Seminal plasma is commonly known to serve as a transport medium for sperm as it moves through the female reproductive tract for fertilization, however, more recent evidence demonstrates seminal plasma induces an expansive inflammatory response in the uterus. Murine models have found this inflammatory response is important for clearing pathogens and poor-quality sperm, eliciting the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and embryokines that aid in embryo attachment and growth, placental angiogenesis, and blunting maternal immunity to the embryo. However, there is minimal research on the impacts of seminal plasma uterine priming in bovine, and more specifically embryo growth, uterine blood flow, offspring growth and metabolism, and production efficiency. There is significant evidence that malnutrition and environmental stress during gestation alters uterine blood flow resulting in poor placental efficiency and poor fetal growth and development which persists postnatally. Animal production is vital in providing high-quality protein for human consumption but recent challenges of public misconception, consumer preferences, high input costs, and environmental impacts threaten the security of these production systems. Growth efficiency is imperative for improving economic and environmental sustainability, and in turn ensuring the longevity of animal production systems. Knowing the impact of seminal plasma on the uterus, and its potential role in placental efficiency and subsequent offspring growth and metabolic function, and the negative impacts these can have on economic and environmental sustainability drive the need to better understand seminal plasma uterine priming in bovine.

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While the impacts of maternal obesity on placental development have been extensively studied, the role of the father’s health in regulating placentation is less understood. Paternal obesity is associated with offspring metabolic dysfunction, but the mechanism regulating this association is unclear. We investigated how paternal diet-induced obesity impacted placental vascular development, associated cellular stress pathways, and markers of placental endocrine function and macronutrient transport across gestation in a murine model. We found that paternal obesity is associated with placental hypoxia as measured by CAIX and HIF1α at E14.5 which persisted to E18.5. Hypoxia was associated with increased VEGF protein levels, as well as its pro-angiogenic receptor, VEGFR2 in male and female E14.5 placentae, although, this increase was apparent only in females at E18.5. The proportion of placental tissue that was immunopositive for the endothelial cell marker CD31 was increased in female but not male E18.5 placentae. Paternal obesity was associated with cellular stress as measured by the three branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR): ATF6, PERK, and IRE1α. However, despite increased phosphorylation of PERK and IRE1α in placental tissue derived from obese fathers, there was no impact on downstream signal transducers. Pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family members’ transcript levels were reduced at E18.5 in placentae from obese fathers, but this did not correspond to any changes in cleaved casp-3 protein levels. Placental lactogen and macronutrient transporter transcript levels were similar between groups across gestation, although Igf2 transcripts were increased in female placenta from obese fathers at both mid and late gestation. Thus, paternal obesity results in placental hypoxia and VEGF mediated sex specific changes in vascularization with a pro-angiogenic response occurring in females. Future studies will investigate whether paternal obesity impairs early placental implantation, resulting in poor vascularization and hypoxia at E18.5. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Five African American fathers participated in a qualitative study that examined how fathers experience their children who live with chronic illnesses. The examination of their strengths and resiliencies revealed 10 factors that enhanced involvement and were incorporated into fathers' overall approaches to parenting: clear paternal definition; strong parenting alliance; gains experienced through father/child relationship; strong spiritual foundation; responsive social support systems; strategies for managing employment and illness demands; confidence in ability to navigate health care structure; attitude of self-sacrifice and flexibility; strategies for managing perceived disparities; and maintenance of future focus. In addition, fathers defined coping and advised professionals involved with families who have children diagnosed with chronic illness. In doing so, they revealed challenges to participation, potential constraints to involvement, and suggestions for productive encounters with systems of care and collaborative exchanges on behalf of children engaged in treatment. / Master of Science

