We use geostatistical and pedotrasnfer functions to estimate the three-dimensional distributions of soil types and hydraulic properties in a relatively large volume of vadose zone underlying the Maricopa Agriculture Center near Phoenix, Arizona. Soil texture and bulk density data from the site are analyzed geostatistically to reveal the underlying stratigraphy as well as finer features of their three-dimensional variability in space. Such fine features are revealed by cokriging soil texture and water content measured prior to large-scale long-term infiltration experiments. Resultant estimates of soil texture and bulk density data across the site are then used as input into a pedotransfer function to produce estimates of soil hydraulic parameter (saturated and residual water content θs and θr, saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks, van Genuchten parameters αand n) distributions across the site in three dimensions. We compare these estimates with laboratory-measured values of these same hydraulic parameters and find the estimated parameters match the measured well for θs, n and Ks but not well for θr nor α, while some measured extreme values are not captured. Finally the estimated soil hydraulic parameters are put into a numerical simulator to test the reliability of the models. Resultant simulated water contents do not agree well with those observed, indicating inverse calibration is required to improve the modeling performance. The results of this research conform to a previous work by Wang et al. at 2003. Also this research covers the gaps of Wang’s work in sense of generating 3-D heterogeneous fields of soil texture and bulk density by cokriging and providing comparisons between estimated and measured soil hydraulic parameters with new field and laboratory measurements of water retentions datasets.

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] production under subsistence farmer management on the sandy soils of southwestern Niger is faced with many challenges, including declining soil fertility, highly variable and scarce rainfall and poor resource base of the peasant farmers in the region. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of management to increase yield and water use efficiency of pearl millet grown on two farmers’ fields in Niger during two growing seasons, 2003 and 2004. The management practices tested were: 1) Five manure treatments (no manure, transported manure, current corralling, a year after corralling, and two years after corralling); 2) The microdose technology (20 kg di-ammonium phosphate ha-1, and 20 kg di-ammonium phosphate ha-1 + 10 kg urea ha-1); and lastly, 3) Three different pearl millet cultivars (Heini Kirei, Zatib, and ICMV IS 89305). In both growing seasons, manure had the greatest effect on the yield and water use of pearl millet at both sites. In 2003 grain yields were 389 kg ha-1 in the NM treatment and 1495 kg ha-1 in the C0 treatment at Banizoumbou whereas at Bagoua, the NM treatment had 423 kg ha-1 vs. 995 kg ha-1 in the C0 treatment. In 2004, the NM treatment at Banizoumbou had 123 kg ha-1 grain yield and the C0 treatment had 957 kg ha-1 whereas at Bagoua the NM treatment had 506 kg ha-1 vs. 1152 kg ha-1 in the C0 treatment. Residual effects of manure led to grain yields in the C1 and C2 treatments which were more than twice as high as in the NM treatment. The improved cultivars were generally superior for grain yields, whereas the local landrace was superior for straw yields at both sites. Root zone drainage was decreased by between 50 to 100 mm, and water use increased by the same amount in the current corrals at the two sites during the two growing seasons. Increased water use under corralling and presence of residual profile moisture at the end of each of the two seasons suggested that water did not limit pearl millet production at the two sites.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Increased pressure on groundwater sources due to increased population size and threats of climate change is driving research to better understand the process of aquifer recharge. Soil pattern is of interest as it serves to partition rainwater into different flowpaths destined for surface runoff, evapotranspiration and deep percolation. The challenges inherent to studying these flowpaths are almost universal as uncertainties concerning spatial and temporal heterogeneity in catchments make the upscaling of models complex. This research addresses these challenges as it aims to improve the catchment scale hydrological models of two aquifer systems: One a fractured bedrock system at the Kogelberg Nature Reserve, Kleinmond, and the other a cover sand system in Riverlands Nature Reserve, Malmesbury. This study focussed on strengthening the link between what is known about a given soil form and the hydrological assumptions that can be drawn from that classification, and formulating the results so that they may ultimately be used to calibrate the recharge prediction models for the respective catchments. The research was done in two parts: The first phase was to conduct soil surveys in both reserves during which soils were classified according to South African Soil