The aim of this thesis is to consider the knowledge and use of law by John of Salisbury, evaluating what he thought law should be, whence it originated and how it related to aspects of society, for example the institutions of the monarch and the church. For this purpose, the main evidence used will be Historia Pontificalis, Policraticus and the large corpus of letters. Chapter One is entitled Types of Law and gives an outline of the main types of law as John saw them. Chapter Two is entitled Canon Law. This chapter is devoted entirely to the study of John's knowledge and use of canon law. In this chapter, consideration will be made to what canon law John appears to have known and how John used this knowledge within his written work. Chapter Three, entitled King and Law, focuses upon John of Salisbury's opinion of the relationship between the monarch and the law. Chapter Four, Theory of Law: Church and King considers John's ideas on the relationship between church and monarch. Attention will also be paid to how he conveyed his ideas during the papal schism and the Becket dispute as well as John's ideas on judges. Chapter Five is entitled Law in Practice: Church and King, whereby analysis will be made of how John sees the monarch's involvement in issues such as church elections.

In this thesis I compare the views of Joseph de Maistre and Fyodor Dostoyevsky with regard to the relation between modernity and the theologico-political problem. I integrate this comparison within the general context of the reflection concerning modernity and the theologico-political problem, as well as within the context of two Christian theological traditions, Catholic and Orthodox, on the basis of which the two authors develop their religious and political thought. In particular, I analyze the views of the two authors with regard to the origins and the defining traits of modernity. Likewise, I present their opinions concerning the consequences which are inherent in the modern project. Viewing modernity first and foremost as an attempt to build a secular world that would define itself by its opposition to what both authors regard as authentic Christianity, Maistre and Dostoyevsky emphasize the fact that, having theological origins that mark the totality of its becoming, modernity should be understood on the basis of a theologico-political reflection. Associating the modern ambition to build a secular world with the fate of the biblical Tower of Babel, both authors adopt a prophetic posture, announcing the collapse of the modern project as well as the ultimate eschatological resolution of the modern crisis. Yet, the two authors are differentiated by their interpretations of the relation between modernity and the theologico-political problem, identifying differently the theological origins of the modern crisis. In this sense, while according to Maistre modernity originates in the Protestant Reformation, for Dostoyevsky, modernity’s origins must be located in the transformations of Western Christianity that have finally lead to the latter’s separation from Eastern Orthodoxy. These differences of interpretation lead to the articulation of two different responses to the modern crisis, which are rooted in two different Christian theological traditions. Consequently, if in reaction to the modern crisis Maistre affirms the Catholic principle of authority, whose highest expression is the concept of papal infallibility, Dostoyevsky opposes to this crisis the Orthodox principle of brotherhood in Christ. The critique of modernity culminates in the thought of the two authors with an approach of the complex and troubling problem of theodicy, which, Maistre and Dostoyevsky believe, stands at the origin of the modern opposition to Christianity and its traditional institutions.

La thèse reconstruit la carrière ecclésiastique de Giovanni Girolamo Albani (1509-1591), en en faisant le porte-parole de la période contre-réformiste. Nous avons commencé par retracer les origines de la famille Albani, et sa montée en puissance au début du XVIe siècle, en la situant dans l’histoire de Bergame. Trois chapitres sont consacrés à l’analyse de trois traités d’Albani, publiés à la veille du Concile de Trente. Ainsi, le De Cardinalatu (1541) et le De potestate papae et concilii (1544) tissent une relation de dépendance entre le pouvoir du Collège cardinalice et du concile, et celui des papes : pour Albani, la seule garantie contre le péril de la Réforme est un gouvernement centralisé et vertical. Le Liber pro oppugnata Romani Pontifici dignitate (1547) est, au contraire, une oeuvre apologétique qui attaque frontalement deux écrits de Luther et Calvin. Par ailleurs, à l’occasion de l’enquête menée contre l’évêque de Bergame en 1551, la thèse reconstruit la collaboration d’Albani avec les inquisiteurs. Grâce à la rencontre de l’inquisiteur Michele Ghislieri, futur Pie V, Albani est nommé cardinal en 1570. Nous avons essayé de retracer son activité politique et curiale, de visualiser sa place dans le Collège cardinalice, mais également de comprendre ses alliances familiales, ses rapports avec l’Espagne et notamment, la raison de sa neutralité durant la guerre de factions qui divisait le Sacre collège, particulièrement à l’occasion des conclaves. Au cours d'un chapitre, nous avons analysé des prophéties qui, selon des familiares de l’Albani, auraient prédit l’élection pontifical du cardinale. / This thesis is about the life and work of Giovanni Girolamo Albani (1509-1591). It begins with the study of the rise of the Albani family in Bergamo. It is followed by an analysis of the three books published by Albani on the eve of the Council of Trent. The De Cardinalatu (1541) and the De potestate papae et concilii (1544) defend the papal authority from the demands of the cardinals and the councils. Albani argued that the Church should react against the Reform by concentrating the power in Peter's seat. Liber pro oppugnata Romani Pontifici dignitate (1547) takes the Pope’s side in the controversy that arose after the attacks of Luther and Jean Calvin. Then, the thesis examines the reasons for Albani’s cardinal promotion in 1570. It focuses especially on the aid he gave to the Inquisition in 1536, and in 1551 during the investigation against Bergamo’s bishop led by Michele Ghislieri (who later became pope Pius V). The thesis tries to retrace Albani’s curial activity from 1569 to 1591, his role in the College of Cardinals, his family’s networks and his relations with Spain. Special attention is given to his neutral position during the conclaves and the strategies used by competing factions of cardinals. In particular, a chapter focuses on a group of letters in which some familiares of the cardinal talk about prophecies that foresee the imminent death of the pope, nurturing among Albani’s entourage the hope to see their master elected.

