Coal balls are carbonate concretions formed in peat during the Pennsylvanian and early Permian. Microprobe and microscope analysis reveal that polycrystals of high-Mg calcite (HMC), which are also high in Sr, are the earliest calcium carbonate to form in the Williamson No. 3 coal balls from the Kalo formation in Iowa. This HMC has early diagenetic rims of ferroan and non-ferroan low-Mg calcite (LMC) suggesting diagenesis in meteoric water. The combination of HMC followed by LMC suggests the earliest coal ball carbonate formed in a hydrologically dynamic environment, where saltwater influx into the mire was followed by a return to meteoric pore water. Subsequent generations of carbonate are ferroan and non-ferroan LMC and appear to result from diagenesis of the original HMC fabric with LMC rims. HMC polycrystals from coal balls are among the first abiotic HMC to be reported from the mid-Pennsylvanian; coal balls may be a good source of Pennsylvanian HMC. Coal balls that formed in porous peat (i.e. wood and surficial leaf mats) commonly have abundant radiating arrays of HMC polycrystals. Coal balls that formed in matrix-rich, low porosity peats consist primarily of permineralizing anhedral calcite, which is ferroan LMC. The link between the HMC and porous permeable peat is supported by the distribution of HMC and ferroan LMC in plant cells. Wood cells, which have porous walls, are filled with HMC; fiber cells, which have impermeable walls, are filled with ferroan LMC. This study demonstrates a link between pore volume, porosity, plant cell type, and carbonate fabric.

Thesis (doctoral)--Hochschule zu Stockholm, 1921. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-171).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin, 1936. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [48]-51).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Waikato, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [75]-85) Also available via the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2841号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1418 ; 整理番号: 25526 / The consolidation of peat is complex due to the resultant large strain associated with the highly compressible nature of natural peat deposits and to the rapid changes in soil properties during the consolidation process. In addition, the consolidation process is further complicated by the occurrence of secondary compression which significantly contributes to the overall settlement of peaty soil. Therefore, it is necessary to take these properties into account in order to obtain better predictions from peat consolidation analyses. In the present study, the consolidation behavior of peaty clay found in Sri Lanka is extensively studied using a model based on the elasto-viscoplastic theory. The model can describe the prominent creep behavior of peaty soil as a continuous process. In addition, the model can accommodate the effect of structural degradation on the consolidation process. The analysis takes into account all the main features involved in the peat consolidation process, namely, finite strain, variable permeability, and the effect of secondary compression. Also, it considers the variable compressibility for stage-constructed embankments which exert high levels of pressure on the peaty subsoil. The constitutive equations used in the model and the procedure adapted to account for the above-mentioned features of the analysis are described. The constitutive model is based on Perzyna’s type viscoplastic theory and the Cambridge elasto-plastic theory combined with empirical evidence. In the finite element formulations, which are based on the finite deformation theory, an updated Lagrangian method is adopted. A description of the material parameters used in the model and the procedures applied to evaluate them, with standard laboratory and field tests, are explained. In addition, a performance of the model incorporating the original and the modified Cam-clay theory is evaluated by simulating triaxial test results. A comparison shows that with the present definition of the parameters, the original model yields more representative results than the model based on the modified Cam-clay theory. Initially, the capability of the constitutive model to capture the consolidation behavior is verified using the consolidation model test data on peaty clay found in Sri Lanka. It is confirmed that the constitutive model is able to predict the observed creep characteristics and the effect of sample thickness on settlement predictions for the material under consideration. The performance of the model in predicting the consolidation behavior under field conditions is studied using field data on instrumented earth fill constructed on peaty clay. One-dimensional compression is assumed for the peaty clay due to the large plane area of the fill. Separate analyses are carried out by the model considering the infinitesimal strain theory, the finite strain theory, and the finite strain theory together with the effect of structural degradation in order to explore how these features describe the observed field behavior. Analyses reveal that it is necessary to consider finite deformation together with the effect of structural degradation in order to successfully simulate the resultant large strain and the stagnated pore water pressure observed in the field. The construction of road embankments over peat deposits is quite problematic, and thus, it is often done after first improving the properties of the peaty soil through the utilization of appropriate ground-improvement techniques. Understanding the field response of peaty clay during this improvement process is naturally of great importance. A constitutive model is applied to predict the field performance of embankments constructed on peaty clay using different ground-improvement techniques. The back analysis of embankments constructed with the preloading method indicates that the model can be successfully applied to predict both the deformation and the stability of structures constructed on peaty clays. The stability of the embankment during and after construction is verified