The promotion of Electric Vehicles (EV) has become a key measure of the governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, range anxiety is a big barrier for drivers to choose EVs over traditional vehicles. Installing more charging stations in appropriate locations can relieve EV drivers’ range anxiety. To help decide the location and number of public charging stations, we propose two optimization models for two different charging modes - fast and slow charging, which aim at minimizing the total cost while satisfying certain spatial coverage goals. Instead of using discrete points we employ network and polygons to represent charging demands. Importantly, we resolve the partial coverage problem (PCP) by segmenting the geometric objects into smaller ones using Geographic Information System (GIS) functions. We compare the geometric segmentation method (GS) and the complementary partial coverage method (CP) developed by Murray (2005) to solve the PCP. After applying the models to Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) and to Downtown Toronto, we show that that the proposed models are practical and effective in determining the locations and number of required charging stations. Moreover, comparison of the two methods shows that GS can fully eliminate PCP and provide much more accurate result than CP. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

We consider a hierarchical maximal covering location problem to locate p health centers and q hospitals in such a way that maximum demand is covered, where health centers and hospitals have successively inclusive hierarchy. Demands are 3 types: demand requiring low-level service only, demand requiring high-level service only, and demand requiring both levels of service at the same time. All types of requirements of a demand point should be either covered by hospital providing both levels of service or referred to hospital via health center since a demand point is not covered unless all levels of requirements are satisfied. Thus, a health center cannot be opened unless it is suitable to refer its covered demand to a hospital. Referral is defined as coverage of health centers by hospitals. We also added partial coverage to this complex hierarchic structure, that is, a demand point is fully covered up to the minimum critical distance, non-covered after the maximum critical distance and covered with a decreasing quality while increasing distance to the facility between minimum and maximum critical distances. We developed an MIP formulation to solve the Hierarchical Maximal Covering Location Problem with referral in the presence of partial coverage. We solved small-size problems optimally using GAMS. For large-size problems we developed a Genetic Algorithm that gives near-optimal results quickly. We tested our Genetic Algorithm on randomly generated problems of sizes up to 1000 nodes.

In this study, a bi-objective capacitated facility location problem is presented which includes partial coverage concept and relocation of facility nodes. In partial coverage, a predefined distance between a demand node and a facility node is assumed to be fully covered. After the predefined distance, the service level commences to decay linearly. The problem is designed to consider the existence of already functioning facility nodes. It is allowed to close these existing facilities and open new facilities in potential sites. However, existing facility nodes are strongly favored against new facility nodes. The objectives are the maximization of the weighted total coverage and the minimization of number of facility nodes. A novel interactive multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is proposed to solve this problem, I-TREA. I-TREA is originated from NSGA-II and designed for interactive methods benefiting from quality infeasible solutions. The performance of I-TREA is benchmarked with a modified version of NSGA-II on randomly generated problems with various sizes and utility functions.

In this thesis, we proposed the use of device-to-device (D2D) communications for extending the coverage area of active base stations, for public safety communications with partial coverage. A 3GPP standard compliant D2D system level simulator is developed for HetNets and public safety scenarios and used to evaluate the performance of D2D discovery and communications underlying cellular networks. For D2D discovery, the benefits of time-domain inter-cell interference coordi- nation (ICIC) approaches by using almost blank subframes were evaluated. Also, the use of multi-hop is proposed to improve, even further, the performance of the D2D discovery process. Finally, the possibility of using multi-hop D2D communications for extending the coverage area of active base stations was evaluated. Improvements in energy and spectral efficiency, when compared with the case of direct UE-eNB communi- cations, were demonstrated. Moreover, UE power control techniques were applied to reduce the effects of interference from neighboring D2D links.

