Submitted by Everaldo Pereira (pereira.evera@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T12:22:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana_Gomes.pdf: 7159313 bytes, checksum: 1dd9c1bfa97bc7eb1dc75461fcbcc6b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T12:22:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana_Gomes.pdf: 7159313 bytes, checksum: 1dd9c1bfa97bc7eb1dc75461fcbcc6b0 (MD5) / O Cráton do São Francisco abriga diversos pequenos depósitos de chumbo e zinco, associados aos Grupos Una e Bambuí, pertencentes ao Supergrupo homônimo. Posicionados neste contexto encontram-se os depósitos de Irecê (BA), Serra do Ramalho (BA) e Montalvânia (MG), todos encaixados em sedimentos carbonáticos neoproterozóicos. Diversas características, são comuns a esses depósitos. As rochas hospedeiras das mineralizações são dolarenitos, normalmente silicificados, posicionadas numa seqüência regressiva em fácies evaporíticas de águas rasas, caracterizando a presença de um controle litológico do minério. O minério sulfetado é constituído predominantemente por galena, esfalerita e pirita, com quantidades variáveis entre os depósitos, ocorrendo principalmente de forma disseminada, em bolsões e veios, cujos minerais de ganga são essencialmente dolomita, calcita, quartzo e barita, caracterizados como tipo stratabound, tardi-diagenética a epigenética, e também sin-sedimentar em Irecê. O controle estrutural, decorrente da reativação de antigas falhas e fraturas NW-SE do embasamento durante e após a sedimentação da bacia (evento Brasiliano/Panafricano) foi responsável pela circulação dos fluidos hidrotermais através de um extenso sistema hidrodinâmico em diferentes tempos durante o soterramento das unidades permeáveis, gerando dolomitização, silicificação, dissolução/colapso e mineralização nas rochas encaixantes. Todas as áreas estudadas apresentam temperaturas moderadas e mesma composição dos fluidos (sistema NaClCaCl2-H2O) com salinidades baixas a moderadas, indicando que os fluidos mineralizantes possuiam capacidades similares de lixiviação e transporte dos metais, sendo portanto a fonte dos metais e a tectônica da bacia os fatores diferenciais na formação do minério em cada depósito. As assinaturas isotópicas de chumbo determinadas em cada área são muito distintas, porém homogêneas, indicando uma consistência com a origem em uma única fonte para cada depósito ou com múltiplas fontes bem homogeneizadas, com exceção de Irecê (IL) que possui baixa homogeneidade, associada provavelmente a uma mistura de fontes. O elevado caráter radiogênico das razões isotópicas de Pb nos depósitos estudados fornecem idades futuras para as mineralizações e idades Arqueana/Paleoproterozóica para fonte em Serra do Ramalho e Irecê respectivamente, obtidas através de isócronas secundárias. Em Montalvânia, apesar de detectados valores menos radiogênicos do chumbo não foi possível a obtenção de espalhamento suficiente para gerar uma isócrona, o que pode refletir (i) uma fonte em rochas do embasamento menos radiogênica, inclusive com contribuição de chumbo ligado mais fortemente à estrutura do mineral hospedeiro, lixiviado devido a um maior tempo de interação fluido-rocha, ou (ii) uma mistura com chumbo menos radiogênico proveniente de sedimentos sobrejacentes às rochas do embasamento. A distribuição geográfica das razões isotópicas de Pb obtidas nas áreas estudadas dentro das Bacias São Francisco (MontalvâniaÎSerra do Ramalho / MZÎCAÎLBX) e Irecê (MGÎIL), mostra uma tendência de enriquecimento radiogênico no sentido de sul para norte. Essa distribuição corrobora a indicação de diferentes rochasfonte ou mistura de fontes, assim como a presença de rochas-fonte mais antigas ao sul das bacias. Entretanto, a linearidade das razões de 206/207Pb sugere uma mistura de fontes para os depósitos estudados. Quando se correlacionam as assinaturas isotópicas de enxofre, com as razões isotópicas de Pb obtidas nas galenas de cada depósito estudado, nota-se uma relação inversa, caracterizada por duas tendências em que: (1) razões isotópicas de chumbo geralmente mais altas são mais variáveis que as de enxofre, que possuem assinaturas mais pesadas, e (2) razões isotópicas de chumbo menos radiogênicas possuem um menor espalhamento e relaciona-se com razões isotópicas de enxofre mais leves e relativamente mais dispersas. Esses trends exibem ainda uma diferença entre os valores máximos e mínimos das razões isotópicas de enxofre iguais e da ordem de 13‰ CDT, sugerindo uma relação comum entre suas fontes e entre as condições químicas de formação dos sulfetos. Além disso, o trend que possui menor variação de Pb que enxofre vincula-se a depósitos com valores modais de salinidades e temperaturas mais elevados, os quais possuem condição mais efetiva para lixiviação e transporte de metais, inclusive em minerais com razões mais baixas de Pb. A relação inversa entre S e Pb nos diferentes depósitos sugere que uma pequena parte do enxofre foi transportada junto com os metais, e a