Proteins are essential components in most processes in living organisms. The detection and quantification of specific proteins can be used e.g. as measures of certain physiological conditions, and are therefore of great importance. This thesis focuses on development of affinity-based bioassays for specific protein detection. The use of Affibody molecules for specific molecular recognition has been central in all studies in this thesis. Affibody molecules are affinity proteins developed by combinatorial protein engineering of the 58-residue protein A-derived Z domain scaffold. In the first paper, solid phase peptide synthesis is investigated as a method to generate functional Affibody molecules. Based on the results from this paper, chemical synthesis has been used throughout the following papers to produce Affibody molecules tailored with functional groups for protein detection applications in vitro and in vivo.   In paper I, an orthogonal protection scheme was developed to enable site-specific chemical introduction of three different functional probes into synthetic Affibody molecules. Two of the probes were fluorophores that were used in a FRET-based binding assay to detect unlabeled target proteins. The third probe was biotin, which was used as an affinity handle for immobilization onto a solid support. In paper II, a panel of Affibody molecules carrying different affinity handles were synthesized and evaluated as capture ligands on microarrays. Paper III describes the synthesis of an Affibody molecule that binds to the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2, (HER2), and the site-specific incorporation of a mercaptoacetyl-glycylglycylglycine (MAG3) chelating site in the peptide sequence to allow for radiolabeling with 99mTc. The derivatized Affibody molecule was found to retain its binding capacity, and the 99mTc-labeling was efficient and resulted in a stable chelate formation. 99mTc-labeled Affibody molecules were evaluated as in vivo HER2-targeting imaging agents in mice. In the following studies, reported in papers IV-VI, the 99mTc-chelating sequence was engineered in order to optimize the pharmacokinetic properties of the radiolabeled Affibody molecules and allow for high-contrast imaging of HER2-expressing tumors and metastatic lesions. The main conclusion from these investigations is that the biodistribution of Affibody molecules can be dramatically modified by amino acid substitutions directed to residues in the MAG3-chelator. Finally, paper VII is a report on the chemical synthesis and chemoselective ligation to generate a cross-linked HER2-binding Affibody molecule with improved thermal stability and tumor targeting capacity.   Taken together, the studies presented in this thesis illustrate how peptide synthesis can be used for production and modification of small affinity proteins, such as Affibody molecules for protein detection applications. / QC 20100719

Acyl groups in biochemical reactions are activated as acyl adenylates; such intermediates are generated by a reaction with ATP. Acyl adenylates are mixed carboxylic-phosphoric anhydrides which are potentially useful as biomimetic reagents for acylation reactions in water. These species have been reported to be unstable and have been isolated without purification. Since the adenylate portion is necessarily complex because it originates from ATP, we reasoned that using a simple alkyl group in place of adenosine might allow the biomimetic process to proceed without the difficulties reported. Our laboratory has developed routes towards such acyl phosphate alkyl monoesters and we have used them for several applications. Such materials react rapidly and selectively with amines in order to produce amides. While reactions utilizing lanthanide ions allow for the selective monoacylation of diols through bis-dentate chelates of the lanthanide. However, the efficiency of diol acylation is limited due to significant hydrolysis of the phosphate reagent and the requirement of a stoichiometric amount of the lanthanide ion. Therefore, three distinct approaches towards improving the efficiency of lanthanide promoted acylation were investigated: addition of an inert co-solvent in an attempt to reduce hydrolysis, eliminating the stoichiometric requirement of the lanthanide by addition of MgII, and the development of immobilized lanthanides as catalysts for acylation. Finally, aminoacyl phosphates are biomimetically activated amino acids and in principle should function as peptide synthesis reagents. The stability and solubility of the activated materials in water presents an opportunity to perform aqueous peptide coupling; such a process is limited by the fact that common peptide coupling agents are either insoluble or unstable in water. Therefore, we investigated the reactions of aminoacyl phosphates with amino acid esters. We find that peptides form readily in buffered solutions, establishing a basis for a general protocol for aqueous amino acid coupling and could be adapted for applications such as solid phase peptide synthesis.

