El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / At present, the construction of highways in Andean areas the connect the various most important towns and cities in South America has become has become a key element for its development, since these routes and viaducts allow free access to cover basic needs of education, work, food and health of the population. Much of the land in these areas is clay soils whose behavior is quite unpredictable because they present abrupt volume changes according to the variation of saturation in the soil. People who travel on roads on slopes of this type of soil are at high risk due to the slippage that the slopes suffer each year. The most recent was on April 3, 2020 because of the heavy rainfall that was registered in the area; there was a landslide that affected communication channels in the department of Cajamarca in Peru [1]. In this type of slopes landslides occur when the clayey soil is specifically saturated, because under these conditions the soil is not stable and loses cohesion between its particles, therefore it is important to make slope stability studies taking into account the partially saturated soil. This article presents results of tests allow to recognize the physical characteristics of the clay soil in the province of Chepén in Cajamarca. In addition, the filter paper method is used to elaborate the soil-water characteristic curve and a series of direct shear tests are carried cut at different degrees of saturation. With these results, the partially saturate soil fault surface is constructed that allows visualizing the value of the shear stress of the soil according to the saturation to which it is subjected. This value will be important for calculating the safety factor that the slope floor must have of the resistance shear of the soil according to the saturation, this value will be important for the calculation of the safety factor that the floor of the slope must have so that it does not fall. Therefore, considering this condition of the partially saturated soil in the slope stability analysis provides values of the safety factor that are closer to reality, without the need to carry out the analysis in the most critical condition, such as what it done in classical soil mechanics.

Au cours des conflits récents, les véhicules ont été sujet à des attaques impliquant une grande quantité d'explosif enterré. En général, les planchers sont visés, et leurs déformations absorbent une partie de l'énergie. Le véhicule subit également une impulsion, transmise par la détonation, qui peut blesser gravement les occupants. L'intensité de l'impulsion dépend principalement de trois paramètres: le degré de saturation du sol, la nature du sol dans lequel l'explosif est enterré, et la profondeur d'enfouissement de la charge. Les simulations numériques doivent reproduire le processus intégral de l'explosion, incluant l'initiale interaction entre la charge et le sol, l'expansion des produits de détonation, la propagation de l'onde de choc jusqu'au plancher du véhicule, et la grande déformation des projections de sol. L'information mécanique transmise jusqu'au niveau du plancher doit être suffisamment précise car les effets sur le véhicule constituent l'objectif des simulations. Développer un modèle constitutif de sol est par conséquent délicat.%délicat. un défi. tâche difficile. Le modèle de sol est visco-plastique avec un cap écrouissable, une surface de rupture pour limiter les contraintes de cisaillement et un cut off contre les contraintes excessives de tension. La surface de charge est entièrement lisse afin que les incréments de déformation plastique soient continus. Un mécanisme de rigidification est présenté pour tenir compte de la compression de l'air et des très grandes contraintes dans l'environnement immédiat de la charge. Le taux d'humidité du sol est également pris en compte. Deux séries d'essais ont été réalisés à DGA TT pour servir de référence pour les simulations numériques. Une première campagne a mis en jeu de petites quantités d'explosif à plusieurs profondeurs d'enfouissement. Les pressions aériennes ont été mesurées à plusieurs hauteurs et comparées aux simulations. Un moyen d'essai a été utilisé lors de la seconde campagne d'essais pour mesurer à la fois la déformation d'une plaque représentant un plancher de véhicule, mais aussi l'impulsion transmise par l'explosion enfouie. Un certain nombre de taux d'humidité, profondeurs d'enfouissement, épaisseurs de plaques et gardes au sol a été étudié. Au cours des essais, le sol STANAG, composé de sable et de graviers, défini dans l'AEP 55 relatif au STANAG 4569, a été utilisé. Des simulations Eulériennes ont été réalisées et sont en accord avec les résultats d'essais. Le rôle des trois parties de la surface de charge, des mécanismes de rigidification élastique et d'écrouissage plastique a été évalué. La masse volumique initiale du sol et la position initiale du cap sont les paramètres ayant la plus grande influence sur les pressions aériennes. Quant à l'impulsion, elle est principalement contrôlée par le degré de saturation du sol. / In recent conflicts, vehicles have been facing underbelly attacks involving a large quantity of buried explosive. A part of the energy is absorbed by the deformation of the belly. Still the