Diss. (sammanfattning) Örebro : Örebro universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Orientador: Wilma De Grava Kempinas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T07:15:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Favareto_AnaPaulaAlves_D.pdf: 3408294 bytes, checksum: 07cb538c7ea4ad8d35f1e4016a6ead92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A cisplatina é um dos agentes quimioterápicos mais amplamente utilizados e efetivos para tratar neoplasias. Entretanto, seu uso é muitas vezes dificultado pela ocorrência de efeitos colaterais graves, especialmente sobre a reprodução. Apesar da ampla utilização de cisplatina para tratamento de câncer testicular, que afeta principalmente indivíduos jovens, não foram encontrados relatos sobre os efeitos reprodutivos tardios causados pelo tratamento durante a peri-puberdade. Este quimioterápico causa ligações cruzadas com DNA espermático, que podem afetar a progênie de sobreviventes do câncer. Assim, os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar os efeitos da administração de cisplatina durante a peri-puberdade sobre parâmetros reprodutivos e a reversibilidade destes efeitos na idade adulta. Também foram avaliadas as implicações do tratamento paterno com cisplatina sobre a progênie, inclusive sobre a reprodução da prole masculina adulta. Ratos machos peri-púberes Wistar (45 dias de idade) foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Controle e Cisplatina (CP: 1mg/kg/dia, 5 dias consecutivos/semana durante 3 semanas, ip.). O estudo foi realizado em dois experimentos e as avaliações foram feitas nas idades de 66 (idade pós-púbere, avaliação imediata) e 140 (idade adulta, avaliação tardia) dias, considerando: 1) peso de órgãos, níveis séricos de gonadotrofinas e testosterona, contagens, motilidade e morfologia espermáticas, histo-morfometria testicular, dinâmica da espermatogênese, número de células de Sertoli e apoptose de células germinativas. 2) comportamento sexual, fertilidade e testosterona intratesticular foram avaliados nos machos tratados e desenvolvimento fetal, crescimento pós-natal e desenvolvimento sexual em sua prole masculina e feminina. Além disso, parâmetros reprodutivos foram examinados na progênie masculina adulta. No final da terapia com cisplatina, os ratos apresentaram reduções na produção e reservas espermáticas, na porcentagem de espermatozóides com movimento progressivo, diâmetro tubular, testosterona intratesticular e potencial de fertilidade, e aumento de túbulos seminíferos TUNEL-positivos, de espermatozóides imóveis e perdas pré-implantação, quando comparados aos controle. Ademais, ratos pós-púberes, tratados com cisplatina, apresentaram histologia testicular e comportamento sexual alterados. Os níveis séricos de gonadotrofinas e testosterona, a morfologia espermática, a dinâmica da espermatogênese e o número de células de Sertoli foram comparáveis entre os grupos experimentais, em ambas as idades. Não foram observados efeitos adversos no desenvolvimento fetal e na instalação da puberdade na progênie do grupo tratado com cisplatina. No entanto, a descida testicular foi atrasada e o crescimento pós-natal foi prejudicado nestes animais (avaliação imediata). Além disso, peso da vesícula seminal, contagem espermática no epidídimo e histologia testicular da prole adulta foram afetados pela exposição paterna à cisplatina (avaliação imediata). A espermatogênese foi o único parâmetro da progênie alterado na avaliação tardia. As alterações encontradas nos machos pós-púberes tratados com cisplatina foram recuperadas na idade adulta, com exceção da motilidade espermática e danos à histologia testicular. A persistência destes efeitos, apesar da fertilidade não alterada após acasalamento natural, pode ter implicações para a função reprodutiva de homens jovens submetidos à terapia contra o câncer, devido à menor eficiência reprodutiva em humanos, quando comparados aos ratos. Os resultados também sugerem que os efeitos da administração de cisplatina durante a peri-puberdade podem ser transmitidos, afetando a progênie mesmo em uma futura paternidade na idade adulta / Abstract: Cisplatin is one of the most widely used and effective chemotherapeutic agents to treat several human malignancies. Nevertheless, its use is often hampered by the onset of serious side effects, especially on reproduction. Despite the widespread use of cisplatin for treatment of testicular cancer, which affects mainly young men, no reports were found about