Thesis (Ph. D.)--University OF MICHIGAN.

Thesis (Educat.D.)--Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1975. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 36-06, Section: A, page: 4057.

Thesis (Educat.D.)--Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1977. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 38-02, Section: A, page: 1043.

Thesis (Educat.D.)--Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1981. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 41-12, Section: A, page: 5250.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, 2005. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 3101. Chair: Steven Chermak. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).

The growth of private (and other non-state) forms of policing signals as important a transformation in policing as that which occurred with the emergence of state constabularies in the nineteenth century (Bayley and Shearing 1996; Shearing and Stenning, 1987). The number of private security officers operating in Canada has long surpassed their public counterparts and their everyday presence can be readily seen. Research in this field, insufficient in its quantity, has illustrated that the role of policing is no longer exclusive to government agents---the once clear dichotomy that was is now blurred. The field of private security has received considerable attention on behalf of academics in recent decades, and the vast bulk of it has in fact been rather negative. Critics have argued that commercial security lacks effective regulation, has limited public accountability and demonstrates poor standards of recruitment and training (Johnston, 1999; Johnston, 1992; Jones & Newburn, 1998; Loader, 1999). The research presented herein attempts to examine the potential consequences of such conditions. The exploratory research presented herein has for intent to bring to light, describe and document the extent of malpractice as a reality of private security work. Operating under the hypothesis that malpractice in the field of private security is common and accepted behaviour within the lower, non-managerial ranks of the industry, 47 individuals employed as security officers in Ottawa were surveyed via a self-administered questionnaire to assess their rate of participation in acts otherwise thought of as malpractice and to assess whether or not they did so knowingly and willingly. Findings appeared to confirm the previously hypothesized statement. On multiple items respondents confirmed as constituting malpractice, only a small number of participants reported never to have taken part in their commission. On average, more than 60% of respondents admitted to having committed some form of malpractice. In conjunction with a high number of officers who are fully aware of the wrongful nature of their actions, it becomes disconcerting to realize that malpractice appears to occur often and with the full awareness of the perpetrators. Security providers and policy makers nationwide should heed the warning signs and implement solutions that, only through considerable additional research, may work to instill a more secure sense of security. The veracity of the phenomenon stood out in the sampled population as a potentially harmful consequent of academically criticized working conditions. Though the exploratory nature of the research presented herein does not necessarily provide the tools required to draw meaningful inferences with regards to causes and effects, the results have nonetheless opened themselves to various conclusions and recommendations. First and foremost, malpractice, as defined in this research, exists in the field of private security. Officers employed by security firms tend to engage in such activity on a consistent, if not regular basis. The severity of the offence may vary greatly and is understandably finely tuned to its rate of occurrence; however, the smallest symptoms retain its importance when considering the broader unaddressed regulatory issues. In light of this analysis, it becomes apparent that actions should be taken by managerial ranks to more accurately identify and deal with such behaviour; if not to correct it, at the least it may deter and decrease its existence. Additionally, it was made evident in this research that rates of participation in acts of malpractice were not necessarily contingent upon any misconceptions or confused attitudes toward the types of behaviours that would generally be classified under its heading. Officers reported engaging in such behaviours with full knowledge and a firm belief that their actions were wrongful. It thus seems that employee comportment rules and regulations are successfully disseminated to the lower ranks of security officers. In light of this, efforts should perhaps be aimed more toward an enforcement and identification aspect rather than toward an improved communicative approach. Further empirical research is a must if we are to truly understand the different manifestations of malpractice within the private police and the risks they may pose for the industry and the public they are often tasked to protect. In particular, we must better acquaint ourselves with the motives and the driving forces that would prompt an initial act and any action, or lack thereof, that would encourage subsequent ones. The exploratory goals of this research have but reaffirmed a dire need for additional descriptive analysis of this field of study.

