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An analysis was conducted to test current theories regarding education, income, and marital satisfaction as determinants of parenting in different ways for men and women. The gender specific issues in parenting to be tested were: 1) Education is positively related to parental involvement for both men and women. 2) Marital dissatisfaction is positively related to maternal involvement and negatively related to paternal involvement. 3) Income is positively related to parental involvement for both men and women. One focus of the test of the above theories was a sample of twenty-five American Indian families primarily recruited with the assistance of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz. Twenty-five non-Indian families with similar education and income characteristics were matched with the Siletz sample from the larger Oregon Family Study sample for comparison/control group purposes. Significant gender and ethnic differences in the significance of education, income, and marital satisfaction on paternal involvement are reported. / Graduation date: 1994

Few controlled studies exist that examine specific hypotheses about abusive families, especially with regard to direct behavioral observation. Despite two decades of research on child abuse, surprisingly little is known about the specific behavioral excesses and deficits in the parenting skills of abusive parents. In this study, 11 physically abusive mother-child pairs were compared with 12 nonabusive matched controls in a laboratory playroom situation. Parenting skills, as well as interaction patterns, were assessed using three different tasks designed to create varying levels of parental stress and child frustration. One task, known as the Child's Game, consisted of the mother playing with her child in a free play situation where the child was given the instructions to select the toy or game. On the second task, the Parent's Game, mothers were told to select the activity and motivate their children to play along with them. The last task, the Bean Game, required mothers to induce their children to put beans into a decorated jar for a relatively long period of time. Mother-child interactions were observed and coded, providing frequency (rate per minute) and proportion (percentage of each behavior relative to total behavior) data on the occurrence of twelve behaviors hypothesized from the literature to be potentially relevant to parenting ability. Questionnaire measures of knowledge of child behavior, and social desirability were also administered. Discriminant function analyses of the data revealed that 10 of 11 abusive mothers and 10 of 12 control mothers could correctly identified, representing an 87% classification rate. The predominant difference between the two groups was in overall rate of activity. Abusive mothers were seen to engage in significantly less behavior than control mothers; behavior rates were essentially similar for both groups of children. One individual behaviors, questions and approval statements were the only two categories that significantly differed, with abusive mothers less likely to engage in either one. However, when frequency of behavior was corrected for overall rate effects, no differences on individual behaviors were found. Abusive mothers were also observed to use less contingent praise while abused children were found to comply to commands less often. Speculation as to which behavioral patterns mediate abusive episodes, as well as suggestions as to how to better design diagnostic, treatment and prevention programs are offered.

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This study utilizes Wave One of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) to investigate a possible relationship between parenting style and parental occupation. This study asks the question: How do parenting styles differ as a function of parental occupational status? This issue was examined by utilizing chi square and analysis of variance tests. Parental attitudes and behaviors toward raising their children were investigated and then compared with the parental occupation. Statistical analysis indicates that the three parenting styles examined (authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian) did correlate with the occupational environment, white collar, pink collar, or blue collar, in which the adults work on a day-to-day basis. The hypothesis that employment ideologies overlap into household matters determining how parents behave towards their children, in terms of rewards and discipline, is supported by the findings presented here. The statistical results once again substantiate the existing literature in revealing that parenting styles do vary as a function of parental occupational status. / Department of Sociology