Classification. Samples were collected at representative observation points which provided textural data for use in pedotransfer functions (PTFs). These PTFs were used to estimate plant available water (PAW) and hydraulic conductivity (K) for the observed profiles. Infiltration experiments were subsequently done to investigate the infiltration patterns of distinctly different soil forms at two sites from each reserve. The experiments included double ring and mini disc infiltration, volumetric water content determination and flow path visualisation using a staining dye. A statistical comparison between the hydrological properties (K and PAW) of the different soil forms suggest that hydraulic properties differed between the deep sandy soil forms (Fernwood, Pinegrove and Witfontein in Kogelberg and Witfontein, Concordia and Lamotte in Riverlands) and the shallow rocky soil forms (Cartref and Glenrosa in Kogelberg). Thus grouping of hydrological similar units (HSUs) could be done on the basis of the soil forms present within the given catchments. The infiltration study showed that shallow, rocky soils that grade into bedrock would have infiltration rates far greater than those estimated using PTFs in Kogelberg. This is due to the prevalence of continuous preferential flow (PF) of water between coarse fragments in these profiles. Recharge estimates would thus be inaccurate in such soils and calibration using locally derived data is recommended. On the contrary, PTFs produced accurate infiltration estimates relative to measured infiltration rates in deep sandy soils in Kogelberg and Riverlands. The Lamotte soil form is an example of such a soil form. It should however be noted that an increase in PF in these soils had subsequently higher K values than estimated, thus illustrating the link between PF and accelerated infiltration rates. These results confirm that using soil survey information, in the form of a soil map, and calibrated hydrological properties, one can delineate HSUs that encompass a large degree of heterogeneity in a given catchment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verhoogde druk op grondwaterhulpbronne weens die groeiende bevolking en klimaatsverandering dryf tans navorsing om akwifeer hervulling beter te verstaan. Die grondlaag is van belang sienend dat dit reënwater verdeel in oppervlak afloop, evapotranspirasie en diep dreinering. Die uitdagings in hidrologiese navorsing is universeel as gevolg van onsekerhede oor ruimtelike en tydelike variasie wat lei tot komplekse grondwatermodelle. Diè navorsing mik om die tekortkominge in akwifeer hervulling aan te vul deur groundwatermodelle van twee akwifeersisteme te verbeter: Die een is 'n gebroke rots sisteem in die Kogelberg Natuur Reservaat, Kleinmond, en die ander is 'n sand-bedekde sisteem in Riverlands Natuur Reservaat, Malmesbury. Die navorsing streef om die verhouding tussen 'n spesifieke grondvorm en sy hidroliese vloeipaaie te bestudeer en om die gevolgtrekkings so te formuleer dat dit kan gebruik word om die onderskeie grondwatermodelle te kalibreer. Die eerste fase van die navorsing was om 'n grondopname van die onderskeie reservate te doen waartydens die gronde geklassifiseer was volgens die Suid Afrikaanse Grondklassifikasie Sisteem. Grondmonsters is by verteenwoordigende observasiepunte geneem en geanaliseer om tekstuurdata vir pedo-oordraagbare-funksies (PTFs) te kry. Die PTFs was gebruik om plant beskikbare water (PBW) en hidrouliese geleiding (K) te voorspel vir die verskeie observasiepunte. Infiltrasie eksperimente was daarna gedoen om die infiltrasie patroon van twee verskillende grondvorms van elke reservaat te bestudeer. Die eksperimente sluit dubbel- en minidisk-infiltrasie, volumetriese waterinhoud bepaling en vloeipad visualisering met die gebruik van 'n kleurstof in. Die statistiese vergelyking van die hidrouliese eienskappe (K en PBW) en grondvorm dui aan dat die hidrouliese eienskappe verskil tussen die diep, grondvorms met 'n oorwegende sand tekstuur (Fernwood, Pinegrove en Witfontein in Kogelberg en Witfontein, Concordia en Lamotte in Riverlands) en die vlakker, klipperige grondvorms (Cartref en Glenrosa in Kogelberg). Groepering van hidrologies soortgelyke eenhede (HSE's) kan dus op die basis van die teenwoordige grondvorms in 'n opvangsgebied gedoen word. Die infiltrasie studie het bewys dat vlak, klipperige gronde wat tot die rotsbodem gradueer 'n baie hoër infiltratsie tempo sal hê as die PTF voorspelde waardes. Dit is as gevolg van die voorkoms van aaneenlopende voorkeurvloei (VV) van water tussen die growwe materiaal in die profiele, veral die gebroke rots ondergorond. Voorspellings van akwifeer hervulling sal dus onakkuraat wees en kalibrasie met plaaslike data word dus aanbeveel. In teendeel met die begenoemde, het die PTFs akkurate voorspellings gemaak relatief tot die gemete infiltrasie tempo's in die diep sanderige grondvorms in Kogelberg en Riverlands. Dit was duidelik met metings dat 'n toename in aaneenlopende VV hoër gemete K waardes getoon as die voorspelde waardes. Die verband tussen VV en verhoogde infiltrasie tempo word dus hiermee geillustreer. Die resultate bevestig dus dat grondopname data, in die vorm van 'n grondkaart en gekalibreerde hidrouliese eienskappe gebruik kan word om hidrologies soortgelyke eenhede uiteen te sit wat die meerderheid van die variasie in 'n gegewe opvangsgebied insluit. Die HSE's kan gebruik word om grondwatermodelle meer akkuraat te laat funksioneer en dus beter voorspellings te genereer.