influência de um evento mineralizador de grande escala regulado pelo efeito da tectônica global atuante nas bacias, guardando as particularidades inerentes a cada ambiente de deposição. As assinaturas isotópicas de enxofre de sulfetos e sulfatos em Serra do Ramalho-Montalvânia mostram-se homogêneas e altamente positivas indicando a água do mar em ambiente restrito como fonte do enxofre. As temperaturas moderadas encontradas indicam a redução termoquímica como processo de redução do sulfato. A determinação da causa do movimento dos fluidos mineralizantes, embora exija ainda mais estudos é sugerida nesse trabalho como sendo resultante possivelmente, do soterramento de rochas permeáveis afetadas por uma tectônica extensional em um período onde o grau geotérmico da Terra era mais elevado (~50°C/km), sendo capaz de propiciar a movimentação de um extensivo sistema hidrodinâmico, no qual a migração dos fluidos (aquecidos e salinizados) em larga escala foram fundamentais nos processos de dolomitização, silicificação, dissolução hidrotermal e mineralização. / ABSTRACT The São Francisco Craton contains many small zinc and lead deposits, related to Una and Bambuí Groups belonging to the Bambuí Supergroup. In this context occur the neoproterozoic carbonate-hosted Irecê (BA), Serra do Ramalho (BA) and Montalvânia (MG) deposits, which share many characteristics. The host rocks are silicified dolarenite, placed in a shallow marine regressive sequence in the evaporitic facies, typifying a lithologic control of the ore. The sulfide mineralization is predominantly formed by galena, sphalerite and pyrite, with variable amounts among the deposits. They occur mainly in disseminated and veins form, within gangue minerals formed by dolomite, calcite, quartz and barite, characterized as stratabound late-diagenetic to epigenetic type. In Irecê, they are synsedimentary. The structural control is due to reactivated basement NW-SE ancient faults and fractures, during and after basin sedimentation (Pan African-Brasiliano Tectonic Cycle). It is responsible for circulation of hydrothermal fluids through a huge hydrodynamic system in different times during the burial of the permeable units, developing the dolomitization, silicification, dissolution/collapse and mineralization processes of the host rocks. In all the studied areas, moderate temperatures and similar fluid compositions (NaCl-CaCl2-H2O system) with low to moderate salinities were recorded, suggesting that the mineralized fluids of each studied area show similar potential of leaching and transportation of metals reflecting the metal source and the basin tectonics as differential factors in ore formation for each deposit. The lead isotopic data collected are very different in individual studied area, but in general they are homogeneous, suggesting a single source for individual deposit or multiple homogeneous sources, except Irecê (IL), which has low homogeneity, possibly associated with a source mixture. The high radiogenic character of the Pb isotopic ratios in the studies deposits provide future ages for the mineralization and Archean/Paleoproterozoic age for source in Serra do Ramalho and Irecê deposits, obtained by secondary isochrons. The lower Pb radiogenic values in Montalvânia were not sufficient to obtain dispersion for producing isochrons. This can be caused by (i) less radiogenic basement rocks with lead contribution from the mineral host structure, leached due to the long time of fluid-rock interaction, or (ii) mixture with less radiogenic lead derived from the overlaying sediments. The geographic distribution of Pb isotopic ratios obtained in the studied areas within São Francisco Basin (Montalvânia Î Serra do Ramalho / Zezinho Mine Î Campo Alegre Î Lajeado de Baixo) and Irecê ( MG Î IL) display a enrichment of light isotopes (32S) from south to north characterizing a trend. This distribution agrees with the different source-rocks or source-mixture, as well as old source-rock situated at the south of the basins. However, the linearity of the 206/207Pb ratios suggests a source of mixture from the studied deposits. When one correlates the sulfur isotopic signatures, with the Pb isotopic ratios obtained in galenas of individual deposits it is observed an inverse relationship, characterized by two trends: (1) lead isotopic ratios, general higher and more variable than the sulfur isotopic ratios, which have heavier signatures (2) lead isotopic ratios less radiogenic show a minor spreading and are related with sulfur isotopic ratios lighter and relatively more dispersed. These trends also display a coincident difference between the maximum and minimum of sulfur values in the order of 13‰ CDT, suggesting a common relationship among their sources and the chemical conditions of sulfide formation. Moreover, the trend that shows less lead variation than sulfur is related to deposits with high salinities and temperatures, which would have elevated capability to leach and transport, including minerals