Les agressions sexuelles envers les enfants sont un fléau social important. Elles portent atteinte à l’intégrité physique et psychologique des enfants qui en sont victimes, entraînant des conséquences délétères pour l’enfant et ses parents. Ces derniers sont d’ailleurs considérés comme des personnes clés dans le rétablissement des enfants. Toutefois, les connaissances scientifiques dans ce domaine ont été principalement acquises auprès des mères, reléguant ainsi le père à une place secondaire. Cette thèse a pour objectif général d’élargir notre compréhension du vécu et du rôle des pères ayant à faire face au dévoilement de l’agression sexuelle de leur enfant. La présente thèse est composée de deux articles empiriques. L’objectif du premier article est de décrire le vécu des pères non agresseurs ayant un ou plusieurs enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle extra ou intrafamiliale sous l’angle de leurs réactions émotionnelles, cognitives et comportementales à la suite du dévoilement de l’AS. Pour ce faire, 17 pères provenant soit du Centre d’Expertise Marie-Vincent de Montréal, soit du Centre d’Intervention en Abus Sexuels pour la Famille de Gatineau ou encore soit de la population générale et ayant un ou plusieurs enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle intra ou extra-familiale ont été rencontrés pour une entrevue individuelle semi-dirigée. Les résultats démontrent que les pères rencontrés dans le cadre de cette étude vivent un véritable choc psychologique, s’apparentant à un traumatisme secondaire, à l’annonce du dévoilement. Cette étude a également mis en lumière la mise en place d’un travail de deuil chez les pères qui sont confrontés à la perte de l’innocence de leur enfant. Les objectifs du deuxième article est de décrire les répercussions du dévoilement de l’agression sexuelle sur la façon dont les pères s’engagent auprès de leurs enfants et de dégager les dimensions du soutien paternel offert à l’enfant. L’analyse du discours de 17 pères ayant vécus le dévoilement d’une agression sexuelle par leur(s) enfant(s) suggèrent que le dévoilement peut être considéré comme un élément de rupture dans le lien à l’enfant nécessitant une adaptation à cette nouvelle réalité. Bien que l’ensemble pères rencontrés expriment leurs inquiétudes pour leur(s) enfant(s) et leur désir de le(s) soutenir, les résultats mettent en évidence les difficultés pour certains pères de s’engager auprès de leurs enfants en raison soit d’une détresse psychologique personnelle importante, soit d’une ambivalence à l’égard de l’enfant ou encore en raison d’une sensation d’inconfort ressentie lors des contacts physiques au cours des soins primaires à prodiguer ou des situations de jeu physique. Leurs propos témoignent également de leurs volontés et de leurs capacités à aider l’enfant à composer avec les conséquences de l’agression sexuelle subie. La mise à jour d’une nouvelle dimension spécifiquement paternelle soit la capacité d’ouvrir son enfant victime d’AS sur le monde extérieur et ainsi jouer un rôle dans le développement de sa confiance en soi apparait comme un résultat novateur de la présente thèse. Les implications cliniques concernant les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de cette thèse ainsi que les pistes de recherche sont finalement abordées. / Child sexual abuse is a devastating social epidemic. It threatens the physical and psychological integrity of children who have experienced it, and brings about horrific repercussions for them and their parents. Yet, parents are considered to be key actors in the recovery of their children. Unfortunately, the current state of knowledge on parental support concerns almost exclusively mothers and not much is known in regards to the role played by fathers.. The principal objective of the present thesis is to further the current understanding of the role and realities experienced by fathers who dealt with the disclosure of their child’s sexual abuse. The present thesis is made up of two scientific articles. The objective of the first article was to describe the experiences of non-offending fathers whose children had been sexually abused either by someone related to them or not, in terms of their emotional, cognitive and behavioral reactions following disclosure. To accomplish this, 17 fathers whose children were the victims of extra or intrafamiliar sexual abuse were recruited at either the Centre d’Expertise Marie-Vincent in Montreal, the Centre d’Intervention en Abus Sexuels pour la Famille in the nearby region of Gatineau, or in the general population, and were asked to participate in a semi-structured interview. Results indicate that fathers in this study suffered from a noticeable psychological shock following disclosure that resembles indirect trauma. This study also brought into light the existence of a grieving process among fathers who were confronted to their child’s loss of innocence. The objectives of the second article were to describe the repercussions of disclosure on the ways fathers involve themselves with their children and to isolate the different forms of support offered by fathers to their sexually abused children. Qualitative content analyses from 17 fathers who dealt with the disclosure of sexual abuse on their children suggests that it could be interpreted as an element of ‘severance’ in the bond with the child, which requires adaptation to a new reality. Even though all of the interviewed fathers expressed their concerns for their children and their desire to help them, findings highlight the difficulties of some fathers to involve themselves with their children because of their own important psychological distress, their ambivalence toward the child or because of feelings of uneasiness that were stirred up while providing to the primary needs of the child or during physical play. Analyses shed some light on these father’s capacities to help their children deal with the consequences of sexual abuse. The acknowledgement of a new form of support specific to fathers, namely, the ability to open the child to his outside world and in doing so playing a role in the development of self-esteem, constitutes a ground-breaking finding of the present thesis.