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The soil management systems involve changes in soil physico-hydrical properties. The objective of this study was (i) characterize the soil physico-hydrical properties in the layer 0-5 cm for different soil management systems in the Cândido Brum watershed, (ii) build a map with the spatial variability of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), (iii) estimate the Ks from other soil physico-hydrical properties and (iv) test the reliability of others pedotransfer functions for Ks found in the literature. The study was conducted in the watershed Cândido Brum, Brazil, which predominate the soil management systems native pasture, native forest, conventional tillage, minimum tillage and no-tillage. Orthogonal contrasts were performed between groups of soil management systems, which compared the effect of soil cultivation, the type of vegetation and bovine trampling, conservation practice and permanent soil cover. Determinations of soil bulk density, porosity, size particles, organic carbon, degree of flocculation, aggregate stability, Ks, air permeability, retention and availability of water and shear stress of the soil were made. Besides being used for the comparison of management systems, the water-physical properties used as input variables for the development of pedotransfer functions for Ks, which used the stepwise method in the selection of variables, and to test the reliability of pedotransfer functions found in the literature. The map of spatial variability of Ks was constructed from data interpolation using kriging. The soils of the watershed under crops had degraded structure, with low organic matter and low aggregates stability. Soil with native pasture had reduced the macroporosity, the Ks and air permeability in relation to other soil management systems. Conservation practices were effective in increasing the retention and vailability of soil water in relation to conventional tillage. The variables that represent the structure of the soil were more accurate in estimating the Ks that the size particle variables. The pedotransfer functions found in the literature, usually developed for soils of temperate climate, were not reliable in the estimation of Ks of soils watershed. The range of spatial dependence of the values of Ks was 141 m. The map of spatial variability allowed the visualization of areas that need management practices and conservation of soil and water. / Os sistemas de manejo do solo implicam em mudanças nas suas propriedades físico-hídricas. O objetivo do estudo foi (i) caracterizar as propriedades físico-hídricas do solo na camada 0-5 cm para diferentes sistemas de manejo da microbacia hidrográfica Cândido Brum, (ii) construir um mapa com a variabilidade espacial da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Ks), (iii) estimar a Ks a partir de outras propriedades físicohídricas do solo e (iv) testar a confiabilidade de funções de pedotransferência para a Ks encontradas na literatura. O estudo foi conduzido na microbacia Cândido Brum, em Arvorezinha-RS, em que predominam os sistemas de manejo campo nativo, mata nativa, preparo convencional, plantio direto e preparo mínimo. Foram realizados contrastes ortogonais entre grupos de sistemas de manejo do solo, em que se comparou o efeito do cultivo, do tipo de vegetação natural e pisoteio animal, das práticas conservacionistas e da cobertura permanente do solo. Foram realizadas determinações de densidade do solo, porosidade, granulometria, carbono orgânico, grau de floculação, estabilidade de agregados, Ks, permeabilidade ao ar, retenção e disponibilidade de água e tensão de cisalhamento do solo. As propriedades físico-hídricas serviram também como variáveis de entrada para a elaboração de funções de pedotransferência para a Ks e para testes de confiabilidade de funções de pedotransferência encontradas na literatura. O mapa de variabilidade espacial da Ks foi construído a partir da interpolação dos dados com o método da krigagem. Os solos cultivados da microbacia apresentaram estrutura degradada, com pouca matéria orgânica e baixa estabilidade de agregados. O uso com campo nativo reduziu a macroporosidade, a Ks e a permeabilidade ao ar em relação aos outros sistemas de manejo do solo. As práticas conservacionistas foram eficientes em aumentar a retenção e a disponibilidade de água no solo em relação ao preparo convencional. As variáveis que representam a estrutura do solo foram mais precisas em estimar a Ks que as variáveis granulométricas. As funções de pedotransferência encontradas na literatura, geralmente elaboradas para solos de clima temperado, não foram confiáveis na estimativa da Ks da microbacia. O alcance da dependência espacial dos valores de Ks foi de 141 m. O mapa de variabilidade espacial possibilitou a visualização de áreas que necessitam de práticas de manejo e conservação do solo e da água.