The Pope's visits are important social, political, and media events. The pope always comes to the host country with a predetermined agenda, not unlike the one for state visits by politicians. The Pope's speeches are at the center of the public part of the agenda. This thesis aims to analyze the messages that the two popes presented to the nation and the world during their visits to Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic. And also how the media captured, interpreted, and brought these messages to their audiences. The results show that the popes emphasized several topics, from spiritual renewal, return to tradition, reorganization of the Church to the commemoration of Christianity as the basis of European culture. However, the media largely ignored these frames, because even the use of frames does not guarantee preferred decoding. The analysis of selected newspapers showed that the papal messages were spread the best in Lidové noviny, a paper focused on strong opinion texts. This is all the more surprising because Lidové noviny was built on the traditional anti-Catholic tradition. The narrowly focused Catholic weekly did not spread the message to such an extent. In the case of the mainstream Mladá fronta Dnes, the form of the visit prevailed over the content, and the main role was played by the...

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[pt] O tema da presente pesquisa é O Padroado Régio no Brasil e as circunscrições eclesiásticas. Está inserida nas atividades de pesquisa do Programa de PósGraduação em Teologia da PUC-Rio, área de concentração Teologia Sistemático-Pastoral, linha de pesquisa Religião e Modernidade, projeto de pesquisa História da Igreja e Modernidade: Permanências e Mudanças. O que se pretende – como objetivo principal – é investigar o que foi o Padroado Régio e qual a sua preponderância no Brasil no processo de criação das circunscrições eclesiásticas nos períodos colonial e imperial brasileiros. Nesse sentido, recorrendo primordialmente à documentação oficial coeva, investigar-se-á, por um lado, a origem do Padroado Régio ultramarino de Portugal e a sua incidência na organização circunscritiva da Igreja Católica no Brasil. Depois, uma vez proclamada a independência brasileira, como o Império do Brasil incorporou esse Padroado transformando-o no chamado Padroado Imperial e como o exercitou no que tange à ampliação do número das circunscrições eclesiásticas brasileiras para a promoção de uma maior eficácia pastoral. Faz parte ainda do escopo da pesquisa a identificação de elementos que desmitifiquem a tendência diacrônica relativa à compreensão do Padroado Régio vigente em parte da historiografia moderna, estabelecendo a partir da investigação dos documentos oficiais da época uma distinção entre a essência e a natureza do referido Padroado e as contradições relativas à sua dinâmica e ao seu exercício manifestadas ao longo da história. / [en] The subject of this research is The Royal Patronage in Brazil and the ecclesiastical circumscriptions. It is part of the research activities of the Postgraduate Program in Theology at PUC-Rio, area of concentration Systematic-Pastoral Theology, research line Religion and Modernity, research project Church History and Modernity: Permanences and Changes. What is intended - as a main objective - is to investigate what was the Royal Patronage and what was its preponderance in Brazil in the process of creating ecclesiastical circumscriptions in the Brazilian colonial and imperial periods. In this sense, using primarily coeval official documentation, the investigation will focus, on the one hand, the origin of the overseas Royal Patronage of Portugal (Padroado Régio ultramarino de Portugal) and its impact on the circumscribed organization of the Catholic Church in Brazil. Then, once Brazilian independence was proclaimed, how the Empire of Brazil incorporated this Patronage transforming it into the so-called Imperial Patronage and how it was exercised regarding the expansion of the number of Brazilian ecclesiastical circumscriptions to promote greater pastoral effectiveness. It is also part of the scope of the research to identify elements that demystify the diachronic tendency regarding the understanding of the current Royal Patronage in part of modern historiography, establishing from the investigation of the official documents of the time a distinction between the essence and the nature of the referred Patronage and the contradictions related to its dynamics and its exercise manifested throughout history.