Em espécies que exibem cuidado paternal exclusivo, a qualidade esperada do comportamento paternal pode influenciar as decisões de acasalamento das fêmeas e determinar o sucesso de acasalamento dos machos. Nesta tese, investigamos a inter-relação entre o cuidado paternal e a seleção sexual utilizando o opilião Quindina limbata como organismo modelo. Os machos nesta espécie constroem ninhos na forma de taça que são visitados pelas fêmeas na busca de um sítio de oviposição. No primeiro capítulo, nós experimentalmente avaliamos a eficiência do atendimento aos ovos provido pelos machos e testamos se os ninhos desatendidos são adotamos por fêmeas e/ou por machos não relacionados com os ovos. As conclusões mais importantes deste capítulo são: (1) a proteção do macho é crucial para a sobrevivência dos ovos porque ninhos desatendidos são prontamente atacados por predadores; (2) a compensação do cuidado parental por fêmeas é rara, provavelmente porque elas estão associadas aos machos e não aos ninhos; (3) os machos adotam ovos não relacionados com eles e protegem eles tão eficientemente quanto os machos originais, provavelmente porque o cuidado dos ovos é um comportamento selecionada sexualmente. No segundo capítulo, nós testamos a existência de duas táticas alternativas de acasalamento nas fêmeas: residentes, na qual as fêmeas permanecem perto de um ninho, repelem fêmeas conespecíficas e copulam preferencialmente com um único macho dono de ninho, e visitantes, na qual as fêmeas não permanecem espacialmente associadas a ninhos, não repelem conespecíficas e copulam com vários machos donos de ninhos. Também investigamos se a monopolização de ninhos por fêmeas afeta o sucesso reprodutivo dos machos. As conclusões mais importantes deste capítulo são: (1) o comportamento das fêmeas parece ser uma tática reversível, na qual as fêmeas podem mudar de residentes a visitantes durante sua vida, provavelmente em resposta à condição corporal, e (2) a monogamia social imposta pelas fêmeas residentes pode afetar negativamente o grau da promiscuidade dos machos, mas não sua taça de acasalamento. Em conclusão, nós provemos evidência de que a preferência das fêmeas por machos que provem cuidado pode ter favorecido a manutenção do cuidado paternal. Além disso, demonstramos que a monopolização dos melhores machos ou ninhos pode ter favorecido a evolução das táticas alternativas de acasalamento nas fêmeas / In species exhibiting exclusive male care, the expected quality of paternal behavior can influence female mating decisions and thus determine male mating success. In this thesis, we investigated the interplay between paternal care and sexual selection using the harvestman Quindina limbata as model organism. Males of this species build cup-like mud nests that are visited by females in search of an oviposition site. In the first chapter, we experimentally evaluated the efficiency of egg-attendance provided by males and tested if unattended nests are adopted by females and/or unrelated males. The most important conclusions of this chapter are: (1) male protection is crucial for egg survival because unattended nests are promptly attacked by predators; (2) flexible compensation of parental care by females is rare, probably because they are associated to males and not to the nests; (3) males adopt unrelated eggs and protect them as efficiently as original owner males, probably because egg-attendance is a sexually-selected behavior. In the second chapter, we tested the existence of two reproductive tactics in females: resident, in which females remain close to a nest, repel conspecific females, and mate preferentially with a single nest-owner male, and wanderer, in which females are not spatially associated with nests, do not repel conspecific females, and mate with different nest-owner males. We also investigated whether nest monopolization by females may affect males\' reproductive success. The most important conclusions of this chapter are: (1) females\' behavior seems to be a reversible tactic, in which females can switch from resident to wanderer during their lifetime, probably in response to body condition, and (2) the social monogamy imposed by resident females may negatively affect the degree of male promiscuity, but not male\'s mating rate. In conclusion, we provide evidence that female preference for parental individuals may have favored the evolution and maintenance of paternal care. Moreover, we show that the monopolization of the best males or the best nests may have favored the evolution of alternative reproductive tactics in females