no / An economizer, one type of heat exchangers, is specifically named to carry out heat exchange between hot gas and water. It is considered in this work to provide heat recovery between exhaust gas and boiler's feed water. As it has been studied to obtain high heat recovery with several designs, here the economizer is devised with new approach to achieve the best heat recovery as well as economical applicability in an existing pasteurized milk plant. The new economizer is designed to divide an exhaust gas into two portions flowing up on the left and right of the economizes passing across aligned banks of tubes and then flowing down and up again in an unmixed-triple pass fashion. The pressure drop and dew point temperature of corrosive acid depended on the fuel's type are also taken into account. Moreover, the mathematical models based on the energy equation in partial differential equations of two-dimensional initial value problems have been developed to simulate the performance of the newly designed economizer. The observation data prove that the designed economizer can achieve the heat recovery of the exhaust gas up to 57% with the average of 38% and can save the consumption of liquefied petroleum gas of about 13%.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the total viable count and detects each microorganism by the use of mass spectroscopy. In the period of June to December 2017 35 samples of pasteurized milk from two vending machines (Hodkovice, Suchdol) were tested. For comparison samples were divided to warmer season (June-Septemeber) and colder season (October-December) sampling. The total amount of microorganism was determined in each sample of milk and total viable count was estimated by the use of mass spectroscopy MALDI-TOF. The total viable count in the tested pasteurized milk were from 3,27 log KTJ/ml up to 7,35 log KTJ/ml. The mass spectroscopy detected 210 microorganisms belonging to 20 families of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and one species of eukaryot organism. The most often identified species belong the Enterobacteriaceae family.

Orientador: Salvador Massaguer Roig / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:20:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Busani_SilviaFatimaBorges_D.PDF: 12953590 bytes, checksum: f4928b1a7cba5073da7384ea057dda79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Mirna Lucia Gigante / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanvido_GustavoBraga_M.pdf: 1185267 bytes, checksum: f431ac8d0bd92eae958bb8236d2d65bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de armazenamento do leite cru e da temperatura de estocagem do leite pasteurizado sobre sua qualidade físicoquímica, microbiológica e vida de prateleira. Para cada experimento utilizouse 150 litros de leite cru que foram divididos em 3 latões de 50 litros armazenados por 0, 4 ou 7 dias a 5 ± 1ºC antes da pasteurização. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado, amostras de leite cru foram avaliadas quando a presença de resíduos de antibióticos, contagem de células somáticas, pH, acidez, densidade, extrato seco total, gordura, nitrogênio total e solúvel em pH 4,6 e em TCA 24%, coliformes a 3035 ºC e a 45ºC e a contagem dos seguintes microorganismos: aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos, Pseudomonas spp., termodúricos mesófilos e psicrotróficos, esporos mesófilos e psicrotróficos. Após o período de armazenamento refrigerado o leite foi pasteurizado (7275 ºC/1520 segundos), refrigerado (5±1ºC) e envasado em embalagens plásticas de polietileno, as quais foram divididas em dois lotes e estocadas a 5±1ºC ou a 10±1ºC. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado amostras dos leites pasteurizados foram avaliadas para as mesmas características, excetuandose contagem de células somáticas e a presença de resíduos de antibióticos e incluindose os testes de eficiência de pasteurização (peroxidase e fosfatase) e a pesquisa de Salmonela spp. O final da vida de prateleira do leite pasteurizado foi estabelecido como sendo o primeiro dia em que as amostras apresentassem contagem total de microorganismos mesófilos aeróbios superior a 8 x 10 4 UFC/mL. O experimento completo foi repetido três vezes e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Splitsplitplot com três fatores. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado do leite cru observouse o aumento significativo da proteólise, da acidez e das contagens de todas as classes de microrganismos avaliadas. A contagem total de microrganismo, cujo valor máximo permitido pela legislação brasileira é 10 6 UFC/ml foi plenamente atendida no dia de recebimento do leite, entretanto atingiu valores de 6,10 x 10 6 e 1,83 x10 8 UFC/ml após 4 e 7 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Todas as amostras de leite pasteurizado apresentaram teste negativo para fosfatase e positivo para peroxidase e atenderam aos padrões microbiológicos definidos pela Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, que estabelece a tolerância indicativa de coliformes 45ºC igual a 4 NMP/mL e ausência de Salmonela spp/25 mL. A contagem inicial de microorganismos mesófilos aeróbios no leite pasteurizado aumentou significativamente com o aumento do tempo de armazenamento do leite cru e foi, em média, de 5,2x10, 1,9 x10 2 e 4,0 x10 2 UFC/mL, para o leite cru armazenado por 0, 4 e 7 dias respectivamente. Além disso, quanto maior a temperatura de estocagem do leite pasteurizado, maior a contagem de microorganismos, que foi, em média, de 1,5x10 2 e 