In this study, our aim is to determine the locations of bottle banks used in collecting recycled glass. The collection of recycled glass is done by a fleet of vehicles that visit some predetermined collection points, like restaurants and hospitals. The location of bottle banks depends on the closeness of the banks to the population zones where the recycled class is generated, and to the closeness of the banks to the predetermined collection points. A mathematical model, which combines the maximal covering problem in the presence of partial coverage and vehicle routing problem with profits, is presented. Heuristic procedures are proposed for the solution of the problem. Computational results based on generated test problems are provided. We also discuss a case study, where bottle banks are located in Yenimahalle, a district of Ankara

In this study, we propose a bi-objective facility location model that considers both partial coverage and service to uncovered demands. In this model, it is assumed that the demand nodes within the predefined distance of opened facilities are fully covered and after that distance the coverage level linearly decreases. The objectives are the maximization of the sum of full and partial coverage the minimization of the maximum distance between uncovered demand nodes and their closest opened facilities. We apply two existing Multi Objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGAs), NSGA-II and SPEA-II to the problem. We determine the drawbacks of these MOGAs and develop a new MOGA called modified SPEA-II (mSPEA-II) to avoid the drawbacks. In this method, the fitness function of SPEA-II is modified and the crowding distance calculation of NSGA-II is used. The performance of mSPEA-II is tested on randomly generated problems of different sizes. The results are compared with the solutions resulting from NSGA-II and SPEA-II. Our experiments show that mSPEA-II outperforms both NSGA-II and SPEA-II.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:50:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 478082 bytes, checksum: 5e70d0378d5af63ea956dca05531ef66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Species of the gender Eucalyptus, whose characteristics as fast growth and capacity of resisting to the water stress, they are used in wide climbs in the establishment of industrial forests in several countries, among which ones, highlights Brazil with more than 3 million planted hectares. The tropical and subtropical climate in most of the Brazilian territory allows an uninterrupted growth and, consequently, a fast biomass accumulation. It is known that the growth and the development of the vegetables is consequence of several physiologic processes, which are controlled by the environmental conditions and characteristic genetics of each vegetable species. Therefore, for best to understand the growth, the development and the impact hydrology of an eucalyptus plantation, it is done necessary to know the factors that control the use of the water. Several environmental factors influence the opening and the closing stomatic, determining larger or smaller transfer of water vapour for the atmosphere. Among these, they highlight the levels of humidity of the soil, the tenor of humidity of the air, solar radiation, temperature of the air and vapour pressure deficit. Specifically, plants with initial age of development present discontinuity in the covering of the soil, being these subject isolated plants the largest interaction with the atmosphere, tending to present larger exhibition of the canopy to the wind and the solar radiation, for that, the given aerodynamic treatment the those plants should be different in relation to plants in adult age, with total covering of the soil. Usually, the growth models consider in the estimate of the conductance of surface of the water vapour the canopy as a leaf big, only and continuous (theory of "Big Leaf"). This approach is not adapted in the initial stage of development of forests. This age in relation to the another have a great importance, once in that period the plants present larger growth rate, once the biomass earnings is directly related to the evapotranspiration processes (loss of water vapour) and photosynthesis (earnings of CO2). In this context, the objective of this study was to model the evapotranspiration for eucalyptus plants in initial phase of development. The experimental site is located in an area belonging to Aracruz Celulose in city of Aracruz, state of Espírito Santo. The meteorological data, solar radiation, temperature of the air, relative humidity, speed of the wind and precipitation were collected in a tower of 38 m of located height among four trees. The methodology used in the modelling of the evapotranspiration was based in the work of Angelocci (1996), when the same in his study made estimates for the evapotranspiration of apple trees in orchards. For the comparison of the results, he esteemed the evapotranspiration by the method of the Bowen Ration for being this a method that describes the relationship soil-plant- atmosphere well. After the analysis of the results for the whole studied period, it verified that to the initial stage of development of the eucalyptus, the developed model showed efficient in the estimate of the evapotranspiration. / Espécies do gênero Eucalyptus, cujas características