Purpose To evaluate the pelvic floor health knowledge base and presence of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in women working in an office environment, and whether this knowledge significantly increases following a pelvic floor health education session and a re-education session. To assess whether this knowledge-acquisition leads to significant decrease in PFD. Participants Female volunteers (N=161), ages 18-69 years, were randomly allocated to Groups A, B or C. Methods Online surveys were completed by all groups on three occasions and included validated tools (Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Quiz, Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20, Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7) plus sexual function and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) exercise items. On completion of the baseline survey, an education session was given to Groups A and B only (Group C represented the controls). Following this, all participants completed the second survey. Two months later, to allow time for efficacy for the PFM exercises, a re-education presentation was given to Group A only, followed by the final survey administered to all. Analysis Of the 161 volunteers, 16 failed to complete all study requirements, leaving 145 questionnaires (Groups A and B n=48, Group C n=49) available for analysis using ANOVA and Descriptive Analysis. Results The knowledge base of the participants receiving the education showed highly significant improvement compared to the control group, and again for those receiving the re-education session. Although only 14% stated that they had PFD, the surveys revealed that 96% of the participants had PFD. The groups receiving the PFM exercise education and strategies to encourage healthier bladder and bowel habits showed significant decrease in PFD symptoms and increase in QoL. Education was successful in producing highly significant increases in knowledge, importance and commitment toward PFM exercise. Conclusion This study is unique as it evaluated pelvic floor health knowledge and presence of PFD of presumably healthy women within an office setting in contrast to patients seeking PFD medical attention. While further research is required, it is clear that low pelvic floor health knowledge was associated with high prevalence of PFD. Further, as knowledge/awareness significantly increased following education, so did QoL, while PFD significantly decreased.

Purpose To evaluate the pelvic floor health knowledge base and presence of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in women working in an office environment, and whether this knowledge significantly increases following a pelvic floor health education session and a re-education session. To assess whether this knowledge-acquisition leads to significant decrease in PFD. Participants Female volunteers (N=161), ages 18-69 years, were randomly allocated to Groups A, B or C. Methods Online surveys were completed by all groups on three occasions and included validated tools (Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Quiz, Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20, Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7) plus sexual function and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) exercise items. On completion of the baseline survey, an education session was given to Groups A and B only (Group C represented the controls). Following this, all participants completed the second survey. Two months later, to allow time for efficacy for the PFM exercises, a re-education presentation was given to Group A only, followed by the final survey administered to all. Analysis Of the 161 volunteers, 16 failed to complete all study requirements, leaving 145 questionnaires (Groups A and B n=48, Group C n=49) available for analysis using ANOVA and Descriptive Analysis. Results The knowledge base of the participants receiving the education showed highly significant improvement compared to the control group, and again for those receiving the re-education session. Although only 14% stated that they had PFD, the surveys revealed that 96% of the participants had PFD. The groups receiving the PFM exercise education and strategies to encourage healthier bladder and bowel habits showed significant decrease in PFD symptoms and increase in QoL. Education was successful in producing highly significant increases in knowledge, importance and commitment toward PFM exercise. Conclusion This study is unique as it evaluated pelvic floor health knowledge and presence of PFD of presumably healthy women within an office setting in contrast to patients seeking PFD medical attention. While further research is required, it is clear that low pelvic floor health knowledge was associated with high prevalence of PFD. Further, as knowledge/awareness significantly increased following education, so did QoL, while PFD significantly decreased.

Women can face a wide range of pelvic floor dysfunctions following pregnancy, ranging from urinary incontinence to pelvic pain. Unfortunately, these problems are not routinely checked for in postpartum check-ups and women do not always bring it to the physician’s attention. Strengthening of the pelvic floor muscles may be able to help women prevent these disorders and improve these women’s lifestyles. The purpose of this thesis was to review and analyze different trials to determine if different pelvic floor dysfunctions (urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and pelvic girdle pain) can be treated using pelvic floor muscle training in the postpartum. After reviewing the literature, it was determined that Pelvic floor muscle training may be effective in treating Urinary incontinence, but there is a lack of research to state that it helps treat sexual dysfunction and pelvic pain. Pelvic floor muscle training is a conservative non-invasive treatment and very simple for women to do on their own, therefore more research should be performed to see if this can be a simple fix to a plethora of problems women face in the postpartum.