2,8x10 2 UFC/mL para o leite estocado a 5±1 e 10±1ºC, respectivamente. A interação entre os tratamentos afetou significativamente a fase lag de todas as classes de microorganismo estudadas, exceto esporos mesófilos e psicrotróficos. O tempo de fase lag apresentou tendência de ser maior quanto menor o tempo de armazenamento do leite cru (0 dia) e menor a temperatura (5±1ºC) de estocagem do leite pasteurizado. Nesta condição a vida de prateleira do leite pasteurizado foi de 10,7 dias. Quando o leite cru foi armazenado por 7 dias antes da pasteurização e foi estocado a 10±1ºC a vida de prateleira foi apenas de 2,3 dias. Estes resultados confirmam que para aumentar a vida de prateleira do leite pasteurizado é necessário, além da boa qualidade, um curto tempo de armazenamento do leite cru e uma baixa temperatura para a estocagem do leite pasteurizado / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of raw milk storage time and pasteurized milk storage temperature on milk physical, chemical and microbiological quality and shelf life. For each experiment, 150 liters of raw milk were used, divided into three 50 liter milk cans, stored during 0, 4 or 7 days at 5 ± 1ºC before pasteurization. During refrigerated storage, samples of raw milk were evaluated with respect to the presence of antibiotic residues, somatic cell count, pH, acidity, density, total dry extract, fat, total nitrogen and nitrogen soluble at pH 4.6 and in 24% TCA, total and fecal coliforms and the counts of the following microorganisms: aerobic mesophiles, psychrotrophs, Pseudomonas spp., thermoduric mesophiles and psychrotrophs, mesophilic and psychrotrophic spores. After the refrigerated storage period, the milk was pasteurized (7275 ºC/1520 seconds), refrigerated (5 ± 1ºC) and packaged in polyethylene plastic bags, which were divided into two lots and stored at 5 ± 1ºC or at 10 ± 1ºC. During the refrigerated storage, samples of the pasteurized milks were evaluated for the same characteristics as the raw milk, except for somatic cell count and the presence of antibiotic residues, and including pasteurization efficiency tests (peroxidase and phosphatase) and testing for Salmonella spp. The end of the shelf life of the pasteurized milk was established as the first day in which the samples presented a total count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms above 8 x 10 4 CFU/mL. The complete experiment was repeated three times and the experimental design used was the Splitsplitplot with three factors. During the refrigerated storage of the raw milk, a significant increase of proteolysis, acidity and counts of all the classes of microorganisms evaluated was observed. The total microorganism count, which was within the limit permitted by the Brazilian legislation of 10 6 CFU/mL on the day of reception, reached values of 6.10 x 10 6 and 1.83 x 10 8 CFU/mL, after 4 and 7 days of refrigerated storage, respectively. All the samples of pasteurized milk presented a negative test for phosphatase and a positive test for peroxidase and attended the microbiological standards defined by the Brazilian Sanitary Vigilance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), that establishes an indicative tolerance for fecal coliforms equal to 4 MPN/mL and the absence of Salmonella spp/25 mL. The initial count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms in the pasteurized milk increased significantly with the increase of the raw milk storage time and was, in average, of 5.2 x 10, 1.9 x 10 2 and 4.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL, for the raw milk stored for 0, 4 and 7 days, respectively. Furthermore, the higher the pasteurized milk storage temperature, the higher the microorganism count, that was, in average, of 1.5 x 10 2 and 2.8 x 10 2 CFU/mL for the milk stored at 5 ± 1 and 10 ± 1ºC, respectively. The interaction between the treatments significantly affected the lag phase of all the classes of microorganisms studied, except for mesophilic and psychrotrophic spores. The lag phase period presented a tendency to be greater for shorter raw milk storage times (0 day) and lower pasteurized milk storage temperatures (5 ± 1ºC). In this condition, the shelf life of the pasteurized milk was 10.7 days. When the raw milk was stored for 7 days before pasteurization and stored at 10 ± 1ºC, the shelf life was only 2.3 days. These results confirm that to increase the shelf life of pasteurized milk, apart from good quality, a short raw milk storage time and a low pasteurized milk storage temperature are necessary / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

no / An economizer is normally employed to perform heat recovery from hot exhaust gases to cold fluid. In this work, a newly designed economizer is devised to achieve high heat recovery in a pasteurized milk plant. In the economizer, the hot exhaust gas is divided into two channels flowing up on the left and right sides. After that, it is moving down passing over aligned banks of tubes, which water is flowing inside, in a triple passes fashion. Moreover, three dimensional (3D) models with heat transfer including fluid dynamic have been developed, validated by actual plant data and used to evaluate the performance of the economizer. Simulation results indicate that the newly designed economizer can recover the heat loss of 38% and can achieve the cost saving of 13%.