In Hong Kong, the population of the elderly are even growing with longer expectation of life. In the past decade, Chinese elderly have their traditional preference to live with their children and children take up the responsibility to care of the elderly during the late adulthood. The Government’s elderly policy also encourages elderly are the best living with their children by launching housing policy to promote this concept. But challenges come from the ever-changing preference of the elderly in living arrangements. More of them are prefer to live alone or with their couples in order to avoid conflicts with the younger generations or being the financial burden of their children. In the situation that the increasing number of elderly to choose to live as singletons or with couples, the housing needs are increasing as well. This study is then conducted to understand the livability of elderly housing in Hong Kong, in order to investigate how the living environment affecting the physically and psychological conditions of the elderly and review of the existing housing policy in Hong Kong. In the past, there are many study had reviewed the policy of the public rental housing provided by the Government. We could only find few studies on reviewing the housing conditions of the private housing for the elders. It was because they are being considered having stable financial conditions as owning private properties. However, we could easily find out the elders who have suffered from great pressure on living although they have having own properties in Hong Kong. It might greatly relate to decreasing earning power in late adulthood, without a viable retirement protection and demanding responsibility of being owners in maintaining the housing conditions. With the conditions of deteriorating physiological and psychological on the elderly, they have great difficulties to cope with the situation. We would like to find out how the livability of housing conditions and living environment of the elderly in private housing in Hong Kong, after going through all over the chapter in this research study, a conclusion would be made in which recommendations on further housing policy could be summarized on providing better support to the elderly and secure that they could enjoy the living during the late adulthood. / published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

The ageing population has been increasing the healthcare expenditure of Hong Kong and will continue to increase the financial burden. James Fries proposed a phenomenon of compression of morbidity in the early 1980s that the onset of morbidity of elderly can be delayed to a later year and the duration of disability can be compressed. If it works, it could be a solution to ease the burden caused by the ageing population. Scholars around the world have carried out research for the evaluation of the existence of the compression of morbidity and its effects. Inconsistent inter-countries and intra-country results on the effect of compression of morbidity from the studies were reviewed. It was found that compression of morbidity is not necessarily associated with longer life expectancy. Effective policies have to be implemented to work against the causes of morbidity in order to realise the benefits of compression of morbidity. It has to be an integrated policy from healthcare promotion, providing accessible physical exercise facilities, improving air quality through legislation and appropriate public health policy for people of Hong Kong. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Since the hygiene condition and medical services improved in the past few decades, the expectation of life has been lengthened generally. With the baby boom effect, the mass increase in fertility following the World War II result in the problem of ageing population around the world nowadays. The phenomenon alerts the governments of global countries to solve the anticipated ageing problem by catering the needs of the elderly. In addition, the needs of the elderly are changing with the improvement of education level and affluence level. It contributes to elderly in middle-class occupying a larger proportion of the elderly in Hong Kong nowadays. Even though the government has introduced various kind of social policies to deal with the increasing demand and changing needs of the elderly, it is still not enough to satisfy the rising aspiration of the middle-income elderly. In order to fill the market niche for the elderly in the middle-income group, the Hong Kong government invited Hong Kong Housing Society to undertake a tailor-made housing scheme for the elderly on a basis of leased-for-life. Under the Senior Citizen Residence Scheme (SEN), it aims to provide an affordable and quality accommodation with integrated service for the middle-income elderly. As the SEN scheme is built upon the concept of "ageing-in-place" and "continuum of care", it seeks to strike an excellent to enhance the quality of life for the elderly residents. Since the SEN scheme is a pilot project, it would be considered as a relatively new and initiative development of elderly housing project comparing to the overseas' housing development. It is valuable to carry out a comprehensive assessment on the achievement of the SEN scheme. As the scheme is developed upon the concept of "ageing-in-place" and "continuum of care", this paper will focus on assess the effectiveness of the scheme in facilitating the concept of ageing-in-place in various aspects. Also, it will investigate the effectiveness of the scheme in affecting the expectation on the future housing arrangement of the elderly. The result of the assessment would be provide a reference for the authority to foresee whether there is any improvement for further development of ageing-in-place policy. As a result, it believed that the assessment of this paper is significant to gives a recommendation for the development of the upcoming project to build a quality living place for the elderly to age-in-place.iii / published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Durham, 1994. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