Due to climate change there is a growing concern for soil organic carbon reservoires. The soil is the largest terrestrial pool of organic carbon and its balance is being increasingly disturbed by conversion of natural to managed ecosystem (for agriculture, forestry and urbanization). There are still large uncertainities with estimating real amount of organic carbon sequestrated in soils. Therefore a number of regional and national soil inventories and monitoring networks are currently established or tested to verify soil carbon changes. Thesis is focused on estimation of soil organic carbon pools in the area of Czech basic map Beroun 12-41-08. It evaluates available soil data and restrictions of their use. Especially is focused on comprehensive soil survey undertaken between 1961 and 1970, on soil properties change in time and how to get missing bulk densities of the soil, particularly through pedotransfer functions. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-08-03T23:08:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoiceCagliari.pdf: 1412838 bytes, checksum: 244299757ce9e71c1219d2018888f982 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-03T23:08:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoiceCagliari.pdf: 1412838 bytes, checksum: 244299757ce9e71c1219d2018888f982 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O fósforo remanescente consiste na concentração de fósforo que permanece em solução após a agitação por 1 hora de uma amostra de solo com solução de CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1 contendo 60 mg L-1 P. O valor de fósforo remanescente pode ser utilizado como um bom indicador da capacidade de sorção aniônica de um solo haja vista ser mais sensível a sua composição mineralógica do que ao teor de sua fração argila. No Brasil, a utilização agronômica do fósforo remanescente é contemplada no sistema oficial de recomendação de fertilizantes e corretivos do Estado de Minas Gerais. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi o de desenvolver uma função de pedotransferência que permitisse estimar com razoável exatidão o valor de fósforo remanescente de solos representativos do Estado de São Paulo, a partir de outros atributos químicos de mais simples e/ou rotineira determinação laboratorial. Nesse contexto, duas funções de pedotransferência foram desenvolvidas com base em redes neurais artificiais (RNA) e análises de regressão linear múltipla (RLM), utilizando um banco de dados constituído por propriedades físicas e químicas de solos amostrados em diferentes localidades do Estado de São Paulo. As redes alimentadas adiante com múltiplas camadas foram utilizadas para desenvolver a função de pedotransferência baseada em RNA e a topologia foi determinada a partir de experimentos sucessivos. Os critérios de escolha da melhor rede neural foram, simultaneamente, o desempenho na etapa de treinamento, medido por meio do erro quadrático médio, e a capacidade de generalização, avaliada por meio de análises estatísticas entre os valores de Prem estimados e determinados analiticamente. A topologia da rede que melhor estimou o fósforo remanescente foi [3 14 1], ou seja, três neurônios na camada de entrada, quatorze em uma única camada intermediária e um na camada de saída; a função de ativação utilizada foi a sigmoidal logística, os valores de entrada foram normalizados entre [0;1] e o algoritmo de aprendizagem utilizado foi o resilient backpropagation. As três variáveis da camada de entrada foram o valor de pH medido em solução de NaF 1 mol L-1 (pH NaF), a soma de bases trocáveis (SB) e o teor de alumínio trocável (Al3+), sendo as duas últimas determinadas rotineiramente em análises de solo e a primeira de mais fácil e rápida obtenção que o fósforo remanescente. A função de pedotransferência baseada em RLM foi desenvolvida considerando as mesmas variáveis de entrada utilizadas na função de pedotransferência baseada em RNA. A comparação entre os desempenhos obtidos, para um mesmo conjunto de validação, mostrou que as funções de pedotransferência baseadas em redes neurais apresentam estimativas mais exatas do fósforo remanescente. Apesar do conjunto de dados utilizado não ser suficientemente abrangente para o estabelecimento de uma função de pedotransferência definitiva para a estimativa do fósforo remanescente, os resultados do presente trabalho indicam como promissor o desenvolvimento de um massivo banco de dados por meio do aproveitamento dos resultados analíticos continuamente gerados pelos vários laboratórios brasileiros dedicados à avaliação da fertilidade do solo e que contemple os valores de fósforo remanescente e pH NaF. Tal banco de dados permitirá o desenvolvimento de uma função de pedotransferência baseada em redes neurais artificiais cuja utilização possibilitará o cálculo imediato de valores suficientemente exatos de fósforo remanescente com razoável economia de recursos financeiros que seriam empregados na análise de um grande número de amostras. / The remaining phosphorus consists of the P concentration that remains in solution after shaking for 1 hour a soil sample with 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 containing 60 mg L-1 P. The remaining phosphorus values can be used as suitable indicators of the soil capacity of anion sorption due to be more dependable on the soil mineralogy than on the soil clay content. In Brazil, the remaining phosphorus is used as an ancillary variable in the official guidelines for determining fertilizer and amender requirements of agricultural soils of the Minas Gerais state. The