by investigating the stress-strain characteristics of the subsoil. The model applications used to predict the consolidation behavior of embankments constructed by the preloading method, combined with other ground-improvement techniques, are then discussed. Embankments constructed with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) and sand compaction piles (SCPs) are considered, and finite element analyses are carried out in all cases by converting the actual three-dimensional conditions that exist around the drains into simplified two-dimensional plane strain conditions. The field behavior when PVDs are installed in the peaty clay is simulated using the equivalent vertical permeability for the PVD-improved subsoil. In the case of SCPs, a conversion scheme is used to transform the axisymmetric nature of sand columns into equivalent plane strain conditions. A comparison of the predicted results with the field observations shows a reasonable agreement. An analysis of the PVD-improved foundation indicates that the installation of PVDs not only accelerates the rate of consolidation, but influences the deformation pattern of the subsoil due to embankment loading. The analysis also shows that the use of PVDs can significantly increase embankment stability. The model prediction for the SCP-improved foundation reveals that the stiffness and the area replacement ratio used in the conversion scheme play vital roles in predicting the behavior of SCP-improved soft grounds. The observed improvements in the bearing capacity of the subsoil and in the stability of the embankment, brought about by the installation of SCPs, can be simulated by the model. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13370号 / 工博第2841号 / 新制||工||1418(附属図書館) / 25526 / UT51-2007-Q771 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡 二三生, 教授 田村 武, 准教授 木元 小百合 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-10Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000775027.pdf: 4819944 bytes, checksum: ba1f3df1a0a75ca230d1ce859c005abc (MD5) / The mobility and availability of arsenic (As) are controlled by the adsorption/precipitation from metal oxides. Therefore the organic matter (OM) present in terrestrial and aquatic environments, in junction with these oxides can also play an important role in the As cycle. In this sense, the present study evaluated the interaction between As species and MO from peat and SHA samples in natura or enriched with Fe(III) or Al(III). The results showed that enrichment Fe(III) or Al(III) in peat or SHA samples significantly increases the interactions between As and MO, with these major interactions in the samples enriched with Fe(III). The interactions were highly dependent at pH levels. The adsorption experiments in peat showed that As(III) species are not adsorbed in peat samples in natura or enriched with Al(III). Adsorption rates of As(V) range from 20.3 to 52.7 g g-1 by different samples of peat. The best fit to the results was obtained using the pseudo-second order kinetic model, and the adsorption of As(V) could be described by the Freundlich isotherm model. Desorption results showed that peat enriched with Fe(III) are effective in As(V) immobilization. In the experiments of As(V) adsorption, where redox potential values have been oscillated by purging with N2 or O2 during the process, no changes in concentrations of As, Fe and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were observed. FTIR analysis revealed the formation of ternary complexes involving As(V) and peat enriched with metals. In complexation reactions between As and SHA, the results showed no interaction between As(III) species and SHA in natura or enriched with Al(III). Small concentrations of As(V) were complexed with the SHA in natura. The amounts of the As(III) complexing capacity were were approximately 3.6 mg g-1 C, while the As(V) values ranged from 5.2 to 6.1 mg g-1 of C. The interference of Al(III)/Fe(III) cations in the interactions of As and SHA was confirmed in reactions...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-07Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:57:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000774465.pdf: 2706014 bytes, checksum: f031888d7889d22d681d56b1284c0768 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-04T11:39:30Z: 000774465_20150207.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-04T11:40:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000774465_20150207.pdf: 616467 bytes, checksum: 6de14d51e6db75789679e49602e10288 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-09T14:35:43Z: 000774465_20150207.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-09T17:15:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000774465.pdf: 2495812 bytes, checksum: e73b7fd025c4ae6a2e09325eb9a7e216 (MD5) / Um dos principais desafios atuais da indústria de fertilizantes é tentar combinar, em um único produto, dois ingredientes tão necessários para o bom desenvolvimento das plantas: matéria orgânica e nutrientes; de forma que os nutrientes sejam disponibilizados em função da necessidade das plantas evitando problemas ambientais causados pelo excesso dos mesmos. Pensando nisso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar a utilização de turfas e de substâncias húmicas de turfas enriquecidas com os micronutrientes Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni e Zn na liberação lenta destes nutrientes em sistema aquoso e solo/planta. Duas amostras de turfas da região de Sergipe (TSA e TSI) foram utilizadas, bem como as substâncias húmicas de ambas amostras (TSA-SH e TSI-SH). As amostras foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas incluindo CHN, FTIR, RMN, TG e MEV. Foram avaliadas as melhores condições de adsorção dos micronutrientes nas amostras de turfas, verificando que as adsorções máximas ocorrem em pH 6,0, assim como o processo de adsorção segue uma cinética de pseudo segunda ordem e o modelo de Langmuir foi melhor ajustado aos dados obtidos. A ordem de afinidade das adsorções em geral foi: Cu>Fe>Ni=Zn=Co>Mn. Os experimentos de liberação das turfas enriquecidas em sistema