with lower Pb ratios. The inverse relationship between S and Pb in the different deposits suggests that a small part of the sulfur was transported together with metals, and the influence for the mineralization event of large scale controlled by global tectonic effect in the basins, preserving the particularities of each deposition environment. The sulfur isotopic signatures of sulfides and sulfates in Serra do Ramalho-Montalvânia areas are homogeneous and highly positive indicating sea water in restricted environments for sulfur source. The moderate temperatures suggest a thermochemical reduction as the formation process of sulfate. The driving-force of the hydrothermal fluids involved in mineralization has been yet subject of considerable debate. However, the collect data of this study suggests that the burial of permeable sequences affected by extensional tectonic during a period of higher geothermal gradient (~50°C/km), was able to put in movement a large hydrodynamic system, where a warm and saline fluid migration in a huge scale were very important in the dolomitization, silicification, hydrothermal dissolution and mineralization processes.

The Higdon deposit is located on the east flank of the St. Francois Mountains, approximately 11.5 km NE of Fredericktown, MO in the Mine LaMotte-Fredericktown district of the world renown Southeast Missouri (SEMO) region of Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits. It was discovered in the 1950s and an attempt to mine the deposit was made in the 1960s. In the 2000s the importance of the Higdon deposit increased after extensive exploration by The Doe Run Mining Co. revealed a larger deposit, greater Ni-Co content than initially estimated and the presence of a low grade Unconformity-type Uranium deposit, similar to those of the Athabasca Basin in Canada. The overall paragenetic sequence, stratigraphy and stratigraphic controls of the Higdon deposit resembles those present in other SEMO MVT deposits located at the east flank of the St. Francois Mountains. The stratigraphy includes the Cambrian formations: Eminence, Potosi, Derby-Doe Run, Davis, Bonneterre and Lamotte which unconformably overlies Precambrian granitic intrusions. A common feature is the presence of collapse breccias especially at the base of the Bonneterre Formation and a relatively thin Lamotte Formation. Fine-grained, disseminated sulfides of Fe, Pb, Zn, Co and Ni are hosted in the lower one third of the Bonneterre Formation and upper two thirds of the Lamotte Formation, in a series of grainstone beds, open spaces in collapse breccias, near pinch outs of the Lamotte Formation against basement highs. Disseminations and nodules of pitchblende (uraninite) occur through the entire Lamotte Formation. The Higdon deposit differs in several important ways from the deposits of the Viburnum Trend on the west flank of the St. Francois Mountains. These differences include a distinctly lower stratigraphic interval of collapse breccias and mineralization, greater abundance of Co-Ni minerals, presence of pitchblende, and a significant fault control of mineralization. Several regionally extensive high angle faults aligned parallel to the NW-striking Simms Mountain and Mine LaMotte fault systems bound the deposit, especially the high Ni-Co-U portion. Petrographic and microprobe studies at Higdon revealed a mineral paragenetic sequence of uraninite (pitchblende, within a carbon matrix), pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, bravoite, siegenite, gerdorsffite, sphalerite and galena. These minerals were deposited in four different stages: (1) a U dominated stage that precipitated the pitchblende during Early Ordovician to Permian time; (2) a Fe sulfide dominated sulfide characterized by pyrite, marcasite and bravoite; (3) a Cu-Co-Ni stage dominated by chalcopyrite and siegenite, and (4) a Zn-Pb stage characterized by the precipitation of sphalerite and galena. Precambrian uraniferous granitic intrusions in the vicinity of the Higdon deposit supplied the U for the pitchblende mineralization. At Higdon the U mineralization represents an overlapping deposit in an otherwise MVT system. This required leaching by fluids migrating through the basement along high angle faults and U precipitation in a reducing environment as the fluids encountered the Lamotte Formation. The Ni and Co were possibly leached from mafic and ultramafic intrusions along the Reelfoot Rift or from the Precambrian basement and transported to the Higdon area by fluids migrating along the regional NW-trending faults. Mixing with connate Pb-Zn brines moving laterally through the Lamotte Sandstone and other permeable units may have triggered the sulfide precipitation. Finally, the Higdon deposit is anomalous in the tonnage and grade of its Ni-Co resource (0.17 % Ni, 0.14 % Co) with significant values contained in siegenite (30.9 % Ni, 23.9 % Co), bravoite (0.04 % Ni, 6.3 % Co), gerdorsffite (26.1 % Ni, 8.0 % Co) and marcasite-pyrite (0.3 % Ni, 0.2 % Co).