main goal of this research was to develop a pedotransfer function (PTF) capable of providing fairly accurate estimates of remaining phosphorus values of representative soils of the São Paulo state from often-determined soil chemical properties and/or from other ones of easier determination. In this context, two pedotransfer functions were developed by using artificial neural networks (ANN) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) applied to a database formed by values of soil chemical and physical properties derived from soil surveys previously carried out in different locations of the São Paulo state. The multi-layer feedforward neural networks approach was used for the development of the ANN-based PTF being its topology determined from successive experiments. The simultaneous criteria adopted for choosing the best neural network were the performance during the training stage, measured by the mean squared error, and its capacity of providing accurate Prem values, which was evaluated by using a validation database in which statistical comparisons were done between the measured and estimated Prem values. The topology of the network that provided the most accurate estimates of the remaining phosphorus was [3 14 1], i.e., three neurons at the input layer, fourteen at a unique hidden layer and one neuron at the output layer; further development features included the use of the sigmoid logistic model as activation function, the input of data normalized in the [0;1] interval and the use of the resilient backpropagation learning algorithm. The three variables at the input layer were the soil pH value measured in 1 mol L-1 NaF (pH NaF), the sum of exchangeable bases (SB) and the soil content of exchangeable aluminum (Al3+), being the two last ones usually determined in soil test laboratories whereas the pH NaF determination is easier than the remaining phosphorus one. The MRA-based PTF was developed considering the same input variables of the ANN-based one, i.e., pH NaF, SB and Al3+. The comparisons performed with a same validation database showed that the pedotransfer function developed from artificial neural networks provided more accurate estimates of remaining phosphorus values. Despite the database used for the PTF development not be so comprehensive for the establishment of a definitive pedotransfer function for estimating remaining phosphorus values, the results of the present research indicate as promising the development of a massive database from chemical results often obtained by the Brazilian laboratories dedicated to soil fertility evaluation and that includes Prem and pH NaF values. This database will allow the development of a comprehensive ANN-based pedotransfer function capable of not only calculating suitable Prem values for practical applications but also reducing the expenses related to the analyses of a great number of soil samples.

Submitted by ANGÉLICA DOS SANTOS RABELO DE SOUZA BAHIA null (angelicasantosrabelo@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-29T19:00:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Dr_Angélica Bahia.pdf: 3753969 bytes, checksum: 81f8cabc2bcb5658833e4742d2169d1b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-02T15:03:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bahia_asrs_dr_jabo.pdf: 3753969 bytes, checksum: 81f8cabc2bcb5658833e4742d2169d1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T15:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bahia_asrs_dr_jabo.pdf: 3753969 bytes, checksum: 81f8cabc2bcb5658833e4742d2169d1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivos: i) caracterizar a mineralogia da fração argila e estudar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos granulométricos, químicos e mineralógicos do solo com base em informações geológicas, pedológicas e geomorfológicas; ii) avaliar o potencial de utilização da espectroscopia de reflectância difusa (ERD) e suscetibilidade magnética (SM) na estimação dos óxidos de ferro hematita (Hm) e goethita (Gt), atributos granulométricos e químicos do solo nos compartimentos da paisagem; iii) utilizar a ERD e a SM no estudo da quantificação e variabilidade espacial da emissão de CO2 do solo (FCO2) e iv) investigar a eficiência da utilização da SM e dos óxidos de ferro em funções de pedotransferência (FPTs) que sejam capazes de estimar a FCO2. A área de estudo, de 870 ha, está localizada no município de Guatapará – São Paulo, e é cultivada com cana-de-açúcar manejada com palha. A área está inserida na província geomorfológica do Planalto Ocidental Paulista, apresentando três materiais de origem relacionados à transição entre Basaltos Serra Geral, Depósito Colúvio Eluvionar e Depósito Aluvionar, quatro tipos de Latossolos e um Neossolo, além de geomorfologia caracterizada por áreas côncavas e convexas. Foram coletadas 372 amostras na profundidade de 0,00-0,25 m para a avaliação dos atributos do solo. Para o estudo da FCO2 foi delimitada uma área de 90 ha. Para avaliar os métodos indiretos ERD e SM, os dados foram comparados com os resultados de análises químicas, granulométricas e mineralógicas. Todos os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística clássica e geoestatística para avaliar a dependência e variabilidade espacial. A variabilidade de alguns atributos do solo foi estratificada por compartimentos (geologia, pedologia e geomorfologia), com o intuito de entender a influência de cada compartimento na variabilidade dos atributos estudados. A estratificação dos atributos do solo por compartimento geológico, pedológico