The ageing population is growing rapidly in Hong Kong. In addition, the distribution of the elderly concentrates to live in the old urban districts including Central and Western, Wan Chai, Eastern, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon City, Wong Tai Sin, Kwun Tong and Yau Tsim Mong. In order to provide care services for elderly people, the principle of “ageing of place” is adopted by the government aim to the elderly live in a familiar environment. In order to provide a suitable living environment for the elderly, the government has implemented a series of policies on housing, recreational facilities and social elderly services for the elderly who live in the old urban districts. In order to understand whether the elderly are satisfied with the services to be provided by the government, three districts including Central and Western district, Eastern district and Wan Chai district are picked up as target of study which are a high proportion of the elderly living in. Opinions are demanded from the elderly and the representatives of Owners’ Corporation who live in these districts in order to investigate the perception of existence living environment, the recognition of the financial incentive schemes, the most important facilities and elderly services for them in daily life, the satisfaction level of the recreational facilities and the social elderly centre and the importance of maintenance of relationship with neighbours in the old urban districts. The paper finally raised several recommendations for improvement of living environment and elderly services in the old urban districts. They are providing better facilities for the elderly, increasing amount of financial incentive providing more funding for the non-government organization, providing sufficient place for the social elderly centre, providing more recreational facilities and enhancing service delivery. With the better living environment and sufficient of elderly services, the elderly can maintain a healthy life in the old urban districts. / published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

吳榮昌. / "1999年12月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2000. / 參考文獻 (leaves 156-168) / 附中英文摘要. / "1999 nian 12 yue" / Wu Rongchang. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2000. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 156-168) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 鳴謝 --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.ii / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻硏究 --- p.11 / Chapter 第三章 --- 硏究方法 --- p.43 / Chapter 第四章 --- 理論架構 --- p.55 / Chapter 第五章 --- 香港特區老人教育實施現況 --- p.70 / Chapter 第六章 --- 老人教育在院舍中的實施´ؤ´ؤ以一所護理安老院爲例… --- p.83 / Chapter 第七章 --- 社區老人教育新嘗試´ؤ´ؤ耆英進修學院 --- p.103 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論與建議 --- p.109 / 附錄一：老人大學1994及1996年度課程簡介 --- p.115 / 附錄二：老人大學「院長的話」 --- p.121 / 附錄三：「老人大學」1994及1996年度學生心聲 --- p.124 / 附錄四：「老人大學」1994及1996年度上課及活動時間表 --- p.127 / 附錄五：耆英進修學院簡章 --- p.131 / 附錄六：耆英進修學院課程資料一覽表 --- p.134 / 附錄七：耆英進修學院「報名須知」、「學生須知」及地址一覽 --- p.146 / 附錄八：耆英進修學院《學生手冊》 --- p.150 / 附錄九：耆英進修學院宣傳海報 --- p.155 / 參考書目 --- p.156

This thesis is about education in Xinjiang, the choices available to students and parents, and the factors taken into account when making these choices. The subject of language tuition and use has increasingly assumed a central position in the resentment felt by much of the Uyghur population of Xinjiang towards the Chinese government and the Han population. The long-term, policy-driven increase in the use of Mandarin in schools in Xinjiang has accelerated in the last decade as those which have previously used the Uyghur language for the majority of teaching have steadily been converted into bilingual institutions. This change has significantly reduced the linguistic options for Uyghur parents, as ‘bilingual' schools are substantively similar to Chinese-language schools. Mandarin, as the primary language of government and trade in China, is widely recognised by Uyghur parents and students as essential to career success in contemporary Xinjiang and the Uyghur language is not existentially threatened. Nonetheless, this change is lamented by many, even those who chose bilingual or Chinese-language education for their own children. This ethnographic work, largely set in the regional capital of Urumqi, explores the disparity between materially self-interested choices and this sentiment. Contextualising the subject of education against the background of the Uyghur people's general interaction with the Chinese people and state, the thesis contends that there is a communally-maintained avoidance of all influences perceived to be Chinese, and that this avoidance is best understood in ethical terms. Utilising the work of Alasdair Macintyre (1981), it argues that the maintenance of difference from the Han, in the context of a narrative understanding of history which represents all Chinese influence as destructive or dangerous, has come to be understood amongst the Uyghur as virtuous in itself. With evidence drawn from 18 months of fieldwork in Xinjiang and interviews with parents, students and educators, it examines how attempts to maintain this virtue play out against other values and concerns in the choices they make about schooling.