This thesis study is concerned with genetical investigation of Balikesir Balya Pb-Zn mineralization through the mineralogic-petrographic and geochemical examination of the core samples obtained from a total of 9 holes drilled by EczacibaSi ESAN Madencilik. The Pb-Zn mineralization in Balya is mainly of vein-type. Wall rocks hosting mineralizations are dacite, dacite porphyry and microdiorite. Major types of alteration are silicification, carbonatization and calc-silicate alteration, each of which is further subdivided into early and late stages and overprinted by argillic alteration of probable supergene origin. The ore minerals are mainly Zn- and Pb-sulphides and are hosted by the rocks with late calc-silicate alteration that underwent pervasive late silicification and late carbonatization. Sulfide mineralization is spatially and temporally associated with the late silicification and carbonatization stages. Lateral-vertical correlation of drill logs suggest that thickness of the ore zone tends to decrease towards north. The volcanic rocks hosting the mineralization have calc-alkaline nature. Major, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry suggests either crustal contamination or subduction signature in the mantle source of the volcanics. Multi element patterns and discrimination diagrams collectively point to a post-collisional setting for their generation. Alteration geochemistry reveals that Fe2O3 and CaO are enriched during calc-silicate alteration in contrast to depletion of SiO2. Al2O3 and TiO2 are almost constant during late calc-silicate alteration. Enrichment of Fe2O3 and Na2O, and depletion of K2O characterize the silicified zones. Carbonatization is accompanied by strong enrichment of CaO and depletion of SiO2, Al2O3 and K2O.

This study is concerned with the Pb-isotope compositions of galena samples from Pb-Zn occurrences in southern Turkey. The purpose is to i) provide chronologic information for ore deposition, ii) investigate the likely source(s) of lead in ore deposits, and iii) examine the possible control of tectonic setting and crustal basement on Pb-isotope compositions. The data used in the study belongs to the deposits located in Taurides (Zamanti, KahramanmaraS, Malatya, Elazig, Bitlis), with additional data from Nigde Massif and Hakkari Area. The mineralizations are dominantly carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits formed as fracture and karst fillings and, in some places, parralel to bedding. Ore minerals are mainly Zn-oxides and minor Zn, Pb-sulphides. The Pb-isotope compositions, as evaluated in terms of their configuration with respect to reference crustal growth curves and reference isochrons on conventional Pb-isotope diagrams, point to U/Pb ratios greater than average crustal values (and close to the Western Mediterranean Crustal Growth Curve) for all the deposits, indicating upper crustal source for Pb. However, some of the deposits (AfSin-KahramanmaraS / Oreks, D&uuml / ndarli, AgcaSar and skarn type deposits to the south of &Ccedil / adirkaya in Zamanti (Kayseri-Adana) / Keban-Elazig) appear to have magmatic inputs in their genesis. Relatively old deposits are likely Paleozoic (Cafana-Malatya and T&uuml / rksevin-KahramanmaraS), Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic (Kalek&ouml / y-Zamanti) and Mesozoic (Hakkari) in age. The rest of the deposits (most of the occurrences in Zamanti, Nigde, KahramanmaraS, Elazig and Bitlis) are likely of Cenozoic age. The Pb-isotope compositions are, in general, similar to those from other occurrences in the Mediterranean Belt.

