The aerosol diluter characteristics of three different systems, the single-stage and the two-stage TSI 379020A rotary disk thermodiluters and Dekati FPS-4000 ejector diluter, were tested using gases and particles over a range of dilution ratios. The upstream and downstream gas and particle concentrations of the diluters were measured in real-time to compute the actual dilution ratio achieved by the three systems. Dilution ratios from approximately 15 to 100 were found to fall within the expected operating error margin of ± 10% for CO2 and CH4. Dilution ratios covering a similar range were also achieved to within ± 10% for particles with diameters from 9.3 to 200 nm. However, when engine exhaust was sampled, significant loss of particles smaller than 29.4 nm occurred during the dilution process. As the dilution ratio increased, the deviation from the expected value increased due to an increase in measurement uncertainty.

The aerosol diluter characteristics of three different systems, the single-stage and the two-stage TSI 379020A rotary disk thermodiluters and Dekati FPS-4000 ejector diluter, were tested using gases and particles over a range of dilution ratios. The upstream and downstream gas and particle concentrations of the diluters were measured in real-time to compute the actual dilution ratio achieved by the three systems. Dilution ratios from approximately 15 to 100 were found to fall within the expected operating error margin of ± 10% for CO2 and CH4. Dilution ratios covering a similar range were also achieved to within ± 10% for particles with diameters from 9.3 to 200 nm. However, when engine exhaust was sampled, significant loss of particles smaller than 29.4 nm occurred during the dilution process. As the dilution ratio increased, the deviation from the expected value increased due to an increase in measurement uncertainty.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2632315 bytes, checksum: d33798ae37ec1db08e156eb3480efaca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation was elaborated based on two experiments related to evaluation of indigestible compounds in cattle feeds and feces. In the first experiment, the aim was to evaluate the contents of in situ indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and the fibrous particles lost in aqueous environment in some ruminant feeds by using bags made with different textiles. The physical structure of the textiles was too evaluated. Samples of wheat bran (WB), soybean hulls (SH), corn silage (CS), and signal grass hay (SGH) were used. The bags for rumen incubation were made with nylon (50 &#956;m); F57 (Ankon®); e non-woven textile (NWT 100 g/m²). The feed samples were ground (1 mm) and put in the bags (4 x 5 cm) (6 bags/textile), according to relationship 20 mg of dry matter/cm2 of surface. The bags were incubated in the rumen of a cow fed with a mixed diet (30% of concentrate) during 144 hours. After that, the bags were cleaning with tap water and treated with neutral detergent. The residue was assumed as iNDF. The iNDF contents in WB, SH and CS were similar for F57 and NWT (P>.05), being the results lower when nylon was used (P<.05). For the SGH samples all textiles produced different results (P<.05) being the lower contents obtained with nylon. The fibrous particles lost in aqueous environment was evaluated by cleaning the bags in warm tap water (39ºC) (10 bags/textile). The particles lost was significant for nylon (P<.05). This lost could be considered the cause of lower iNDF contents obtained by using nylon textile, once the microscopic evaluation did not show that rupture of textile occurred during incubation or neutral detergent extraction. In the second experiment, it were evaluated the effects of in situ incubation time and structure of particles on the estimates of indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM), neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and acid detergent fiber (iADF). Samples of corn grain, wheat bran, corn silage, elephant grass, sugarcane, signal grass hay, corn straw, and feces obtained from cattle fed high and low concentrate diets were used. The samples were ground through 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm screen sieve and put in 4 x 5 cm non-woven textile bags (20 mg of dry matter/cm² of surface). The samples were divided in three groups, being each group incubated in the rumen of a crossbred heifer. The incubation procedure was conducted three times with the change of groups among animals. It were used the following incubation times: 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, and 312 hours. The contents of iDM, iNDF, and iADF were evaluated sequentially in each bag. The degradation profiles were interpreted by a non-linear logistic model. The size of particles did not influence the estimates of iDM, iNDF, and iADF (P>.10). On the other hand, the particles size has altered (P<.10) the rumen degradation dynamic rates of DM for corn silage and corn grain; of NDF for sugarcane, corn silage, and corn straw; and ADF for sugarcane. For those samples, the particle size has been positively associated with the incubation time necessary to estimate de indigestible fraction. Incubation times of 240 hours for DM and NDF, and 264 hours for ADF were suggested for obtaining accurate estimates of indigestible fractions. The use of 2 mm