late reproductive effects caused by treatment during peri-puberty. This chemotherapeutic cause cross-links with sperm DNA, which may affect progeny of cancer survivors. Thus, the goals of the present study were to evaluate effects of the cisplatin administration during peri-puberty on several reproductive endpoints and the reversibility of these effects in adulthood. Moreover, implications of paternal treatment with cisplatin on progeny outcome, including reproduction of the adult male offspring, were evaluated. Peri-pubertal Wistar male rats (45 days old) were distributed into 2 groups. Control and Cisplatin (CP: 1mg/kg/day, 5 consecutive days/week, for 3 weeks, ip.). The study was conducted in two steps and evaluations were performed at ages of 66 (post-pubertal age, short-term evaluation) and 140 (adult age, long-term evaluation) days on: 1) organ weights, serum gonadotropins and testosterone levels, sperm counts, motility and morphology, testicular histo-morphometry, spermatogenesis kinetics, Sertoli cell number and apoptosis of germ cells. 2) sexual behavior, fertility and intratesticular testosterone were evaluated in the treated male and fetal development, postnatal growth and sexual development in its male and female progeny. In addition, fertility and other reproductive endpoints were examined in adult male offspring. At the end of CP-therapy, rats showed reductions in sperm production and reserves, sperm with progressive movement, tubular diameter, intratesticular testosterone and fertility potential, but increased numbers of TUNEL-positive seminiferous tubules, immotile sperm and pre-implantation losses compared to control. Furthermore, CP-treated post-pubertal rats displayed impaired testicular histology and sexual behavior. Serum gonadotropins and testosterone levels, sperm morphology, spermatogenesis kinetics and Sertoli cell number were comparable between experimental groups at both ages. No adverse effects in fetal development and puberty onset were seen in the offspring from CP-treated group. However, testicular descent was delayed and postnatal growth was impaired in these animals at short-term evaluation. Moreover, seminal vesicle weight, epididymal sperm count and testicular histology from adult progeny were affected by paternal exposure to cisplatin at short-term evaluation. In progeny, spermatogenesis was the unique parameter changed at long-term evaluation. Alterations found in post-pubertal CP-treated male were recovered at adulthood, except for sperm motility and damage to testicular histology. The persistence of these cisplatin effects, despite the unaltered fertility after natural mating in rats, may have implications for reproductive function of young men undergoing cancer-therapy, given the lower reproductive efficiency in humans compared to rats. Additionally, results suggest that effects of cisplatin administration during peri-puberty may be heritably transmitted and affect adversely the progeny even in a future paternity at adulthood / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-107).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

No / Male-mediated developmental toxicity has been of concern for many years. The public became aware of male-mediated developmental toxicity in the early 1990s when it was reported that men working at Sellafield might be causing leukemia in their children. Human and animal studies have contributed to our current understanding of male-mediated effects. Animal studies in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that genetic damage after radiation and chemical exposure might be transmitted to offspring. With the increasing understanding that there is histone retention and modification, protamine incorporation into the chromatin and DNA methylation in mature sperm and that spermatozoal RNA transcripts can play important roles in the epigenetic state of sperm, heritable studies began to be viewed differently. Recent reports using molecular approaches have demonstrated that DNA damage can be transmitted to babies from smoking fathers, and expanded simple tandem repeats minisatellite mutations were found in the germline of fathers who were exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster. In epidemiological studies, it is possible to clarify whether damage is transmitted to the sons after exposure of the fathers. Paternally transmitted damage to the offspring is now recognized as a complex issue with genetic as well as epigenetic components.