vehicle is subjected to the impulse transmitted by the detonation which may severely injure occupants. The intensity of the impulse is highly dependent on three main parameters which are the degree of saturation of the soil, the nature of the soil in which the explosive is buried and the depth of burial of the charge. Computer simulations should follow the complete process of the explosion, including the early interaction of the charge with the soil, the expansion of the detonation products, the propagation of the shock wave up to the vehicle floor, and the large deformation of the soil projections. The mechanical information transmitted up to the floor level should be sufficiently accurate because the impact on the vehicle is the key target of the simulations. Developing a constitutive soil model is therefore a challenging task. The soil model is visco-plastic with a hardening cap surface, a failure surface to limit shear stresses and a cut off surface against excessive tension. The entire yield surface is smooth so that the plastic strain increments are continuous. A stiffening mechanism is introduced to account for air compression and accommodate the huge stresses in the immediate neighborhood of the charge. The water content of the soil is also taken into account. Two sets of experiments were carried out at DGA TT to serve as a reference for computer simulations. A first campaign involved small quantity of explosive at several depths of burial. The aerial pressures were measured at various heights and compared to simulations. The second set of experiments used a test rig to measure both the deformation of a floor simulating plate and the impulse transmitted by the buried explosion. A range of soil water contents, depths of burial of the explosive, plate thicknesses and stand off distances has been explored. For all the experiments, the sandy gravel STANAG soil defined in AEP 55 of STANAG 4569 has been used. Eulerian simulations were run and fit with these experiments. The roles of the three parts of the yield surface, of the elastic stiffening and plastic hardening mechanisms could be assessed. The initial soil density and the initial cap position were found to have the largest influence on aerial pressures. As for the impulse transmitted to the metallic plate, it was observed to be mostly controlled by the degree of saturation of the soil.

La construcción de coberturas en zonas alto andinas se ha convertido en una pieza clave para disminuir los pasivos ambientales y, a la vez, contribuir el desarrollo del país gracias a la minería. Gran parte del terreno en estas zonas son suelos arcillosos cuyo comportamiento es impredecible porque presentan cambios de volumen abruptos según la variación de saturación del suelo. Quienes transitan por carreteras en taludes de este tipo de suelo, corren alto riesgo debido al deslizamiento que sufren los taludes cada año. En este tipo de taludes se producen deslizamientos cuando el suelo arcilloso se encuentra parcialmente saturado, ya que en estas condiciones el suelo no es estable. Por ello, se realizaron los estudios de estabilidad de taludes de suelo parcialmente saturado con el método de talud infinito. Se construyó la envolvente de falla del suelo parcialmente saturado con los valores del ensayo del papel filtro y corte directo de acuerdo con la saturación a la que se encuentre sometido. Estos valores serán importantes para el cálculo del factor de seguridad, el cual se obtuvo a partir de una hoja de cálculo propuesta en esta investigación. Finalmente, se validó la hoja de cálculo con el software Geostudio donde se obtuvo una variación dentro del rango de significancia +-5%. Se concluyó que el análisis de estabilidad de talud de cobertura de un suelo parcialmente saturado proporciona un valor de factor de seguridad a partir de un análisis que simula con mayor exactitud el comportamiento del suelo. / The construction of hedges in high Andean areas has become a key element in reducing environmental liabilities and, at the same time, contributing to the development of the country thanks to mining. Much of the terrain in these areas is clay soils whose behavior is unpredictable because they present abrupt volume changes depending on the variation in soil saturation. Those who travel on roads on slopes of this type of soil are at high risk due to the landslide suffered by the slopes every year. In this type of slopes, landslides occur when the clay soil is partially saturated, since under these conditions the soil is not stable. For this reason, the stability studies of partially saturated soil slopes were carried out with the infinite slope method. The partially saturated soil failure envelope was constructed with the values ​​of the filter paper test and direct cut according to the saturation to which it is subjected. These values ​​will be important for the calculation of the safety factor, which was obtained from a spreadsheet proposed in this investigation. Finally, the spreadsheet was validated with the Geostudio software, where a variation was obtained within the range of significance + -5%. It was concluded that the slope stability analysis of a partially saturated soil cover provides a factor of safety value from an analysis that more accurately simulates soil behavior. / Tesis