e geomorfológico é eficaz para o estudo da variação dos atributos estudados. A ERD é uma ferramenta eficaz na caracterização de óxidos de ferro e na identificação das diferentes classes de solos. A SM é útil tanto para melhor detalhamento e readequação das classes de solo, quanto ao conteúdo de ferro e aos intervalos de classe textural, auxiliando na identificação de zonas de manejo. Todos os atributos estudados têm dependência espacial. Os mapas interpolados com base na predição dos atributos por SM e ERD apresentam padrão de variabilidade semelhante aos mapas baseados nos dados observados. No entanto, para solos com altos teores de óxidos de ferro, como os Latossolos férricos, a SM mostrou-se mais indicada para predizer os atributos estudados. Dentre os atributos estudados, os óxidos de ferro e a SM foram os principais preditores da FCO2, provando a eficiência destes como pedoindicadores dos fatores e processos de formação do solo. / This study aims: i) to characterize the clay mineralogy and study the spatial variability of the granulometric, chemical and mineralogical attributes of the soil based on geological, pedological and geomorphological information; ii) to evaluate the potential of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in the estimation of hematite (Hm) and goethite (Gt) iron oxides, granulometric and chemical attributes in the landscape compartments; iii) to use DRS and MS in the study of the quantification and spatial variability of soil CO2 emission (FCO2); and iv) to investigate the efficiency of the use of MS and iron oxides in pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for estimate the FCO2. The study area, 870 ha, is located in the municipality of Guatapará-São Paulo, and is cultivated with sugar cane managed with straw. The area is located in the geomorphological province of Plateau Western Paulista, presenting three materials of origin related to the transition between Serra Geral Basalts, Eluvial-Colluvial Deposit and Alluvial Deposit, four types of Oxisols and one Entisols, besides geomorphology characterized by concave and convex areas. A total of 372 samples were collected at a depth of 0.00-0.25 m for soil attributes. For the FCO2 study, an area of 90 ha was delimited. In order to evaluate the indirect methods DRS and MS, the data were compared with the results of chemical, granulometric and mineralogical analyzes. All data were submitted to classical and geostatistical statistical analysis to evaluate spatial dependence and variability. The variability of some soil attributes was stratified by compartments (geology, pedology and geomorphology), in order to understand the influence of each compartment on the variability of the attributes studied. The stratification of soil attributes for geological, pedological and geomorphological compartment is effective to study the variation of the attributes. DRS is an effective tool in the characterization of iron oxides and in the identification of different soil classes. MS is useful both for better detailing and re-adjustment of soil classes, iron content and textural class intervals, helping to identify management zones. All attributes studied have spatial dependence. The interpolated maps based on attribute prediction by MS and DRS show pattern of variability similar to maps based on observed data. However, for soils with high levels of iron oxides, such as ferric Oxisols, the MS was more indicated to predict the attributes studied. Among the attributes studied, iron oxides and MS were the main predictors of FCO2, proving their efficiency as pedoenvironmental of soil formation factors and processes. / FAPESP: 2013/17552-6

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-15T12:27:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogenes Virginio do Nascimento.pdf: 1474487 bytes, checksum: 048118961940a4468c5c60cb32deca19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T12:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogenes Virginio do Nascimento.pdf: 1474487 bytes, checksum: 048118961940a4468c5c60cb32deca19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work is related to knowledge of Pedotransfer functions (PTF), enabling an understanding about water soil content influenced by soil properties and analyzes to generate PTFs. This study aimed was proposed pedotransfer functions (PTF) based on hydro-physical soil properties and organic carbon to estimate soil moisture. The study was conducted in the area owned by Santa Teresa Plant in Goiana City, PE (7º36'56 "S 34º59'19" W) with sugarcane crop (Saccharum spp) irrigated by Lateral Move System. Field capacity (θfc) and wilting point (θwp) were assumed by dependent variables. Sand, silt, clay, soil bulk density and organic carbon were adopted as independent variables. Pedotransfer functions generated in this study estimate soil moisture to matric potential at -10 kPa, equivalent to θfc, in sandy soils and at -33 kPa to clay soils and matric potential at -1.500 kPa to θwp in 0-20; 20-40 e 40-60cm soil depth. These functions were classified as “Point PTF”, since estimated specific points to matric potential to soil water retention. Statistical indices and graphic analyses (1:1 ratio) between model-predicted and observed data were used to evaluate PTFs performance. The following statistical indices were used: Correlation coefficient (r), Concordance index (d), Maximum error (ME), Square root mean squared error normalized (RMSE), Coefficient of residual mass (CRM), Mean absolute error (MAE), Performance Index (c) and Determination coefficient (R²). Statistical indices that evaluate generated models to estimate soil water content indicated high performance for most of PTFs and good correlation between observed and estimated values at matric potential studied in all soil layers analyzed. Thus, retention water estimated by PTFs can be an interesting alternative to support irrigation management at sugarcane. / Esta dissertação é referente aos conhecimentos sobre Funções de Pedotransferência (FPT), possibilitando um entendimento relacionado ao conteúdo de água no solo a partir das influências nas propriedades do solo e nas análises estabelecidas para gerar as FPTs. O objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar funções de pedotransferência com base em atributos físico-hídricos do solo e a relação do carbono orgânico para estimar a umidade do solo. O trabalho foi realizado na área pertencente à Usina Santa Teresa localizada no município de Goiana, PE (7º36’56”S 34º59’19”W), em área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp) irrigada por sistema Lateral Móvel Linear. As variáveis adotadas como dependentes foram umidade na capacidade de campo (θcc) e umidade no ponto de murcha permanente (θpmp) e as variáveis independentes foram areia, silte, argila, densidade do solo e carbono orgânico. As funções de pedotransferência foram geradas a partir do método de regressão linear múltipla aplicando a técnica de stepwise backward elimination para seleção das variáveis candidatas ao modelo. Assim, as FPT geradas estimam o conteúdo de água no solo equilibrada nos potenciais mátricos equivalentes à umidade na capacidade de campo de -10kPa para solos arenosos, -33kPa para solos argilosos e ao ponto de murcha permanente de -1500kPa, nas camadas de 0-20; 20-40 e 40-60cm, totalizando 99 amostras. Essas funções foram classificadas como FPT pontuais, uma vez que, estima pontos específicos aplicados nas tensões de interesse para retenção de água no solo. O desempenho das Funções de pedotransferência foram analisadas graficamente pela relação 1:1, entre os dados estimados versus dados observados e por meio dos seguintes indicadores estatísticos: Coeficiente de correlação (r), Índice de concordância (d), Erro máximo (ME), Raiz quadrada do erro médio quadrático normalizado (RMSE), Coeficiente de massa residual (CRM), Erro absoluto médio (EAM), Índice de desempenho (c) e coeficiente de determinação (R²). Os índices estatísticos, que avaliam os modelos gerados para estimar a umidade volumétrica no solo estudado, apresentaram valores que indicam elevado desempenho para a maioria das FPTs e boa correlação entre os valores observados e estimados nas tensões estudadas e em todas as camadas de solo analisadas. Assim, a estimativa da retenção de água no solo por meio da FPTs apresenta-se como uma alternativa para auxiliar as técnicas adotadas no manejo de irrigação da cana-de-açúcar.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-05T14:41:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Lopes da Silva.pdf: 2279594 bytes, checksum: 9d16b5a4a812568f5d4017907f2695cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T14:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Lopes da Silva.pdf: 2279594 bytes, checksum: 9d16b5a4a812568f5d4017907f2695cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos - Finep / For any study involving the movement of soil water becomes essential to know the physical and hydraulic properties and their correlations. Both proprieties are of fundamental importance in the storage and transport of water and nutrients, in controlling infiltration and runoff, as well as soil conservation. In this context, this study aimed to do a physical-water characterization of three experimental basins (Jatoba and Mimoso / Pesqueira-PE and Xaréu / Fernando Noronha-PE) in the semiarid, in order to generate information for hydrological modeling and subsidies for soil and water management and conservation. It has been evaluated the physical and hydraulic behavior of soil at different depths and vegetation cover. Physical characterization of soils was carried out by laboratory tests on disturbed and undisturbed samples. The hydraulic characterization was conducted through moisture retention curves and through of hydraulic conductivity (K) tests in the field with the Guelph permeameter. Possession of physical variables and soil organic matter pedotransfer functions (PTF) have been tested to estimate the K0 and moisture in particular tensions in order to compare field and laboratory measurements. Among the attributes analyzed, the organic matter was the one with the highest coefficient of variation in depth in the basins and Mimoso Jatoba. There was also high variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K0) in depth, in the three basins. It was concluded that the hydraulic conductivity no significant difference in hydraulic conductivity means has been verified for the different vegetation covers. Among soils, the Vertisol presented the highest capacity to retain water. It is concluded that the proposed PTF showed low prediction of K0. The PTF for estimatingsoil moisture, also showed low prediction for soils at Xaréu Basins. In the Jatoba and Mimoso Basins, the best prediction for soil moisture at field capacity was obtained by the model proposed by Meng et al. (1987) and the humidity at wilting point, the equation based on the mean texture proposed by Oliveira et al. (2002) showed the best performance. For the water available content for the equation based on unique data set proposed by Oliveira et al. (2002), and Massuti (1997) model showed a good prediction. / Para qualquer estudo que envolva o movimento da água no solo torna-se imprescindível o conhecimento das propriedades físicas e hidráulicas, bem como suas correlações. Ambas têm fundamental importância no armazenamento e transporte de água e de nutrientes, no controle da infiltração e escoamento superficial, bem como na conservação do solo. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo buscou realizar uma caracterização físico-hídrica de três bacias experimentais (Jatobá e Mimoso/Pesqueira-PE e Xaréu/Fernando Noronha-PE) do semiárido, a fim de gerar informações para suporte à modelagem hidrológica e subsídios para o gerenciamento e conservação do solo e da água. Avaliou-se o comportamento físico-hídrico dos solos em diferentes profundidades e coberturas vegetais. A caracterização física dos solos se deu por análises de laboratório com amostras indeformadas e deformadas. A caracterização hidráulica foi realizada por meio de curvas de retenção de umidade e através de testes de condutividade hidráulica (K) em campo com permeâmetro de Guelph. De posse das variáveis físicas e da matéria orgânica do solo, foram testadas funções de pedotransferência (FPT) para estimativa da K0 e umidade em tensões específicas, a fim de comparar com as medidas em campo e laboratório. Dentre os atributos do solo analisados, a matéria orgânica foi o que apresentou o maior coeficiente de variação, em profundidade, nas Bacias do Jatobá e do Mimoso. Verificou-se também, alta variabilidade da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (K0) em profundidade, nas três bacias. Concluiu-se que a condutividade hidráulica não apresentou diferença significativa entre médias, para as diferentes coberturas vegetais. Dentre os solos estudados, o Vertissolo foi o que apresentou a maior capacidade de retenção de água. Conclui-se que as FPT propostas apresentaram baixa predição da K0. As FPT para estimativa da umidade retida a potenciais específicos, também apresentaram baixa predição para os solos da Bacia do Xaréu. Nas Bacias do Jatobá e do Mimoso a melhor predição para umidade na capacidade de campo foi obtida pelo modelo de Meng et al. (1987) e para a umidade no ponto de murcha permanente, a equação baseada na textura média proposta por Oliveira et al. (2002) mostrou o melhor desempenho. Para água disponível a equação baseada no conjunto único de dados proposta por Oliveira et al. (2002), e o modelo de Massuti (1997) apresentaram boa predição.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present study aimed to contribute, in the methodological way, to the field of Soil Science and Irrigation, more specifically Micro-Irrigation (Targeted Irrigation), by in situ to obtain physical and hydric parameters, specially the hydrodynamic functions of a Paleudalf soil. A multi-drip system, whose application is linked to the Drip Method principles, was designed to obtain hydraulic conductivity K(h) and soil-water retention curve θ(h). The system applied flow rates of 2, 4 and 8 L h-1 and, their respective areas of wetting and saturation in the dynamic balance moment were measured and worked as basis for the adjustment of a regression function, so as the saturated flow was estimated in dynamic balance. With the pairs of values to the advances in wetting and time fronts, the declivity of the respective regression line was determined considering the three flow rates tested in the study. The average value of sorptivity calculated was 2.68 cm h-0,5, with values of η = 2.22, β = 0.44 e hw = −2.29 cm H2O. By using these values of soil parameters, the soil-water retention characteristic curve (SWRCC) and the hydraulic conductivity function as function of the water content in the soil were estimated and graphically represented. The retention curve obtained through field experimental data does not match to the one obtained in laboratory according to standard methodology, but it was possible to build an exponential function which allows the correction of the volumetric soil moisture values. / O presente estudo visou contribuir no âmbito metodológico, nas áreas da ciência do solo e da irrigação, notadamente a microirrigação (irrigação localizada), na obtenção in situ de parâmetros físicos e hídricos, em especial as funções hidrodinâmicas do Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico Arênico (PVd). Foi projetado um sistema multi-gotejador , cuja aplicação está vinculada aos princípios do Método do Gotejador , na obtenção da condutividade hidráulica e da curva de retenção de água no solo . Vazões aplicadas de 2, 4 e 8 L h-1 e suas respectivas áreas de molhamento e de saturação no momento do equilíbrio dinâmico serviram de base para o ajuste de uma função de regressão, estimou-se o fluxo saturado em equilíbrio dinâmico. Com os pares de valores do avanço da frente de molhamento e de tempo determinou-se a declividade da respectiva reta de regressão para as três vazões testadas no trabalho. O valor médio de sorptividade calculado foi de 2,68 cm h-0,5, sendo obtidos os valores de η = 2,22, β = 0,44 e hw = −2,29 cm de H2O. Usando estes valores dos parâmetros do solo, a curva característica de retenção de água no solo (CCRAS) e a função da condutividade hidráulica em função do conteúdo de água do solo foram estimados e representados graficamente. A curva característica obtida com dados experimentais de campo não foi igual àquela obtida em laboratório conforme metodologia padrão, mas foi possível obter uma função exponencial que permite corrigir os valores de umidade volumétrica do solo.