The transport of solar energetic particles (SEPs) in the inner heliosphere is a very important issue which can affect our daily life. For example, large SEP events can lead to the failure of power grids, interrupt communications, and may participate in global climate change. The SEPS also can harm humans in space and destroy the instruments on board spacecraft. Studying the transport of SEPs also helps us understand remote regions of space which are not visible to us because there are not enough photons in those places.The interplanetary magnetic field is the medium in which solar energetic particles travel. The Parker Model of the solar wind and its successor, the Weber and Davis model, have been the dominant models of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field since 1960s. In this thesis, I have reviewed these models and applied an important correction to the Weber and Davis model. Various solar wind models and their limitations are presented. Different models can affect the calculation of magnetic field direction at 1~AU by as much as about 30\%.Analysis of the onset of SEP events could be used to infer the release time of solar energetic particles and to differentiate between models of particle acceleration near the Sun. It is demonstrated that because of the nature of the stochastic heliospheric magnetic field, the path length measured along the lineof force can be shorter than that of the nominal Parker spiral. These results help to explain recent observations.A two dimensional model and a fully three dimensional numerical model for the transport of SEPs has been developed based on Parker's transport equation for the first time. ``Reservoir'' phenomenon, which means the inner heliosphere works like a reservoir for SEPs during large SEP events, and multi-spacecraft observation of peak intensities are explained by this numerical model.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-116).

CISNE JÚNIOR, Roberto Lima da Costa. Transporte de partículas em canais catraca. 2009. 66 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2009. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-16T21:32:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_rlccisnejunior.pdf: 1393454 bytes, checksum: 62607b402f92579c7e8e6941eb686ea3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-18T18:19:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_rlccisnejunior.pdf: 1393454 bytes, checksum: 62607b402f92579c7e8e6941eb686ea3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-18T18:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_rlccisnejunior.pdf: 1393454 bytes, checksum: 62607b402f92579c7e8e6941eb686ea3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / In this work we study the transport process of fluid flow and mass through channels that are characterized by periodic structures, namely ratchet channels. In the first part of this work, we approach a brief discussion on the characteristics of the flow in smooth channels, since they have simple analytical solution, and may help us understand the fluid flow through more complex channels. Then we study the fluid flow in ratchet channels, and we compare the results obtained for the fluid flow through smooth and ratchet channels, observing some similarities and differences between both of them. We show that the nature of the geometry of the ratchet channel adds a degree of complexity to the problem of the fluid flow, that affects the properties of the velocity and pressure fields. Moreover, we inquire into another aspect of the transport process, namely the transport of massive particle dragged by a fluid that flows in the interior of the ratchet channels previously mentioned. We show some results that indicate a certain typical similatiry between ratchet and smooth channels. However, the ratchet channels possess a structure that allows the break of symmetry in relation of the two only allowed directions of flow. In this way, the nature of the particle transport process can be affected by this break of simmetry. The aim of this work is to analyze the dynamics of particle transport into a ratched channel and determine which mechanisms play a fundamental role in this process. / Neste trabalho trataremos do transporte de fluido e partículas no interior de canais caracterizados por estruturas periódicas que lembram dentes de catraca, desta forma chamamos de canais catraca. Para tal tarefa iniciaremos com uma breve discussão sobre as características do escoamento em canais lisos, visto que os mesmos possuem solução analítica simples, e poderão nos ajudar a compreender o escoamento em canais mais complexos. Em seguida faremos o estudo do escoamento em canais catraca, e faremos a comparação entre os resultados obtidos para o escoamento em canais lisos e em canais catraca, mostrando algumas semelhanças e diferenças. Mostramos que a natureza da geometria do canal catraca adiciona um grau de complexidade ao problema do escoamento, refletindo-se nas propriedades dos campos de velocidade e pressão. Em seguida, faremos o estudo do comportamento do transporte de partículas com massa arrastadas por um fluido escoando no interior dos canais catraca, mostrando alguns resultados que indicam uma certa característica típica de canais lisos. Porém, devido os canais catracas possuírem uma estrutura que permite a quebra de simetria em relação aos dois únicos sentidos de fluxo permitidos, poderão aparecer mudanças no comportamento tanto do transporte de fluido como do transporte de partículas. Como ponto principal deste trabalho, analisaremos como surgem estas diferenças e quais os mecanismos desempenham papel fundamental para que isto aconteça.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho trataremos do transporte de fluido e partÃculas no interior de canais caracterizados por estruturas periÃdicas que lembram dentes de catraca, desta forma chamamos de canais catraca. Para tal tarefa iniciaremos com uma breve discussÃo sobre as caracterÃsticas do escoamento em canais lisos, visto que os mesmos possuem soluÃÃo analÃtica simples, e poderÃo nos ajudar a compreender o escoamento em canais mais complexos. Em seguida faremos o estudo do escoamento em canais catraca, e faremos a comparaÃÃo entre os resultados obtidos para o escoamento em canais lisos e em canais catraca, mostrando algumas semelhanÃas e diferenÃas. Mostramos que a natureza da geometria do canal catraca adiciona um grau de complexidade ao problema do escoamento, refletindo-se nas propriedades dos campos de velocidade e pressÃo. Em seguida, faremos o estudo do comportamento do transporte de partÃculas com massa arrastadas por um fluido escoando no interior dos canais catraca, mostrando alguns resultados que indicam uma certa caracterÃstica tÃpica de canais lisos. PorÃm, devido os canais catracas possuÃrem uma estrutura que permite a quebra de simetria em relaÃÃo aos dois Ãnicos sentidos de fluxo permitidos, poderÃo aparecer mudanÃas no comportamento tanto do transporte de fluido como do transporte de partÃculas. Como ponto principal deste trabalho, analisaremos como surgem estas diferenÃas e quais os mecanismos desempenham papel fundamental para que isto aconteÃa. / In this work we study the transport process of fluid flow and mass through channels that are characterized by periodic structures, namely ratchet channels. In the first part of this work, we approach a brief discussion on the characteristics of the flow in smooth channels, since they have simple analytical solution, and may help us understand the fluid flow through more complex channels. Then we study the fluid flow in ratchet channels, and we compare the results obtained for the fluid flow through smooth and ratchet channels, observing some similarities and differences between both of them. We show that the nature of the geometry of the ratchet channel adds a degree of complexity to the problem of the fluid flow, that affects the properties of the velocity and pressure fields. Moreover, we inquire into another aspect of the transport process, namely the transport of massive particle dragged by a fluid that flows in the interior of the ratchet channels previously mentioned. We show some results that indicate a certain typical similatiry between ratchet and smooth channels. However, the ratchet channels possess a structure that allows the break of symmetry in relation of the two only allowed directions of flow. In this way, the nature of the particle transport process can be affected by this break of simmetry. The aim of this work is to analyze the dynamics of particle transport into a ratched channel and determine which mechanisms play a fundamental role in this process.

L’érosion interne est la cause principale de ruptures des ouvrages hydrauliques en terre, tels que les digues et les barrages. Les conséquences de telles ruptures sont conséquentes et couteuses. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre une catégorie particulière de processus d’érosion, la suffusion, en en caractérisant l’initiation et l’évolution. Cette recherche, à dominante expérimentale, s'appuie sur une modélisation physique unidimensionnelle. Les essais sont réalisés dans une conduite en plexiglas de 18 cm de diamètre intérieur, équipée de capteurs de pression, d’un débitmètre et d’un turbidimètre. Un dispositif de collecte des particules érodées est installé à l’aval de la conduite pour quantifier les particules érodées à des intervalles de temps choisis. Dans cette étude, on a réalisé une série d’essais sur des matériaux pulvérulents. Dans ce type de matériaux, l’érosion se manifeste par suffusion. Elle correspond à l’arrachement et au transport des particules fines à travers l’espace poral des particules grossières. Dans un premier temps, un protocole de reconstitution de matériaux pulvérulents est élaboré. Le principe consiste à réaliser des mélanges humides avec une teneur en eau relative à la masse des particules fines. Pour surmonter les problèmes rencontrés dans la réalisation des essais, la conduite est disposée verticalement, et les matériaux testés sont reconstitués à partir de mélanges de particules sableuses. Une étude paramétrique est menée sur l’influence de certains paramètres, tels que la granulométrie, la pression d’écoulement, la nature et la teneur en particules argileuses ainsi que la densité de mise en place. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’érodabilité des matériaux dépend de la forme des courbes granulométrique. En effet, l’érosion est plus accentuée pour les matériaux contenant moins de particules fines. Elle est également plus forte quand la courbe granulométrique est discontinue. L’ajout de particules argileuses augmente la résistance à la suffusion des matériaux testés. Trois catégories de matériaux argileux ou fins sont testées : une illite (argile verte de Velay), une kaolinite (Speswhite), et du sable broyé (C10). Les résultats montrent que les matériaux contenant de l’illite sont plus résistants à la suffusion que les matériaux contenant de la kaolinite, tandis que les matériaux contenant du sable broyé sont les moins résistants. Cette résistance à la suffusion augmente avec la teneur en particules argileuses. L’érosion des matériaux dépend aussi de la densité initiale des matériaux testés. En effet, pour la même pression d’entrée, la quantité des particules érodées diminue en augmentant la densité de mise en place / Internal erosion is the main cause of failure of hydraulic structures such dykes and dams. The consequences of such failures are substantial and costly. The objective of this thesis is to better understand one of the erosion phenomena, the suffusion, and to characterize the initiation and the evolution of this phenomenon. A physical modeling approach is used for this study. Tests are carried out in a Plexiglas pipe of 18 cm inner diameter, equipped with pressure sensors, flowmeter and turbidimeter. A device for collecting the eroded particles, at selected time intervals, is installed in the downstream part of the device. In this study we performed a series of tests on coarse cohesionless soil. In this type of material, erosion is manifested by suffusion. It corresponds to the detachment and transport of fine particles through the pore space of the coarse particles. First, a cohesionless soil reconstitution protocol is developed. The idea is to make wet mixtures with water content depending on the fine particle content. To overcome some problems encountered in carrying out the tests, the device is arranged vertically, and the materials tested are reconstituted from mixtures of sand particles. A parametric study on the influence of several parameters such as particle size distribution, flow pressure, nature and content of clay particles and initial density are conducted. The results show that the erodibility of the material depends on the shape of the particle size distribution. Indeed erosion is more pronounced for materials containing less fine particles. This erodability is more pronounced when the curve is gap-graded. Erodibility of the tested soils increases with the hydraulic load. The addition of clay particles increases the resistance to suffusion of the soils. Three categories of clayed or fine soils are tested: illite (Argile Verte de Velay), kaolinite (Speswhite), and crushed sand (C10). The results show that materials containing illite are more resistant to suffusion than materials containing kaolinite, whereas materials containing crushed sand are less resistant. This resistance to suffusion increases with clay particle content. The erosion of materials also depends on the initial density of the soil tested. Indeed, for the same applied pressure, the quantity of eroded particles decreases with increasing the initial density

Binding-sites which facilitate the transport of substrates across membranes are ubiquitous in membrane proteins. To understand this fundamental process in cells, we build up a synthetic membrane system consisting of microfluidic channels and colloidal particles. Holographic optical tweezers are used to modulate the potential energy landscape in those channels. We show how to extract the underlying energy potential by analysing local transition probabilities. Our method is applicable both to equilibrium systems and non-equilibrium steady states. Our method offers improved robustness when dealing with fragmented trajectories or small ensembles of data compared to other established approaches, such as probability density function and splitting probability. Meanwhile, we utilise the intensity distribution of the optical traps generated by holographic optical tweezers to estimate energy landscapes featuring high energy barriers where transitions rarely occur. We use this newly developed experimental system to mimic the functionality of membrane protein transporters that are known to alternate their substrate-binding sites between the extracellular and cytosolic side of the membrane. We study particle transport through a channel coupled with an energy well that oscillates its position between the two entrances of the channel deterministically and stochastically. Optimised particle transport across the channel is obtained by adjusting the oscillation frequency. At the optimal oscillation frequency, the translocation rate of particles through the channel is a hundred times higher with respect to free diffusion across the channel. Our findings reveal the effect of time dependent potentials on particle transport across a channel. This work adds a new tool for the investigation of highly controlled membrane transport processes at the micron scale. Our results are relevant for improving our understanding of membrane transport especially for microfluidics application.

Le transport de l'énergie dans le cadre du schéma d'allumage rapide pour la Fusion par Confinement Inertiel (FCI) se fait au moyen d'électrons relativistes ou d'ions rapides. Le transport des particules et le processus de dépôt d'énergie induisent une physique complexe dont la description détaillée requiert des calculs cinétiques multidimensionnels précis. Exigeant en ressources informatiques, ces modules de transport cinétiques sont peut compatibles avec les soucis d'efficacité des utilisateurs de codes hydrodynamiques.Un des enjeux actuels consiste à développer méthodes efficaces qui rendent compte des principales caractéristiques du processus de transport cinétique et qui soient suffisamment rapides pour être couplées à un calcul intégré d'assemblage de combustible et de combustion. J'ai étudié dans ce travail deux modèles de transport de particules chargées, qui tendent à répondre à ces besoins. Le premier modèle (Trumpet) est une extension à deux dimensions d'un modèle simplifié considérant un angle de diffusion moyen. Le second modèle (M1) est une simplification des équations de Fokker Planck basée sur une fermeture angulaire respectant le principe de minimisation d'entropie.Ces deux modèles ont été implémentés et intégrés dans le code hydrodynamique du CELIA (CHIC). Après avoir étudié les avantages et les limites de ces modèles, je les ai appliqué au calcul de dépôt d'ions énergétiques dans une cible compressée. Nous avons modélisé un diagnostic d'imagerie protonique d'une expérience de compression d'un cylindre par laser et analysé l'allumage d'une cible par des ions de deutérium tritium et de carbone accélérés au moyen d'impulsions ultra intense. / The energy transport in the Fast Ignition scheme within the framework of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is done by means of energetic charged particles, relativistic electrons or fast ions. The particle transport and energy deposition process is rather complicated and its detailed description requires large scale kinetic multidimensional calculations. These codes are CPU time consuming and cannot be easily implemented in radiation hydrodynamic codes that describe the fuel assembly, resulting energy deposition and the combustion. Reduced methods are needed that account for the main features of the kinetic transport process and are sufficiently fast and efficient to be introduced directly in an hydrodynamic module. We have developed two reduced models of charged particles transport, suitable for integration in hydro-codes. The first model, called Trumpet, is a two-dimensional extension of a simplified 1D model for the average scattering angle. The second model called M1 is a simplification of the Fokker Planck equation, based one the angular closure respecting the minimum entropy principle. These two models have been integrated in the CELIA hydrodynamic code (CHIC). After considering the advantages and limitations of these models, we used them to calculate the ion energy deposition in a compressed target. We have modelled the protonic radiography of a cylindrical laser-driven impulsion, and analyse a new fast ignition scheme with fast deuterium tritium and carbon ions accelerated by laser.