Thesis (DTh (Systematic Theology and Ecclesiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / This dissertation explores how Anglican and Protestant church perspectives on the papacy are increasingly changing, as they identify the need for and value of a universal ministry of unity that may potentially be recognised in the future as a legitimate and propitious structure of ministry, though not without modification.

This study explores Franco-Papal relations, and their effect on the French Church and State, from Henri IV's conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1593 until his death in 1610. Because Henri IV's primary concern, even in matters involving the Papacy or the Gallican Church, was to protect his kingdom from Habsburg encroachment, he was willing either to abandon his Protestant allies abroad, or to adopt reform measures, such as the decrees of the Council of Trent, that might weaken his own authority or disturb the peace of his kingdom. This caused repeated conflicts with the Counter-Reformation Popes Clement VIII and Paul V, to whom the primary enemy was always the infidel and the heretic. Nevertheless both sides realized that they needed each other to maintain their independence of Spain.

La présente thèse tente d'aborder, pour la première fois, une analyse comparative du rôle que la musique liturgique a joué dans le processus de construction de l'image sacrée des souverains de la maison Bourbon de France et d'Espagne dans le cadre des cérémonies religieuses célébrées aux cours de Madrid et de Versailles pendant les dernières décennies de l'Ancien Régime, ainsi que du rôle que l'exemple de la Chapelle pontificale a joué dans ce processus. Le but principal de cette étude a été d’apporter un cadre conceptuel et un modèle d'analyse qui permettraient d'aborder une étude globale de la musique sacrée destinée à ces cérémonies, sous un angle plus proche de l'histoire culturelle que de la musicologie traditionnelle, mais toujours partant de l’analyse des aspects performatifs qui permettaient dévoiler l’interaction réciproque entre la musique avec le contexte cérémonial, politique et historique duquel a fait partie. Tout au loin de six chapitres on examine les éléments qui conformaient les cérémonies de la liturgie d’État, conçues à cette époque comme des représentations sacrées : les différentes scènes où avaient lieu, les acteurs, le cérémonial, ainsi que le fonctionnement des différents styles de chant utilisés pour solenniser aussi bien les cérémonies ordinaires que les extraordinaires célébrées à Rome, à Madrid et à Versailles entre 1745 et 1789. Cela comprenait non seulement les œuvres de musique sacrée produites ad hoc par les maîtres de chapelle, mais aussi d’autres musiques, comme le plain-chant, le contrepoint où le faux-bourdon, qui faisant partie de ce même système de représentation étaient parfois exécutés par l’improvisation ou la mémorisation. / This thesis attempts, for the first time, to address a comparative analysis of the role that liturgical music played in the process of building the sacred image of the sovereigns of the Bourbon House of France and Spain as part of the religious ceremonies celebrated in Madrid and Versailles during the last decades of the Ancien Régime, as well as the role that the example of the Pontifical Chapel played in this process. The main purpose of this study was to provide a conceptual framework and analytical model that would allow a global study of sacred music for these ceremonies to be approached from a perspective closer to cultural history than traditional musicology, but always starting from the analysis of the performative aspects that revealed the reciprocal interaction between music and the ceremonial, political and historical context of which it was a part. Along six chapters, we examine the elements that shaped the ceremonies of the State liturgy, conceived at that time as sacred representations: the different scenes in which they took place, the actors, the ceremonial, as well as the functioning of the different styles of singing used to solemnize both the ordinary and extraordinary ceremonies celebrated in Rome, Madrid and Versailles between 1745 and 1789. This included not only sacred music works produced ad hoc by the choirmasters, but also other music, such as plainchant, counterpoint or faux-bourdon, which were sometimes performed by improvisation or memorization as part of this same system of representation.

Thesis--Catholic University of America. / "Appendix of documents": p. 368-432. Bibilography: p. 436-451.