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-03-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gusmao_vv_me_sjrp.pdf: 467989 bytes, checksum: f6fb70f81cc15aa3029140a597f0de22 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil, o leite possui uma posição de destaque, tanto do ponto de vista social como do econômico. Devido a sua composição peculiar rica em proteínas, gorduras, carboidratos, sais minerais e vitaminas, é considerado como um excelente meio de cultura, pois constitui um ambiente adequado para o desenvolvimento de vários microrganismos. A contaminação microbiana altera a qualidade do alimento e pode agir como veículo de microrganismos patogênicos, que podem provocar o desenvolvimento de doenças infecciosas ou intoxicações alimentares, que colocam em risco a saúde do consumidor e levam à condenação do leite, além da perda da qualidade nutricional do produto. O leite é freqüentemente relacionado com surtos de toxinfecções alimentares, o que justifica a necessidade de avaliações constantes de sua qualidade garantindo a sua condição de consumo. Neste trabalho foram coletadas 23 amostras de leite pasteurizado tipos A, B e C, obtidas no comércio varejista da região de São José do Rio Preto - SP, que foram submetidas as seguintes análises microbiológicas: contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, enumeração de bolores e leveduras, determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e fecais, pesquisa de Escherichia coli e de Salmonella spp. Das amostras de leite analisadas foram isoladas 31 culturas de leveduras, submetidas às provas taxonômicas, morfológicas, fisiológicas e de assimilação de diversas fontes de carbono. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se que apenas 2 (8,70%) amostras apresentaram coliformes fecais acima do limite da legislação, resultado este, inferior aos diversos trabalhos encontrados em leite pasteurizado desenvolvidos em diferentes regiões do Brasil. A presença de Escherichia coli foi constatada em apenas 3 amostras, sendo todas do tipo C. A de Salmonella spp não foi verificada em nenhuma... / In Brazil, milk has a prominent position, as much of social point of view as of economic, due to its particular composition rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts and vitamins, and consequently it is considered like an excellent medium, because it s an adequate atmosphere for the development of several microorganism. The microbial contamination changes the food quality, so that it may act like vehicle of pathogenic microorganism, promoting disease or food poisoning, risking consumer s health and milk may be condemned; besides the loss of product s nutritional quality. Milk is frequently related to outbreaks of food toxinfection, what justify the need for constant evaluations of its quality as well as the guarantee of its condition of consumption. In this study 23 samples of kinds A, B and C pasteurized milk were obtained from the retail trade of São José do Rio Preto (SP) region and were done the following microbiological analyses: counting of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, listing of molds and yeasts, determination of most probable number (MPN) of total coliforms and fecal coliforms, research of E. coli and Salmonella spp.. Thirty one yeast cultures were isolated from the samples. They were submitted to taxonomic, morphological, and physiological tests and to carbon source assimilation test. According to the results obtained, only 2 (8.70%) had fecal coliforms above the regulation limit. The percentage out of the microbiological standard (8.70%) was lower than several studies found in pasteurized milk, developed in different regions of Brazil. E. coli was detected in 3 samples of kind C. Salmonella spp. was not detected in any sample analyzed, what is in accordance with the current regulation. In conclusion, most of the samples (91.30%) had coliforms a 45°C 4 MPN/mL, xii consequently were labeled as products in satisfactory sanitary conditions, therefore products...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-14T17:16:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes, Patricia Regina Kraschinski [Dissertação, 2016].pdf: 1353027 bytes, checksum: d3bd0a8823abd0576a16231891f91a13 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T17:16:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes, Patricia Regina Kraschinski [Dissertação, 2016].pdf: 1353027 bytes, checksum: d3bd0a8823abd0576a16231891f91a13 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica do leite bovino em diferentes etapas da cadeia produtiva de uma cooperativa de leite do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e investigar a presença de STEC e STEC O157 no leite e nas fezes dos animais ordenhados. Foram coletadas 100 amostras de leite nas diferentes etapas da cadeia produtiva, sendo 54 amostras do galão de cada propriedade rural, 25 amostras de leite do tanque de refrigeração comunitário, 14 amostras dos carros-tanque isotérmicos e 7 amostras do tanque de resfriamento da indústria bem como 10 amostras de leite pasteurizado. Foram também avaliadas 63 amostras de swab retal do animal ordenhado e 35 amostras de leite recém ordenhado. Para conferir a eficiência da pasteurização foram realizados os testes de peroxidase e fosfatase alcalina. A maioria das amostras (75,9%) de leite cru coletadas nos galões dos produtores apresentou condições microbiológicas satisfatórias, contagem bacteriana total (CBT) < 5,5 log UFC/mL. No entanto, 72% das amostras de leite coletadas no tanque de refrigeração comunitário, 100% das amostras coletadas nos carros-tanque isotérmicos e 100% das amostras coletadas nos tanques de refrigeração da indústria apresentaram condições microbiológicas