particle size can increase the precision of estimates. / A presente dissertação foi elaborada com base em dois experimentos relacionados à avaliação dos teores de compostos indigestíveis em alimentos e fezes bovinas. No primeiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar os teores de fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) obtidos por procedimento in situ e a perda de partículas fibrosas em meio aquoso de alguns alimentos para ruminantes por intermédio de sacos de diferentes tecidos. Avaliou-se, concomitantemente a estrutura física dos tecidos utilizados. Os alimentos avaliados foram: farelo de trigo (FT), casca de soja (CS), silagem de milho (SM) e feno de capim-braquiária (FB). Foram avaliados os tecidos: nylon (50 &#956;m); F57 (Ankon®); e tecido não-tecido (TNT 100 g/m²). Os alimentos foram moídos (1 mm) e acondicionados em sacos de dimensão de 4 x 5 cm (6 amostras/tecido), obedecendo-se à relação de 20 mg de matéria seca/cm2 quadrado de superfície. Os sacos foram incubados por 144 horas no rúmen de uma vaca alimentada com dieta mista (30% de concentrado). Posteriormente, os sacos foram retirados, lavados em água corrente até o total clareamento, e tratados com detergente neutro, sendo o resíduo considerado como FDNi. Verificou-se similaridade entre os teores de FDNi obtidos com TNT e F57 (P>0,05), sendo estes superiores aos obtidos com nylon (P<0,05) para os alimentos FT, CS e SM. Para FB, os teores diferiram entre todos os tecidos (P<0,05), sendo os maiores valores observados para F57, os menores para o nylon, tendo o TNT apresentado posição intermediária. A perda de partículas fibrosas em meio aquoso foi avaliada por intermédio da lavagem dos sacos contendo os alimentos em água (39ºC) (10 amostras/tecido). Verificou-se perda de partículas (P<0,05) quando empregado o nylon como ambiente para avaliação das amostras, corroborando os menores teores de FDNi obtidos com este tecido. Observou-se, por intermédio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, que a perda de partículas para o nylon deve ser atribuída à estrutura do tecido e não a possíveis danos causados durante os processos de incubação e extração com detergente. No segundo experimento, objetivou-se avaliar a influência do tempo de incubação in situ e da estrutura de partículas sobre as estimativas das frações indigestíveis da matéria seca (MSi), da fibra em detergente neutro (FDNi) e da fibra em detergente ácido (FDAi). Avaliaram-se amostras de: fubá de milho, casca de soja, farelo de trigo, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão, silagem de milho, capim-elefante, cana-de-açúcar, feno de capim-braquiária, palha de milho, fezes de bovinos alimentados com alto ou baixo nível de concentrados na dieta. As amostras foram processadas em moinho com peneiras de porosidade 1, 2 ou 3 mm, sendo acondicionadas (20mg de matéria seca/cm² de superfície) em sacos de tecido não-tecido (100g/m2) de dimensão 4 x 5 cm. Os materiais foram divididos em três grupos, sendo cada grupo incubado no rúmen de 3 novilhas mestiças (Holandês x Zebu). O procedimento de incubação foi repetido por três vezes, sendo que, a cada período procedeu-se à incubação dos grupos em animais distintos. Foram utilizados os tempos: 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240 e 312 horas. Os teores de MSi, FDNi e FDAi foram avaliados seqüencialmente, sendo os perfis de degradação interpretados por intermédio de modelo logístico não-linear. Verificou-se ausência de efeito do tamanho de partícula sobre as estimativas de MSi, FDNi e FDAi (P>0,10). Em relação aos efeitos dos tamanhos de partículas sobre a velocidade de degradação, verificaram-se efeitos significativos (P<0,10) para a silagem de milho e fubá de milho no tocante à MS; cana-de-açúcar, silagem de milho e palha de milho para a FDN; e cana-de-açúcar para a FDA. Para estas amostras, o tamanho de partícula associou-se positivamente ao tempo necessário para se estimar a fração indigestível. Tempos de incubação de 240 horas para MS e FDN e de 264 horas para FDA são recomendados para que se obtenham estimativas exatas das frações indigestíveis. O uso de partículas com 2 mm é recomendado em função da maior precisão das estimativas.

The diploma thesis deals with technology for the implementation and use of asphalt concrete for very thin layers (BBTM) with use of asphalt binder of high-polymer modification (HiMA). Further, there are described selected and performed functional tests. Thesis also contains design of a mixture for bituminous concrete type targeted for very thin layers with different types of binders. After a suitable design of the mixture, laboratory tests were carried out (stiffness modulus, resistance to permanent deformation, low temperature characteristics, water resistance and particle loss). The output of this work is a set of measured values and processed results with their interpretation.

This work is focused on the design and determination of the properties of porous asphalt and asphalt concrete for very thin layers with TecRoad addition. The water sensitivity, particle loss, stiffness, fatigue and low temperature characteristics and resistance to permanent deformation are determined for a description of mixtures properties. Subsequently, the mixtures are compared and recommendations for use in maintenance and reconstruction of roads are prepared.