Le premier Moyen Âge a longtemps souffert d’une mauvaise réputation, celle d’être une période sombre et particulièrement violente. À l’appui de nouvelles grilles de lecture, la recherche a entrepris, au cours des dernières décennies, une réévaluation de sa justice. Mais ce champ d’études est encore lacunaire, et plus encore pour l’Aquitaine. La présente étude s’attache donc à reconstituer ses cadres institutionnels et sociétaux entre le début de la période carolingienne et la fin du XIIe siècle. Une étude d’anthropologie historique du droit permet, à partir de cas concrets, de démontrer les mécanismes par lesquels les conflits pouvaient être gérés, tout en dégageant les évolutions majeures qui s’observent dans les sources. Appréhender la justice altimédiévale passe par la reconstitution des structures, des procédures judiciaires et des stratégies sociales alors déployées pour trouver une solution aux différends. Il apparaît bien vite que les juges se sont appliqués à donner des réponses aux litiges en privilégiant les accords et la paix, plus que la coercition. Leur action se situe à la croisée du droit, du social et du religieux. Dans cette perspective, il est nécessaire de regarder le Moyen Âge, non pas du dehors avec des yeux modernes, mais du dedans pour comprendre les logiques qui en soutiennent toute la structure. Cette analyse donne l’occasion de mettre en lumière les manuscrits juridiques aquitains, dont une partie est encore inédite, pour reconsidérer l’efficacité de la justice altimédiévale. / The first Middle Ages have a bad reputation, because we think that the period is dark and particularly violent. A new scientific vision has emerged during the last few decades. We can now evaluate the exercise of justice. But this approach is incomplete, especially for Aquitaine. This thesis therefore aims to reconstitute its institutional and societal frameworks between the beginning of the Carolingian period and the end of the twelfth century. A study of historical anthropology of law allows, from concrete cases, to demonstrate the mechanisms by which conflicts could be managed, while highlighting the major evolutions that are observed in the sources. To understand altimedial justice, we must reconstruct structures, judicial procedures, social strategies. It is clear that judges have privileged agreements and peace. In this perspective, it is necessary to look at the Middle Ages, not from outside with modern eyes, but from within. This analysis provides an opportunity to highlight the legal manuscripts of Aquitaine, and to question the effectiveness of justice of the High Middle Ages.

Colombia has been suffering from internal armed conflict since the 1960s. The European Union decided to interfere in the conflict s resolution in the beginning of the millennium with several means. This thesis aims to analyse the effect of the European Union s actions on the evolution of the Colombian conflict and to consider whether it has contributed to peace in Colombia. The European Union s real actions towards Colombia will be compared firstly with recommendations of two theoretical concepts, provided by Johan Galtung and John Paul Lederach, and secondly with the legislative framework of the European Union. Even though the European Union s development efforts in Colombia were evaluated as contributing to peace in Colombia, separate actions of some European Union s Member States, organizations or citizens were found to have the opposite impact. Thus, it is advisable for the European Union to develop a framework ensuring consistency and coherence of the European Union s both internal and external activities.

The violent incidents, which have had their effect on Afghanistan's peoplefor a long time, have increased in recent years. With the fall of Afghanistanto the hands of the Taliban, concerns have grown over the country forvarious ethnic and particularly for the Hazara Shiites. The Hazara are one ofthe minority groups in this country as over a long period endured variousforms of oppression by the hands of Pashtun rulers and governments, fromethnic cleansing to slavery and systematic eviction from ancestral homes and lands. Therefore, the following study aims to investigate how the Hazara peopleperceive the peace process in their nation, the focusing of this study isbetween 2020-2022 and the perception of the reasons for the regularexplosions in their area. The method used in this thesis is qualitative methods in the form of interviewand discourse analysis. The Norwegian professor Johan Galtung's triangle ofviolence (which includes structural, cultural and direct violence) has beenused to analyze theoretical connections. Results of the study have shown that in a country like Afghanistan wheremost people belong to the Sunni Muslims that include Taliban and otherextremist groups who also currently rule the country consider Hazara to beinfidels. Since Pashtuns (previously had the power) or the Taliban (who havecurrent power over this country) believe the Hazaras have been persecuted,targeted, killed for many years. In terms of how these groups view the peace process in their country, theresults show that this group cannot predict what will happen due to manydifferent factors that are important and affected in this country such as theTaliban rule over the country, the financial crisis due to the long-lasting warand the large percentage of the population that is illiterate.

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / This is a study of Zimbabwe's National Peace and Reconciliation Commission Bill (hereafter NPRC Bill). The NPRC Bill seeks to bring the National Peace and Reconciliation Commission (hereafter NPRC) of Zimbabwe into operation. The NPRC is a truth commission set to promote post-conflict justice, national peace and reconciliation in Zimbabwe. The study discusses the prospects of establishing an effective NPRC in Zimbabwe by examining the provisions of the NPRC Bill. The view of the paper is that, without proper guidance from a comprehensive law, the NPRC is bound to be a victim of its own failure.