Objective: To determine if paternal preconception exposure to ionizing radiation through uranium mining increases the risk of congenital anomaly (CA) in offspring. Methods: A population-based matched case-control study was conducted. Cases were infants with CAs recorded in the Canadian Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System and born alive in Ontario 1979-86 (ICD-9 codes 740-759); controls were liveborn infants without CAs identified from Ontario birth certificates and individually matched to cases (case-control file {CCF}). Exposed fathers were identified through the linkage of the CCF to the Mining Master File or the National Dose Registry file, which include those who worked in Ontario uranium mines 1952-1986. For men who linked with a case or control child, radon, gamma and total gonadal doses were estimated for three preconception periods: entire, 3-months and 6-months. Odds ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results: Linkage of 28,991 uranium miners and 40,482 case-control pairs of fathers and offspring in the CCF identified 431 discordant pairs. There was no evidence of increased risk of a child having a CA if the father was ever a uranium miner before conception of the child (OR=0.89, 95% CI=0.74–1.08). Since gamma radiation (especially during the 6-month preconception period) is more biologically relevant to gonads than radon, further analyses were performed on 117 discordant pairs where data on gamma exposures were available. When ever/never miner, exposed to gamma (yes/no), and gamma dose-response variables were all in the model, there was no ever/never miner effect (OR=1.20, 95% CI=0.85–1.69, p-value=0.30), an inverse association for exposure to gamma (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.25–0.71, p-value=0.001), but most importantly, there was no statistically significant dose-response relationship between gamma dose during the 6-month preconception period and all CAs (OR=1.15 per loge {mSv+0.01}, 95% CI=0.83–1.59, p-value=0.40). Similarly, no dose-response relationship was observed for exposure to gamma radiation in the 3-month preconception period, or for radon or total gonadal radiation in the 3- or 6-month preconception periods. Conclusion: There was no increased risk of a CA among liveborn children of Ontario uranium miners who were exposed to radon, gamma or total radiation during the 3- or 6-month periods before conception.

Objective: To determine if paternal preconception exposure to ionizing radiation through uranium mining increases the risk of congenital anomaly (CA) in offspring. Methods: A population-based matched case-control study was conducted. Cases were infants with CAs recorded in the Canadian Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System and born alive in Ontario 1979-86 (ICD-9 codes 740-759); controls were liveborn infants without CAs identified from Ontario birth certificates and individually matched to cases (case-control file {CCF}). Exposed fathers were identified through the linkage of the CCF to the Mining Master File or the National Dose Registry file, which include those who worked in Ontario uranium mines 1952-1986. For men who linked with a case or control child, radon, gamma and total gonadal doses were estimated for three preconception periods: entire, 3-months and 6-months. Odds ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results: Linkage of 28,991 uranium miners and 40,482 case-control pairs of fathers and offspring in the CCF identified 431 discordant pairs. There was no evidence of increased risk of a child having a CA if the father was ever a uranium miner before conception of the child (OR=0.89, 95% CI=0.74–1.08). Since gamma radiation (especially during the 6-month preconception period) is more biologically relevant to gonads than radon, further analyses were performed on 117 discordant pairs where data on gamma exposures were available. When ever/never miner, exposed to gamma (yes/no), and gamma dose-response variables were all in the model, there was no ever/never miner effect (OR=1.20, 95% CI=0.85–1.69, p-value=0.30), an inverse association for exposure to gamma (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.25–0.71, p-value=0.001), but most importantly, there was no statistically significant dose-response relationship between gamma dose during the 6-month preconception period and all CAs (OR=1.15 per loge {mSv+0.01}, 95% CI=0.83–1.59, p-value=0.40). Similarly, no dose-response relationship was observed for exposure to gamma radiation in the 3-month preconception period, or for radon or total gonadal radiation in the 3- or 6-month preconception periods. Conclusion: There was no increased risk of a CA among liveborn children of Ontario uranium miners who were exposed to radon, gamma or total radiation during the 3- or 6-month periods before conception.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The following work demonstrates that paternal diet controls medically important metabolic phenotypes in offspring. We observe transmission of dietary information to the zygote via sperm, and this information evades reprogramming that typically occurs after fertilization. Cytosine methylation is implicated as a major contributor to meiotic epigenetic inheritance in several transgenerational phenomena. Our extensive characterization of the sperm methylome reveals that diet does not significantly affect methylation patterns. However, we find that extensive epivariability in the sperm epigenome makes important contributions to offspring variation. Importantly, coordinate cytosine methylation and copy number changes over the ribosomal DNA locus contributes to variation in offspring metabolism. Thus, rDNA variability acts independently of postadolescent paternal diet to influence offspring metabolism. Therefore, at least two mechanisms exist for epigenetically controlling offspring metabolism: stochastic epivariation and diet acting by an unknown mechanism to further modulate metabolism. This work argues that an offspring's phenotype can no longer be viewed solely as the result of genetic interactions with the developmental environment - the additional influences of paternal environment and inherited epigenetic variability must also be considered. These findings reveal novel contributions to metabolism that could revolutionize how we think about the risk factors for human health and disease.