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

Introduction Having a caring family is an important resource to any older person, not only does it provide a great source of care and support when they require others’ help and assistance in performing daily activities, it also serves to alleviate the burden of welfare system and balances health care expenditure. The traditional paradigm reinforced the idea that healthcare is and should be provided by doctors, nurses and health professionals within the healthcare settings (e.g. clinics and hospitals), although family members for centuries had provided care, support and assistance to each other in time of illness. The role of informal care provided by family members was often overlooked. Hong Kong, like many other advanced economies in the world, is facing this care challenge at all levels, including not limited to family, community and institutions as population ages rapidly. The proportion of the population aged 65 or older is estimated to reach a whopping 28% in 2034 from the current 13%, as a result of increased longevity, low fertility rate and the ageing of baby‐boomers. This extends the parent‐child relationship and thus would significantly prolong the extent of care to be provided by adult children. In addition, the majority of older persons in Hong Kong prefer to live and age at home than being institutionalized, implying that a large proportion of long‐term care burden of older persons, of which 74% of them live with multiple chronic diseases, would fall upon informal caregivers within family. Objectives This qualitative study was convened against this background and the purpose of this qualitative study was to develop a better understanding and more comprehensive description of the complicated, fluid, and multidimensional caregiving experience among Chinese caregiving adult children, especially daughters, who assume most responsibilities in caregiving tasks and work a greater number of hours in delivering care as compared to male caregivers by addressing the following three objectives: (1) Capturing more accurately the interaction among different factors that influence their caregiving identity, experiences and subsequent practices; (2) Highlighting the needs and gaps in support services that would allow caregivers to continue caring, working and managing other aspects of their lives; and (3) Adding to the range of perspective towards informal caregiving by conducting a case study of male caregivers. It was hoped that these efforts would enable us to understand the commonalities or essences of the subject matter being investigated and deeper insights could be developed to inform and orientate policies and services, and to make informal caregiving more gender equitable. Findings Nineteen women and two men were interviewed during the study. Their stories highlighted the diverse, wide‐ranging and dynamic nature of informal caregiving experiences. Regarding the study objectives, nine predominant themes were invoked from the participants’ narratives, including: (1) Self-identification with the identity of being an informal caregiver being gradually and socially constructed process through recognizing and acknowledging the roles constituting informal caregiving; (2) Positive and negative feelings occur simultaneously but positive ones are important motivator that keep informal caregivers in their role; (3) Support services remained largely unavailable and inaccessible to informal caregivers; (4) Team approach to caregiving as the flexible solution to family care; (5) Psychosocial support and taking occasional breaks from caregiving duties to get recharged; (6) Influences of family values, living arrangements, time resources, and social expectations towards informal care provided by adult family members; (7) Men focused more on tasks and facts instead of emotions; (8) Men are more assertive when expressing themselves to the care‐recipients and authority figures; and (9) Men were more reserved and less likely to open up and talk about feelings and emotions. Recommendations These themes reflected efforts for understanding informal caregiving in Hong Kong in terms of the forming of identity, the positive and negative experiences of being caregivers and the communication among different values in driving filial behavior among family members in Hong Kong. These had marked the beginning of the long journey to recognizing, supporting, and protecting these unsung heroes and heroines through policies and practices. Three potential directions for future development in regards to adult‐child‐parent caregiving were also discussed, which included: (1) framing informal caregiving as a public health issue; (2) understanding, promoting and celebrating male caregiving; and (3) stocktaking, need‐matching and review of support services. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Like most of the developed cities in the world, Hong Kong has to prepare for the challenges of ageing population after decades of sweet economic growth brought by the baby boom after World War II. According to the projection by the Census and Statistics Department carried out in 2011, the number of people aged 65 and above will rise significantly from 13% in 2011 to 30% in 2041. While almost 40% of the elderly are living in public housing; and numerous researches suggest “Ageing in place” is the unarguable preference of the elderly for them to live with dignity and autonomy in their familiar community, this study is therefore focusing on two questions: First, whether the prevailing housing provisions and policies could facilitate ageing in place for the elderly in the public rental housing estates. Second, what is the way forward for successful and sustainable ageing in place in public rental housing in the coming era of ageing. Three key elements for ageing in place are identified including adequate provision of affordable housing; suitable “environment” meeting the elderly’s needs in physical and social aspects; and a living arrangement assisting formal care by professionals and informal cares by families. Empirical findings concluded that the accessibility of public rental housing for the elderly in the past decade was adequate. However, analysis on the trends of demand and supply for waiting list applicants revealed the potential shortage in future by reference to the lengthening waiting time despite the priority schemes for the elderly all along. The main reasons are the strong resistance to new estate development; and ageing of existing stock. A thorough research in the current housing policies revealed that the Hong Kong Housing Authority has implemented vigorous maintenance and improvements works; and numerous management policies in facilitating the aged people living in public rental housing estates. Their effectiveness was assessed through a case study on a representative old public rental housing estate viz. Kwai Shing West Estate comprising a questionnaire survey with a sample of 49 elderly respondents; field study on the estate facilities and services; and interviews with five knowledgeable stakeholders of government official, resident representative, elderly services providers and District Councillor sharing insights from different perspectives. Case study findings supported that the elderly were satisfied with their living conditions and community in public rental housing estate. However, they generally looked for better transport; more recreational facilities and open spaces; as well as social gathering opportunities to enhance their social lives. On the dark side, the social and community support services were inadequate as limited by the historical establishment and imbalanced allocation amongst estates. The current policies have also failed to identify and assist those “Hidden” elderly. Furthermore, the elderly were not much aware of the social services and housing policies fostering harmonious families. At last, the deteriorating trend of co-residence of the young and elder generations has been weakening the family support and increasing demand on social services of daily living assistance. Based on the empirical findings in my study, several recommendations on the way forward in enhancing ageing in place in public rental housing are attempted. / published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management