This thesis presents the results of a combination of new observations with the Parkes telescope of neutral hydrogen (HI) in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) with an Australia Telescope Compact Array aperture synthesis mosaic. The data are used to study the HI distribution and mass, the velocity field and rotation curve of the SMC, as well as to probe the 3-D structure of the SMC. A kinematic study of the HI data reveals the existence of three supergiant shells which were previously undetectable in the ATCA data alone. The HI spatial power spectrum has been investigated over a range of contiguous scale sizes wider than those previously achieved in any other galaxy. This thesis also demonstrates that the infrared data obtained with the Infrared Astronomical Satellite for the SMC can be successfully reconstructed with much higher resolution using the Pyramid Maximum Entropy algorithm. The new infrared (IR) data are used to study the integrated IR spectrum, the dust temperature and dust column density in the SMC. The high resolution HI and IR data enable an investigation of the spatial correlation of dust and gas and the assumption of the dust and gas being well-mixed in the ISM. The spatial power spectrum of the dust column density shows that, as with the HI power spectrum, there is no preferred scale size for dust clouds. The remarkable similarity of the spatial power spectra for the HI and dust column density distributions suggests a unique hierarchical structure organisation for the ISM in the SMC. Such an organisation is likely to be governed by the Kolmogorov type turbulence and could be described by fractal nature with the volume fractal dimension of 2.4. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This qualitative study examines the migratory experience of immigrant Latina married women. It looks at their experience from both an individual and a systemic perspective. It compares their experience to that of grief due to bereavement using Parkes' theory of the grief process. This research also presents findings as to the effects of migration on the marital system. Analysis of interview data provided by 12 Latin American women who resided in the United States ranging from 2 years to 10 years, allowed a comparison between the experience of these women and the grief process theory. The findings of the study indicate that although there are some slight differences between grieving a deceased person and grieving the loss of a country, the similarities predominate. The data gathered was divided into the categories of initial mixed-emotions, searching, anger, disorganization and despair, recovery. Furthermore, the impact of immigration on the marital dyad was analyzed. The interviewees reported an increase in marital argument during the first stages of immigration with a tendency to decrease as time lapses. Overall, the interviewees identified their marital relationship as being stronger than prior to coming to the United States.

Couramment utilisées dans les laboratoires du monde entier, les techniques de cryoconservation issues des recherches en cryobiologie sont aujourd’hui devenues des outils incontournables dans plusieurs domaines tels que la biomédecine et l’industrie agroalimentaire. À partir de l’étude des écrits du biologiste anglais Alan Sterling Parkes (1900-1993), ce mémoire propose une reconstruction historique et épistémologique des avancées en cryobiologie. Pour ce faire, nous examinerons, dans un premier temps, les premières observations qui ont avivé l’intérêt pour l’étude des effets du froid sur les organismes vivants. Nous prendrons comme point de départ les découvertes fascinantes des naturalistes du XVIIe siècle. Nous verrons que leurs constats sont souvent étroitement associés à d’autres épisodes majeurs de l’histoire de la pensée biologique. Nous aborderons ensuite la période plus prolifique concernant les avancées en biologie aux basses températures. La découverte des propriétés protectrices du glycérol par l’équipe du National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) au milieu du siècle dernier marque un point de rupture dans l’histoire de cette spécialité. Ce cryoprotecteur permet en effet d’élargir considérablement la gamme de tissus et de cellules pouvant être cryoconservés. Les développements orchestrés par les chercheurs anglais ont, à cet égard, contribué à l’émergence d’une nouvelle discipline scientifique : la cryobiologie. Enfin, nous étudierons dans une dernière section de ce mémoire le contexte sociohistorique dans lequel ont eu lieu les premières applications pratiques des méthodes de cryoconservation. Cela nous conduira à analyser, en particulier, certains enjeux soulevés par l’implantation de ces techniques dans le champ de la médecine reproductive. Ce mémoire aura non seulement permis de retracer certains évènements qui ont jalonné l’histoire de la cryobiologie au fil du temps, mais aussi de mettre en valeur les contributions fondatrices de Parkes et son équipe tout en montrant le rôle de premier plan qu’elles ont joué dans la structuration de cette discipline. / With a panoply of applications ranging from therapeutics to everyday processes in the biomedical and agricultural industry, cryobiology-derived techniques have become essential to many present-day human activities. In this master’s thesis, I explore the history and epistemology of cryobiology through the lens of English biologist Alan Sterling Parkes (1900-1990). I will start by looking at the very first observations made by naturalists in the XVIIth century on the effects of low temperatures on living organisms and how these have been essential to the field of cryobiology. Those observations, as we will see, are also linked to other major episodes in the history of biology. From there, I will trace the early days of cryobiology, with a particular focus on a major scientific breakthrough: the discovery of protective properties of glycerol by Parkes and his colleagues at the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) at the end of World War II. This new cryoprotective agent enabled the preservation of living tissues and cells, thus revolutionizing the field of biology at low temperatures as well cementing cryobiology as a brand-new research field of its own. Finally, I will analyze the socio-historical context of cryobiology’s first practical applications, most notably in the field of reproductive medicine. This work aims at reconstructing the history of cryobiology and highlights the contribution of Parkes and his NIMR colleagues while also showing the role these played into structuring the emerging field.

This thesis argues that the colonial ruling class developed its first White Australia policy in 1888, creating most of the precedents for the federal legislation of 1901. White Australia was central to the making of the Australian working class, to the shaping of Australian nationalism, and the development of federal political institutions. It has long been understood as a product of labour movement mobilising, but this thesis rejects that approach, arguing that the labour movement lacked the power to impose such a fundamental national policy, and that the key decisions which led to White Australia were demonstrably not products of labour movement action. ¶ It finds three great ruling class agendas behind the decisions to exclude Chinese immigrants, and severely limit the use of indentured “coloured labour”. Chinese people were seen as a strategic threat to Anglo-Australian control of the continent, and this fear was sharpened in the mid-1880s when China was seen as a rising military power, and a necessary ally for Britain in its global rivalry with Russia. The second ruling class agenda was the building of a modern industrial economy, which might be threatened by industries resting on indentured labour in the north. The third agenda was the desire to construct an homogenous people, which was seen as necessary for containing social discontent and allowing “free institutions”, such as parliamentary democracy. ¶ These agendas, and the ruling class interests behind them, challenged other major ruling class interests and ideologies. The result was a series of dilemmas and conflicts within the ruling class, and the resolution of these moved the colonial governments towards the White Australia policy of 1901. The thesis therefore describes the conflict over the use of Pacific Islanders by pastoralists in Queensland, the campaign for indentured Indian labour by sugar planters and the radical strategy of submerging this into a campaign for North Queensland separation, and the strike and anti-Chinese campaign in opposition to the use of Chinese workers by the Australasian Steam Navigation Company in 1878. The first White Australia policy of 1888 was the outcome of three separate struggles by the majority of the Anglo-Australian ruling class—to narrowly restrict the use of indentured labour in Queensland, to assert the right of the colonies to decide their collective immigration policies independently of Britain, and to force South Australia to accept the end of Chinese immigration into its Northern Territory. The dominant elements in the ruling class had already agreed that any serious move towards federation was to be conditional on the building of a white, predominantly British, population across the whole continent, and in 1888 they imposed that policy on their own societies and the British government.

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