como crescimento rápido e capacidade de resistir ao estresse hídrico, são utilizadas em larga escala no estabelecimento de florestas industriais em vários países, entre os quais, destaca-se o Brasil com mais de 3 milhões de hectares plantados. O clima tropical e subtropical na maioria do território brasileiro permite um crescimento ininterrupto e, consequentemente, um rápido acúmulo de biomassa. Sabe-se que o crescimento e o desenvolvimento dos vegetais é conseqüência de vários processos fisiológicos, os quais são controlados pelas condições ambientais e características genéticas de cada espécie vegetal. Portanto, para melhor compreender o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e o impacto hidrológico de uma plantação de eucalipto, faz-se necessário conhecer os fatores que controlam o uso da água. Vários fatores ambientais influenciam a abertura e o fechamento estomático, determinando maior ou menor transferência de vapor de água para a atmosfera. Dentre estes, destacam-se os níveis de umidade do solo, o teor de umidade do ar, radiação solar, temperatura do ar e déficit de pressão de vapor. Especificamente, plantios com idade inicial de desenvolvimento apresentam descontinuidade na cobertura do solo, ficando estas plantas isoladas sujeitas a maior interação com a atmosfera, tendendo a apresentar maior exposição do dossel ao vento e a radiação solar, por isso, o tratamento aerodinâmico dado a esses plantios deve ser diferente em relação a plantios em idade adulta, com cobertura total do solo. Normalmente, os modelos de crescimento consideram na estimativa da condutância de superfície do vapor de água o dossel como uma folha grande, única e contínua (teoria da Big Leaf ). Esta aproximação não é adequada na etapa inicial de desenvolvimento de florestas. Esta idade em relação às outras tem uma grande importância, uma vez que nesse período as plantas apresentam maior taxa de crescimento, uma vez que o ganho de biomassa está diretamente relacionado aos processos de evapotranspiração (perda de vapor d água) e fotossíntese (ganho de CO2). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi modelar a evapotranspiração para plantios de eucalipto em fase inicial de desenvolvimento. O sítio experimental está localizado numa área pertencente à Aracruz Celulose no município de Aracruz ES. Os dados meteorológicos, radiação solar, temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento e precipitação foram coletados em uma torre de 38 m de altura localizada entre quatro árvores. A metodologia utilizada na modelagem da evapotranspiração baseou-se no trabalho de Angelocci (1996), quando o mesmo em seu estudo fez estimativas para a evapotranspiração de macieiras em pomares. Para a comparação dos resultados, estimou-se a evapotranspiração pelo método da Razão de Bowen por ser este um método que descreve bem a relação solo-planta-atmosfera. Após a análise dos resultados para todo o período estudado, verificou-se que para os estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento do eucalipto, o modelo desenvolvido se mostrou eficiente na estimativa da evapotranspiração.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently attracted a great deal of attention due to their numerous attractive applications in many different fields. Sensors and WSNs possess a number of special characteristics that make them very promising in a wide range of applications, but they also put on them lots of constraints that make issues in sensor network particularly challenging. These issues may include topology control, routing, coverage, security, data management and many others. Among them, coverage problem is one of the most fundamental ones for which a WSN has to watch over the environment such as a forest (area coverage) or set of subjects such as collection of precious renaissance paintings (target of point coverage) in order for the network to be able to collect environment parameters, and maybe further monitor the environment. In this dissertation, we highly focus on the area coverage problem. With no assumption of sensors’ locations (i.e., the sensor network is randomly deployed), we only consider distributed and parallel scheduling methods with the ultimate objective of maximizing network lifetime. Additionally, the proposed solutions (including algorithms, a scheme, and a framework) have to be energy-efficient. Generally, we investigate numerous generalizations and variants of the basic coverage problem. Those problems of interest include k-coverage, composite event detection, partial coverage, and coverage for adjustable sensing range network. Various proposed algorithms. In addition, a scheme and a framework are also suggested to solve those problems. The scheme, which is designed for emergency alarming applications, specifies the guidelines for data and communication patterns that significantly reduce the energy consumption and guarantee very low notification delay. For partial coverage problem, we propose a universal framework (consisting of four strategies) which can take almost any complete-coverage algorithm as an input to generate an algorithm for partial coverage. Among the four strategies, two pairs of strategies are trade-off in terms of network lifetime and coverage uniformity. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the efficiency of each of our proposed solutions.