insatisfatórias. Todas as amostras de leite pasteurizado foram aprovadas quanto a CBT, além de apresentarem a enzina peroxidase ativa e a enzima fosfatase alcalina inativa. No entanto, 80% destas amostras foram classificadas em condições microbiológicas insatisfatórias por apresentarem coliformes totais e E. coli acima dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Das 100 amostras de leite cru analisadas, 65 apresentaram o gene stx, sendo 33 (61,1%) amostras do galão do produtor, 13 (52%) amostras do tanque de refrigeração comunitário, 14 (100%) amostras dos carros-tanque isotérmicos e cinco (71,4%) amostras dos tanques de resfriamento da indústria. Cinquenta e seis (88,9%) amostras fecais e 17 (48,6%) amostras de leite recém-ordenhado apresentaram o gene stx. Com exceção de uma amostra, todas as amostras de leite recém ordenhado provinham de um animal carreador do gene stx. Foram isolados STEC O157:H7 em 11,9% das amostras de fezes bovinas stxpositivas. Todas as cepas STEC O157:H7 isoladas apresentaram os genes stx2c, eae , tir , espA , espB , ler, iha, astA, EHEC-hlyA e espP. A qualidade microbiológica dos produtos lácteos está diretamente relacionada à qualidade da matéria-prima, com isso, é necessário a adequação dos produtores rurais quanto à implementação de Boas Práticas Agropecuárias, além da implementação das Boas Práticas de Fabricação pela indústria de laticínios / The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of cow's milk in different stages of the production chain of a cooperative state milk Rio de Janeiro, and to investigate the presence of STEC and STEC O157 on themilk and the faeces of milked animals. 100 milk samples at different stages of the production chain were collected, 54 samples of a gallon of each rural property, 25 milk samples of Community coolant tank, 14 samples of insulated tank cars and 7 samples of the industrial cooling tank; and 10 samples of pasteurized milk. It was also evaluated 63 samples of rectal swab of milking animals and 35 sample of freshly milked milk. To check the effectiveness of the pasteurization tests peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase were performed. The majority of samples (75.9%) of raw milk collected in gallons producers had satisfactory microbiological conditions, total bacterial count (TBC) < 5.5 log CFU/mL. However, 72% of milk samples collected in the Community coolant tank, 100% of the samples collected in the isothermal tank cars and 100% of the samples collected in the industrial cooling tanks had unsatisfactory microbiological conditions. All (100%) samples of pasteurized milk were approved as the TBC, besides having the peroxidase enzyme is of not presenting the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. However, 80% of these samples were classified as unsatisfactory microbiological conditions for presenting total coliforms and E. coli above the standards set by law. Of 100 raw milk samples analyzed, 65 showed the stx gene, 33 (61.1%) of the producer gallon, 13 (52%) of the community coolant tank, 14 (100%) of the isothermal tank cars and five (71.4%) of cooling tanks industry. Fifty-six (88.9%) and 17 faecal samples (48.6%) of freshly milked milk samples showed the stx gene. With the exception of one sample, all milk samples freshly milked, came from a carrier animal stx gene. They were isolated STEC O157: H7 in 11.9% of samples stx-positive cattle dung. All strains STEC O157: H7 isolated genes showed stx2c, eae , tir , espA , espB , read, iha, astA, EHEC-hlyA and espP. The microbiological quality of dairy products is directly related to the quality of the raw material, thus, the adequacy of farmers as the implementation of Best Practices of Agricultural is required in addition to the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices by the dairy industry

The aim of this work is to research milk and kefir microbiological indicators according to microbiological risk factors in the milk processing company A. Work tasks: to analyze drinking milk, ultra high temperature pasteurized milk and kefir descriptions and factors of the risk in technological process schemes; microbiological factors of the risk control schemes; samples of these products microbiological indicators according to company’s self-control plan. Conclusion: The main microbiological risk factors in drinking milk is total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, Salmonella; in the kefir – coliform bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Principals control points in drinking milk, ultra high temperature pasteurized milk and kefir technological schemes are: reception of the raw cow’s milk; freezing of the raw cow’s milk, storage and keeping; pasteurization of milk and freezing, pasteurized milk compound storage and keeping; milk warming, deaeration, homogenization, sterilization and refreshing (only for ultra high temperature pasteurized milk); repeated thermal treatment, cooling up to inoculation temperature (only for kefir); inoculation and incubation (only for kefir); storage. In the company’s A self-control plan preview principal control points microbiological risk factors are controlled by keeping a check of heating and freezing stages temperature and duration, monitoring of microbiological parameters are made not less than 4 times per year. Coliform bacteria and total bacteria... [to full text]

The sensory evaluation of heat treated consumer milk at different temperatures by preference tests was main topic of this thesis. The survey based on questionare is part of this thesis.

