood that interactions between nanomaterials and biological environments will play an essential role in nanomedicine. Biological polymer networks, including mucus and the extracellular matrix, serve as a filter for the exchange of molecules and nanoparticles. Such polymer networks are complex and heterogeneous hydrogel environments that regulate transport processes through finely tuned particle-network interactions. In chapters 3 and 4, we investigate the role of electrostatics on the basic mechanisms governing the diffusion of charged molecules inside model polymer networks by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). In chapter 3, we show that particle transport of charged probe molecules in charged hydrogels is highly asymmetric and that the filtering capability of the gel is sensitive to the solution ionic strength. Brownian dynamics simulations are in quantitative agreement with our experimental result. In chapter 4, we focus on hyperbranched cationic dendrimer macromolecules (polyamidoamine, PAMAM) which differ from probes in size, charge density and chain flexibilities. Our results show PAMAM has strongly reduced mobility in like charge gels and greatly enhanced apparent diffusivity in oppositely charged gels. Further studies with salt suggest that the oppositely charged polymer network acts as a giant counterion enhancing the mobility of PAMAM by changing its conformation to a more compacted state. Due to their large surface areas, nanomaterials in biological fluids are modified by adsorption of biomolecules, mainly proteins, to form so called “protein coronas”. These coronas ultimately define the biological identity of the nanoparticles and dictate the interactions of cells with the protein-NP complex. We have studied the adsorption of human transferrin and bovine serum albumin on the surface of sulfonated polystyrene nanoparticle. In chapter 5, we show the formation of multi-layered protein coronas and compare to established adsorption models. In addition we followed for the first time the protein binding kinetics as a function of pH and salt. Through these studies, we aim to gain quantitative knowledge of the dynamic rearrangement of proteins on engineered nanomaterials.

A tumor targeted dendrimer based drug delivery system was designed and synthesized to carry chemotherapy drug doxorubicin. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer G4.5 was chosen as the underlying carrier. Anionic G4.5 is a good option for drug delivery as it consists of 128 surface groups, is less cytotoxic and favorably biodistributed. The delivery system was synthesized using a layer-by layer arrangement of three functional entities: chemotherapy drug doxorubicin, monoclonal antibody Cetuximab against EGF receptor, and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Doxorubicin was attached via an acid-sensitive hydrazon linkage to the dendrimer. Macromolecules are taken in by cells through endocytosis. pH inside the early endosomes to lysosomes ranges from pH 6 to 4.5. These acidic conditions are favorable for release of drug bound to the dendrimer vehicle through acid-sensitive linkage. 35% of all solid tumors of brain express exceptionally high EGF receptors whereas normal brain tumors express less EGFR. This makes the EGFR a potent targeting moiety for targeted drug delivery. Cetuximab will serve as a targeting ligand to help the delivery system target tumor cells. PEG was incorporated as a linker between Cetuximab and dendrimer to avoid reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake of the system, increase biocompatibility, increase drug half-life and other shortcomings associated with nanomaterials. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), fluorescence anisotropy, and western blotting were used to confirm the conjugation of PEG, doxorubicin and cetuximab to the dendrimer. The synthesized delivery system was characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) to approximate the number of doxorubicin attached. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential were used to analyze the change in size and surface properties of dendrimer during the synthesis. Doxorubicin release studies were conducted at different pHs. Maximum doxorubicin was released at pH 4.5 indicating the successful acid-sensitive linkage between the drug and dendrimer. Cytotoxicity studies indicated that the addition of PEG increased the biocompatibility as compared to free doxorubicin whereas; combination of doxorubicin and cetuximab exerted a significant toxic effect over a period of 72 hours. The cellular uptake of the delivery system was higher than that of free doxorubicin. Free DOX localized mainly in the nucleus whereas, CTX-G4.5-PEG-DOX conjugate localized within both cytoplasm and nucleus after 6 hour incubation. The synthesized delivery system represents a potential targeted drug delivery system.