Le syndrome génito-urinaire de la ménopause (SGUM) engendre des symptômes importants et des impacts considérables sur la qualité de vie et la fonction sexuelle des femmes post-ménopausées. Les traitements actuels sont efficaces pour soulager un grand nombre de femmes. Toutefois, dans certains cas, ils ne pas soulagent pas tous les symptômes, peuvent entraîner des effets indésirables et être contre-indiqués. Il apparaît alors nécessaire d’identifier des traitements alternatifs ou complémentaires pour le SGUM. Ce projet avait pour but d’approfondir les connaissances sur l’utilisation d’un programme d’exercices des muscles du plancher pelvien (EMPP) pour le traitement du SGUM chez des femmes post-ménopausées. Les objectifs principaux étaient: 1) évaluer les qualités psychométriques d’outils de mesure nécessaires à l’étude du SGUM, 2) étudier la faisabilité et les effets d’un programme d’EMPP auprès de femmes post-ménopausées atteintes du SGUM et 3) investiguer les mécanismes d’action potentiels des EMPP sur le SGUM. Trois projets distincts ont été élaborés dans le cadre de cette thèse. Le premier a permis d’explorer les effets des EMPP sur le SGUM au moyen de l’étude du cas d’une femme post-ménopausée. Suite à l’intervention, les signes et symptômes du SGUM du cas à l’étude se sont améliorés, en plus de leurs impacts sur la qualité de vie et la fonction sexuelle. À la lumière de ces résultats, des hypothèses sur les mécanismes d’action responsables des effets positifs ont été émises, dont une était l’amélioration de la vascularisation vulvovaginale. Le deuxième projet visait donc à évaluer la fidélité de la mesure de la vascularisation d’artères liées aux tissus vulvovaginaux, soit les artères pudendale interne et dorsale du clitoris, à l’aide de l’échographie Doppler. Les résultats recueillis auprès de 20 femmes sans condition urogynécologique ont appuyé la fidélité test-retest de ces mesures. Pour le troisième projet, 32 femmes post-ménopausées atteintes du SGUM ont participé à deux évaluations pré-intervention, un programme d’EMPP de 12 semaines et une évaluation post-intervention. Les évaluations pré-intervention ont permis de confirmer les qualités psychométriques d’outils de mesure du SGUM (Most Bothersome Symptom Approach et Atrophy Symptom questionnaire) en plus de confirmer la fidélité test-retest de la mesure de la vascularisation des artères pudendale interne et dorsale du clitoris à l’aide de l’échographie Doppler chez cette population. Suite à l’intervention, les résultats supportaient la faisabilité d’un programme d’EMPP auprès de femmes post-ménopausées atteintes du SGUM, de par des taux élevés de ii participation à l’intervention et de complétion de l’étude. Les résultats supportaient également l’effet positif de cette intervention en démontrant une diminution significative de la sévérité des symptômes du SGUM, de certains signes du SGUM et de leurs impacts sur leur qualité de vie et leur fonction sexuelle. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent également l’augmentation de la vascularisation vulvovaginale, l’amélioration de la capacité de relâchement des MPP et l’augmentation de l’élasticité des tissus vulvovaginaux comme mécanismes d’actions potentiels d’un programme d’EMPP chez les femmes post-ménopausées atteintes du SGUM. Des études ultérieures devront confirmer nos résultats. / Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) causes significant symptoms and considerable impacts on the quality of life and sexual function of postmenopausal women. Current treatments are effective in alleviating the symptoms of many women. However, in some cases, they do not relieve all symptoms, and may cause side effects and be contraindicated. In these cases, it is necessary to identify alternative or complimentary treatments for GSM. The purpose of this project was to increase knowledge on the use of a pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) program for the treatment of GSM in postmenopausal women. The main objectives were to: 1) evaluate the psychometric qualities of the measurement tools needed to study GSM, 2) study the feasibility and effects of a PFME program in postmenopausal women with GSM, and 3) investigate the potential mechanisms of action of PFME on GSM. Three separate projects were developed for this thesis. The first project was a case study involving a postmenopausal woman, which provided an exploration of the effects of PPME on GSM. In this case study, the woman’s signs and symptoms of GSM improved, as well as her quality of life and sexual function. Considering these results, hypotheses were proposed on the mechanisms of action responsible for the positive effects of PPME on GMS, one of which was the improvement of vulvovaginal vascularization. The second project aimed to assess the accuracy of the measurement of the vascularization of arteries related to vulvovaginal tissues, namely the internal pudendal and dorsal arteries of the clitoris, using Doppler ultrasound. Results from 20 women without urogynecological conditions supported the test-retest reliability of these measurements. For the third project, 32 postmenopausal women with GSM participated in two pre-intervention assessments, a 12-week PFME program, and a post-intervention assessment. The pre-intervention assessments confirmed the psychometric qualities of GSM measurement tools (the Most Bothersome Symptom Approach and the Atrophy Symptom Questionnaire) and the test-retest reliability of the measurement of the vascularization of the internal pudendal and dorsal clitoral artery in this population using Doppler ultrasound. Following the intervention, the results supported the feasibility of a PFME program in postmenopausal women with GSM, due to high rates of participation in the intervention and completion of the study. The results also supported the positive effect of this intervention by demonstrating a significant reduction in the severity of GSM symptoms, certain signs of GSM, and their impact on their quality of life and sexual function. Finally, the results of this study suggest an increase in vulvovaginal vascularization, an improvement in the ability to relax the pelvic floor muscles and an increase in the elasticity of vulvovaginal tissues as potential mechanisms of action of a PFME program in postmenopausal women with GSM. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.