Orientador: Fernando Leite Hoffmann / Banca: Vanerli Beloti / Banca: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz / Resumo: No Brasil, o leite possui uma posição de destaque, tanto do ponto de vista social como do econômico. Devido a sua composição peculiar rica em proteínas, gorduras, carboidratos, sais minerais e vitaminas, é considerado como um excelente meio de cultura, pois constitui um ambiente adequado para o desenvolvimento de vários microrganismos. A contaminação microbiana altera a qualidade do alimento e pode agir como veículo de microrganismos patogênicos, que podem provocar o desenvolvimento de doenças infecciosas ou intoxicações alimentares, que colocam em risco a saúde do consumidor e levam à condenação do leite, além da perda da qualidade nutricional do produto. O leite é freqüentemente relacionado com surtos de toxinfecções alimentares, o que justifica a necessidade de avaliações constantes de sua qualidade garantindo a sua condição de consumo. Neste trabalho foram coletadas 23 amostras de leite pasteurizado tipos A, B e C, obtidas no comércio varejista da região de São José do Rio Preto - SP, que foram submetidas as seguintes análises microbiológicas: contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, enumeração de bolores e leveduras, determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e fecais, pesquisa de Escherichia coli e de Salmonella spp. Das amostras de leite analisadas foram isoladas 31 culturas de leveduras, submetidas às provas taxonômicas, morfológicas, fisiológicas e de assimilação de diversas fontes de carbono. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se que apenas 2 (8,70%) amostras apresentaram coliformes fecais acima do limite da legislação, resultado este, inferior aos diversos trabalhos encontrados em leite pasteurizado desenvolvidos em diferentes regiões do Brasil. A presença de Escherichia coli foi constatada em apenas 3 amostras, sendo todas do tipo C. A de Salmonella spp não foi verificada em nenhuma...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Brazil, milk has a prominent position, as much of social point of view as of economic, due to its particular composition rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts and vitamins, and consequently it is considered like an excellent medium, because it’s an adequate atmosphere for the development of several microorganism. The microbial contamination changes the food quality, so that it may act like vehicle of pathogenic microorganism, promoting disease or food poisoning, risking consumer’s health and milk may be condemned; besides the loss of product’s nutritional quality. Milk is frequently related to outbreaks of food toxinfection, what justify the need for constant evaluations of its quality as well as the guarantee of its condition of consumption. In this study 23 samples of kinds A, B and C pasteurized milk were obtained from the retail trade of São José do Rio Preto (SP) region and were done the following microbiological analyses: counting of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, listing of molds and yeasts, determination of most probable number (MPN) of total coliforms and fecal coliforms, research of E. coli and Salmonella spp.. Thirty one yeast cultures were isolated from the samples. They were submitted to taxonomic, morphological, and physiological tests and to carbon source assimilation test. According to the results obtained, only 2 (8.70%) had fecal coliforms above the regulation limit. The percentage out of the microbiological standard (8.70%) was lower than several studies found in pasteurized milk, developed in different regions of Brazil. E. coli was detected in 3 samples of kind C. Salmonella spp. was not detected in any sample analyzed, what is in accordance with the current regulation. In conclusion, most of the samples (91.30%) had coliforms a 45°C 4 MPN/mL, xii consequently were labeled as "products in satisfactory sanitary conditions, therefore "products...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre