A comparison of social elitist concepts in the works of Karl Marx, Vilfredo Pareto, and Karl Mannheim reveals similar patterns in the uses of these concepts. By listing seven criteria that were developed and by the use of a topical analysis method, similarities are presented and explained. Additional comparisons according to schools of thought and specific national setting are also presented. Structural similarities were identified among the theories; however, content patterns are not evident because of the lack of an accepted definition of the elite. The analysis and the comparison of the concepts of the elite in the works of these major thinkers facilitate and deepen the understanding of this concept in sociological work.

Orientador: Alvaro Gabriel Bianchi Mendez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T23:19:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_LucianaAparecidaAliagaAzarade_D.pdf: 1107081 bytes, checksum: 371676bfa0430d5014170c416983c83d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Embora o fenômeno das minorias dirigentes tenha sido tratado por diferentes autores, foi na Itália em finais do séc. XIX, por meio de Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941) e Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), que encontrou sistematização suficiente para alcançar status de teoria política. Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), nos Quaderni del Carcere estabelece importante diálogo com a teoria das elites, externando confluências e distanciamentos. Em comum com os autores elitistas possui a tradição maquiaveliana dos estudos políticos, isto é, o realismo maquiaveliano, que é responsável por algumas extraordinárias continuidades temáticas e afinidades nas formulações gerais de conceitos políticos entre estes autores. Contudo, existe uma discussão subjacente à teoria das elites, que, apesar de ser menos aparente, nem por isso é menos importante - o debate acerca da possibilidade de formulação de uma ciência das realidades políticas. Por meio deste debate o realismo maquiaveliano adquire diferentes feições. Pareto reivindica uma ciência livre de ideais fictícios, calcada na observação empírica e histórica, o que o leva a compreender a divisão entre governantes e governados como uma realidade imutável, correspondente às divisões do gênero humano. Gramsci, por outro lado, propõe a formulação de uma ciência da política capaz de apreender as ocorrências históricas em sua complexidade compreendendo a "realidade" como fenômeno/aparência dos processos gerados no interior do movimento dialético entre estrutura e superestrutura. Isto o leva a entender o problema das elites por um viés histórico-político. Com isto, Gramsci contribui para um enriquecimento do realismo maquiaveliano. Desta discussão acerca da possibilidade e natureza da ciência política, importantes questões de ordem metodológica e política são trazidas a lume e são importantes, cremos, não apenas para os debates da ciência política da primeira metade do século XX, mas também suscitam problemas contemporâneos e embates no interior da ciência política que permanecem como questões fundamentais para o aperfeiçoamento dos instrumentos teórico-metodológicos da disciplina / Abstract: Although the phenomenon of minority officers has been treated by different authors, was in Italy at the end of the century. XIX, by Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941) and Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), who found systematic enough to achieve status of political theory. Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), in Quaderni del Carcere establishes important dialogue with the theory of elites, expressing confluences and differences. In common with the authors has the elitist tradition of Machiavellian political studies, ie, the Machiavellian realism, which is responsible for some remarkable continuities and thematic affinities in the formulations of general political concepts between these authors. However, there is a discussion of the theory underlying the elites, who, though less apparent, so it is not less important - debate about the possibility of formulating a science of political realities. Through this debate Machiavellian realism acquires different features. Pareto claims science fictional ideals of freedom, based on empirical observation and history, which leads him to understand the division between rulers and ruled as an immutable reality, corresponding to the divisions of mankind. Gramsci, on the other hand, proposes the development of a science of politics can grasp the historical occurrences in their complexity comprising the "reality" as a phenomenon/appearance of the processes generated within the dialectical movement between structure and superstructure. This leads him to understand the problem of elites by a historical-political bias. With this, Gramsci contributes to an enrichment of Machiavellian realism. This discussion about the possibility and nature of political science, important methodological issues and policy are brought to light and are important, we believe, not only for discussions of political science in the first half of the twentieth century, but also raise contemporary issues and conflicts within science policy issues that remain fundamental to improving the theoretical and methodological tools of the discipline / Doutorado / Ciencia Politica / Doutora em Ciência Política

The works published by Giovanni Verga (1840-1922) between 1878 and 1889 exposed Italian culture to the most innovative European literary trend, French Naturalism, and marked a turning point in the landscape of Italian literature. While Verga’s stylistic choices are meant to create, in his own words, ‘the complete illusion of reality’ (having the author disappear from the text in order to make way for a supposedly unmediated representation), I argue that Verga’s Verist fiction ends up emphasizing precisely the ways in which people represent reality according to their own relative point of view. Since the narrative is given from the unreliable perspective of the characters, all the distortions inherent in every storytelling act become apparent. Their viewpoint is purposefully shown as being partial and informed by individual interests, feelings, and desires. These complex dynamics of representation, or misrepresentation, in Verga’s Verist production are at the heart of my enquiry. This critical focus allows me to reevaluate the traditional representation of Verism and Naturalism as backward-looking phenomena, firmly tied to a notion of art as a mirror up to nature. The present study is situated within a growing body of work (inaugurated by Luperini, Pellini, and Merola) that intends to re-frame Verga as having demonstrably paved the way for twentieth-century Modernism. The first chapter interrogates the way in which space is transfigured by characters in I Malavoglia (1881). By looking at how narratives of country vs city, past vs present are formed and shaped by the characters’ relative points of view, I argue that the novel should be read not simply as the account of the modernization of a rural village in post-unification Italy, but mainly as a study into how such oppositional narratives are formed and what aims they serve. The second chapter focuses on a specific character-type, the malevolent observer. I argue that this figure can be seen as a representation of the readers in the texts and that it is instrumental in exemplifying Verga’s skepticism toward the heuristic potential of literature. The third chapter examines the gap between reality and representation as articulated in Mastro-don Gesualdo (1889) by situating Verga in a completely new intellectual framework, that of elite theory as formulated by political theorist Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941) and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923). This move allows me to re-read what has become a commonplace of Verga criticism – the theatrical conception of politics in Mastro-don Gesualdo as a bitter commentary on trasformismo – as a much wider point on social history, human nature, and on the inherently slippery essence of language, on its built-in capacity to deceive and dissimulate.

Tese (livre-docencia) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T22:44:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rego_WalquiriaGertrudesDominguesLeao_LD.pdf: 4285206 bytes, checksum: c084268ba1e2069dd7278da9a943e623 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed / Tese (livre-docencia) - Univer / Livre-Docente em Sociologia