aquoso e em sistema solo/planta mostraram que a liberação dos micronutrientes segue, em geral, a seguinte ordem: Zn≥Fe>Mn>Co>Ni>Cu e que em pH 6,0 e para a amostra TSI as liberações são maiores. As melhores capacidades de complexação foram obtidas em pH 4,5, sendo que para a amostra TSA-SH as quantidades de micronutrientes complexados foram maiores do que a amostra TSI-SH. Estas diferenças são justificadas pelas diferenças obtidas na estrutura molecular química observadas nas caracterizações. Os complexos mais estáveis são formados com o ferro e os menos estáveis com o zinco, favorecendo a liberação do último. As esferas poliméricas... / One of the main current challenges of the fertilizer industry is to try to combine, in a single product, two ingredients so necessary for good plant growth: organic matter and nutrients, in order that nutrients are available depending on the need of the plants avoiding environmental problems caused by excess thereof. Thinking about this, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the use of peat and peat humic substances enriched with the micronutrients Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in the slow release of these nutrients in a aqueos and soil/plant system. Two peat samples from region of Sergipe (TSA and TSI) were used as well as the humic substances from both samples (TSA-SH and TSI-SH). The samples were characterized by several techniques including CHN, FTIR, NMR, TG and MEV. The best conditions for adsorption of micronutrients on peat samples were evaluated by checking that the maximum adsorption occurred at pH 6.0, and the adsorption process follows a pseudo-second order kinetics and the Langmuir model was best fitted to the data obtained. The order of adsorption affinity in general was: Cu>Fe>Ni=Zn=Co>Mn. The release experiments of peat enriched in the aqueous and in the soil/plant system showed that the release of micronutrients follows, in general, the following order: Zn≥Fe>Mn>Co>Ni>Cu and in the pH 6.0 and for sample TSI the release were greater. The best complexing capacity was obtained at pH 4.5, whereas for the sample TSASH the quantities of micronutrients complexed were higher than for the sample TSISH. These differences are explained by the differences observed in the chemical molecular structure observed in the characterizations. The most stable complexes are formed with iron and the less stable with zinc, favoring the release of the latter. The polymer beads developed with peat and peat humic substances enriched with micronutrients showed satisfactory results and can be classified as slow-release fertilizers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06525.pdf: 5042531 bytes, checksum: 3d56cd1bdaeef2f7545ae8a15cc447ab (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Neste trabalho, duas amostras de turfa (uma decomposta - TD, e outra fibrosa - TF), foram caracterizadas através de várias técnicas instrumentais, incluindo a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), a análise elementar (CHNS), a análise termogravimétrica (TG), a espectroscopia de infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C no estado sólido (RMN 13C). Após a caracterização, essas amostras foram utilizadas em ensaios de adsorção para a avaliação do potencial de remoção das turfas frente ao contaminante pireno em meio aquoso. De modo geral, os resultados revelaram que ambas as amostras são estruturalmente muito semelhantes entre si. Com relação ao processo de adsorção do pireno pelas duas amostras em solução aquosa, foi possível verificar que o mesmo apresentou elevada eficiência, atingindo 91% de remoção para a TD e 92% para a TF. Além disso, o processo de adsorção parece ocorrer em múltiplas camadas, uma vez que dentre as isotermas de adsorção avaliadas, o modelo de Freundlich foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais. A cinética de adsorção foi avaliada por meio das equações de pseudoprimeira ordem e pseudossegunda ordem, sendo o segundo mecanismo mais adequado para avaliar o processo. Dados termodinâmicos revelaram que a adsorção do pireno pelas amostras de turfa é um processo espontâneo nas condições experimentais utilizadas. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos mostram que a eficiência de remoção associada às amostras de turfa abre perspectivas para a sua utilização na remoção desse contaminante de soluções aquosas. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-05T16:58:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Francine Girardello.pdf: 2105923 bytes, checksum: 51f7694767b4afd1bc6e98c73a560493 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-05T16:58:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Francine Girardello.pdf: 2105923 bytes, checksum: 51f7694767b4afd1bc6e98c73a560493 (MD5) / In this study, two peat samples (one decomposed DP, and another fibrous FP) were characterized by several instrumental techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis (CHNS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). These same samples were later used in adsorption tests for assessing the potential removal of peat against the pyrene contaminant. Although the TF present some vegetable structures newer than the TD, the results revealed that both samples are structurally very similar. Regarding the adsorption of pyrene by two samples in aqueous solution, it was possible to verify that it has a high efficiency, reaching 91% removal for the TD and 92% for TF, respectively. In addition, the adsorption process seems to occur in multiple layers, once among the measured adsorption isotherms, the Freundlich model was the best fit to experimental data. The adsorption kinetics was assessed by means of pseudo first and pseudo second order equations, being the second most appropriate mechanism to evaluate the process. Thermodynamic data revealed that the adsorption of pyrene by the peat samples is a spontaneous process under these experimental conditions. Finally, the results show that the removal efficiency associated with the peat samples opens perspectives for its use in removing this contaminant from aqueous solutions.