L'intérêt ultime de cette thèse est d'observer si et comment les rapports entre l'État et les citoyens se transforment à l'ère du néolibéralisme et de la société du risque. Pour ce faire, nous avons privilégié un laboratoire particulier soit le débat politique concernant la mise sur pied de la Banque nationale de données génétiques. Compte tenu de sa centralité dans la définition du rapport entre l'État et les citoyens, nous avons questionné notre matériau pour découvrir la place faite à la présomption d'innocence dans le débat entourant l'instauration de cette technologie. Concrètement, la question qui guide notre recherche est: Comment les différents groupes de pression intervenus dans le processus législatif menant à l'adoption de la Banque nationale de données génétiques se représentent-ils la présomption d'innocence? Dans les mémoires des groupes de pression, nous avons analyse comment, à travers ce que les groupes disent, on peut percevoir leur conception de la présomption d'innocence. Nous avons pu dégager trois configurations, ou trois idéaux-types, des représentations de la présomption d'innocence: une présomption de risque, une présomption d'innocence relevant du libéralisme classique et une conception intermédiaire de la présomption d'innocence. Cette recherche, nous l'espérons, participe à combler un manque de connaissances empiriques sur la question de l'ADN en tant qu'objet sociologique et plus précisément sur l'ADN dans la justice criminelle.

Cette thèse s'intéresse aux stratégies et techniques produites par notre société, une société du risque à l'ère néo-libérale, afin d'actualiser le gouvernement d'individus. À cet effet, nous nous sommes attardés à un terrain d'étude particulier, soit le documentaire télévise, en tant que forme de média, sur le phénomène des gangs de rue. Nous avons analysé ce matériau afin de comprendre comment, au travers du discours qui le produit et qu'il produit en retour, il participe au gouvernement de soi et plus précisement, à la subjectivation des individus, voire de l'audience. Cette démarche s'est actualisée par l'identification des énoncés du discours dans lequel s'actualisent les documentaires, énoncés qui régissent les modalités relatives aux individus voulant devenir sujets de celui-ci. Ainsi, nous avons pu repérer les caractéristiques propres aux sujets produits par les documentaires télévisés en matière du phénomène des gangs de rue à la lumière du contexte d'une nouvelle rationalité politique dans laquelle ils émergent.

While the problem of sex offending has become widely researched, little is still known about how individual cases and alleged offenders warrant intervention. For years, research on sex offenders has focused on the male perpetrator and ignored the female perpetrator. There has been some supposition as to why women have been ignored as a topic of inquiry, including traditional gender stereotypes, scepticism on the part of professionals, and biases about its occurrence. In this study, how sex offenders come to be recognized by decision-makers is the focus of inquiry, based on the alleged offender's gender, the gender of the perceived victim, as well as the gender of the decision-maker. Secondarily, this study examined the role that personality plays in the decision-making process regarding men and women alleged of sexual abuse. Using the liberal feminist position to examine gender roles and sexual scripts, as well as West and Zimmerman's (1987) concept of 'doing gender' and a new concept, 'reading gender', in conjunction with personality theory, this study explored how decision-making is conditioned by gendered schema and levels of authoritarianism, "belief in a just world" and sex roles. Using a mixed methods approach, participants completed a questionnaire, and three personality scales. It was found that decision-making is conditioned not only by the gender of the respondent, but also by the offender, in such a way that men and women regarded the same situations of sexual abuse in different ways. The gender difference that became apparent was also conditioned by levels of authoritarianism and "belief in a just world".

Wrongful convictions remain an understudied problem in Canada. With the advent of recent technological advances in the form of forensic DNA analysis, newsprint media agencies have served as a medium for questioning the fallibility of the criminal justice system while raising public awareness of erroneous convictions. The social constructionist theoretical perspective provides the foundational underpinnings of a qualitative content analysis surrounding the print-news coverage of three Canadian wrongful conviction cases: David Milgaard, Guy Paul Morin and Gregory Parsons. Findings indicate disparity in the amount, extent, nature and content of coverage amongst wrongful conviction cases and between national and local coverage. The data suggests that for an individual to conclusively establish factual innocence, DNA technology must not only exonerate the wrongfully convicted individual but must also implicate the 'real' perpetrator. These results suggest the newsprint media is perpetuating a 'hierarchy of wrongful convictions' based on an individual's ability to conclusively establish their factual innocence through the utilization of forensic DNA analysis.