No description available.

No description available.

MAX is a porphyry Mo deposit located near Trout Lake village in southeastern British Columbia. Mo mineralization is hosted by variably-altered calc-alkaline granodiorite dikes. Quartz veins have been subdivided into a paragenetic sequence based on vein style and crosscutting relationships. Post-magmatic Pb-Zn-Ag-bearing veins crosscut Mo-bearing veins. Similarities in fluid chemistry from both vein types suggest a genetic link between porphyry Mo mineralization and base-metal veins. Three molybdenite samples were collected from early and late Mo-bearing veins for Re-Os dating to constrain the timing of Mo-mineralizing events within the paragenetic sequence. All three dates overlap within analytical error, and yield a weighted average age of 80.3 ± 0.2 Ma. These dates are in excellent agreement with two 206Pb/238U weighted-average ages of the Trout Lake stock at 80.2 ± 1.0 Ma and 80.9 ± 1.6 Ma, indicating that the magmatic and hydrothermal ore-forming events were coeval and cogenetic.

Les granitoïdes associés aux skarn à Cu-Pb-Zn et au W, dérivent, respectivement, de la fusion partiellede roches mafiques à amphiboles dans la croute inférieure et de roches métas-édimentaires riches enmuscovite dans la croute moyenne-supérieure. Ces sources fertiles mobilisées pour la formation de cesplutons a permis la formation de gisements à Cu-Pb-Zn, et W au cours du Jurassique moyen. L’originedans la croûte moyenne de la granodiorite de Tongshanling, associée aux minéralisations à Cu-Pb-Zn, aété montrée par l’étude des enclaves microgranulaires dioritiques qui sont des restites remaniées issuesde la fusion partielle des amphibolites de la croûte inférieure. Le Cu et le Zn associées à ces plutons sontprobablement issus de la croûte inférieure et ces métaux ont probablement étés remobilisés au cours dela fusion partielle. Le Pb issue de la croute supérieur a été collecté lors de l’ascension du magma qui adonné la granodiorite. Lors de leur mise en place ces granitoïdes ont exprimé leur potentielminéralisateur. L’étude structural montre que la géométrie des corps minéralisés et en lien avec ladéformation induite par la mise en place des plutons. Les différentes expressions de la minéralisationdans le district à Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag de Tongshanling sont génétiquement lié à l’hydrothermalisme et à sonévolution lors du développement du skarn. Le granite de Weijia a cristallisé à partir d’un magma saturéen eau et riche en Fluor. Les facteurs qui ont contrôlé la formation de ce skarn magnésien riche en W,suppose l’existence d’une source enrichie en W dans les sources métasédimentaires et d’un magmariche en Fluor très différentia par cristallisation fractionnée. / The Middle-Late Jurassic Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing and W-bearing granitoids in the Nanling Range were mainlyderived from non-simultaneous partial melting of the mafic amphibolitic rocks in the lower crust and themuscovite-rich metasedimentary rocks in the upper-middle crust, respectively. The fertile sources in theNanling Range are beneficial to the formation of Cu-Pb-Zn and W deposits during Middle-Late Jurassic.The lower-crust origin of the Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing granodiorites is further demonstrated by the dioriticmicrogranular enclaves in the Tongshanling granodiorite which are reworked restite enclaves derivedfrom partial melting of the mafic amphibolitic source. The Cu and Zn associated with these intrusionswere most probably released from the mafic amphibolitic lower crust by partial melting, whereas, Pb wasextracted from the upper crust by ascending granodioritic magmas. The emplacement of these orebearinggranitoid magmas may have a structural connection with the subsequent polymetallicmineralization in some way. For instance, the exoskarn and sulfide-quartz veins in the Tongshanling Cu-Pb-Zn deposit are evidently controlled by magma emplacement-induced wall-rock deformation. Thedifferent mineralization types and ore deposits in the Tongshanling Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag ore district aregenetically linked together in the same skarn system as the productions of evolution and zonation. TheWeijia granite was crystallized from a F-rich and water-saturated magma. The key factors controlling theoccurrence of unusual magnesian skarn W mineralization during Late Jurassic in the Nanling Rangemainly include a W enriched metasedimentary source, a fluorine-rich magma, a strong crystalfractionation, and a fluorine-rich hydrosaline melt