Acyl groups in biochemical reactions are activated as acyl adenylates; such intermediates are generated by a reaction with ATP. Acyl adenylates are mixed carboxylic-phosphoric anhydrides which are potentially useful as biomimetic reagents for acylation reactions in water. These species have been reported to be unstable and have been isolated without purification. Since the adenylate portion is necessarily complex because it originates from ATP, we reasoned that using a simple alkyl group in place of adenosine might allow the biomimetic process to proceed without the difficulties reported. Our laboratory has developed routes towards such acyl phosphate alkyl monoesters and we have used them for several applications. Such materials react rapidly and selectively with amines in order to produce amides. While reactions utilizing lanthanide ions allow for the selective monoacylation of diols through bis-dentate chelates of the lanthanide. However, the efficiency of diol acylation is limited due to significant hydrolysis of the phosphate reagent and the requirement of a stoichiometric amount of the lanthanide ion. Therefore, three distinct approaches towards improving the efficiency of lanthanide promoted acylation were investigated: addition of an inert co-solvent in an attempt to reduce hydrolysis, eliminating the stoichiometric requirement of the lanthanide by addition of MgII, and the development of immobilized lanthanides as catalysts for acylation. Finally, aminoacyl phosphates are biomimetically activated amino acids and in principle should function as peptide synthesis reagents. The stability and solubility of the activated materials in water presents an opportunity to perform aqueous peptide coupling; such a process is limited by the fact that common peptide coupling agents are either insoluble or unstable in water. Therefore, we investigated the reactions of aminoacyl phosphates with amino acid esters. We find that peptides form readily in buffered solutions, establishing a basis for a general protocol for aqueous amino acid coupling and could be adapted for applications such as solid phase peptide synthesis.

Protein arginine methyltransferase, PRMT, is a family of epigenetic enzymes that methylate arginine residues on histone and nonhistone substrates which result in a monomethylation, symmetric dimethylation or asymmetric dimethylation via the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). We discovered a novel interaction between two PRMT isoforms: PRMT1 interacts and methylates PRMT6. In this study site-directed mutagenesis was performed on selected arginines identified from tandem mass spectrometric analysis to investigate major methylation sites of PRMT6 by PRMT1. In combination with radiometric methyltransferase assays, we determined two major methylation sites. Methylations at these sites have significant effects on the nascent enzymatic activity of PRMT6 in H4 methylation. PRMTs have the ability to homodimerize which have been linked to methyltransferase activity. We designed dimerization inhibitors (DMIs) to further investigate the need for dimerization for enzyme activity. Preliminary results suggest that the monomeric form of PRMT1 retains methyltransferase activity comparable to that of the uninhibited PRMT1.

Differences in the expression of antimicrobial peptides in vivo have been proposed as underlying factors influencing susceptibility to infection. In this context, the role of avian b-defensins in inhibiting avian influenza infections is a study object in an ongoing collaboration with the Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology group at Lnu. In this report, an attempt to synthesize two variants of the peptide Anas Platyrhynchos AvBD-8, using Fmoc-based SPPS, is described. The length of AvBD-8 (43 aa) necessitated peptide synthesis in two segments to subsequently be ligated using native chemical ligation. The first component of a 19 aa segment was thus a Dbz-linker, which would allow to ligate this end with a second segment (24 aa). Halfway through the synthesis of this larger segment the batch was split into two pots, allowing the synthesis of two segments differing by one single amino acid (R for W). The composition of these segments were: Dbz-HDTSCTGGAQKCQVANNPA (Dbz-segment), SVVTRCCPIGQKCWGFARTNPPPC(boc) (W-segment), and  SVVTRCCPIGQKCRGFARTNPPPC(boc) (R-segment). Crude product yields were 284,5 mg; 67,6% (Dbz-segment), 137,6 mg; 52,3% (W-segment), and 166,3 mg; 64,2%. Preliminary mass spectrometric analysis on the crude products did not indicate the presence of the desired segments in major mass peaks. Further product purification is necessary in order to allow definite conclusions, but it appears as if the synthesis has not worked. Possible explanations are either impure or degraded reactant(-s), folding or shielding effects of the growing peptide chain at some point inhibiting synthesis, or experimental errors during one or more of the many steps involved in the synthesis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1997. / "May 1997" Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (l. 117-131). Also available on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cruscajunior_e_me_araiq.pdf: 1168682 bytes, checksum: e68054a6af1b3d4f9d9235d07ed0ef75 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho descreve a sintese, a relacao estrutura-funcao, a interacao com membranas e a atividade biologica de um peptideo proveniente da regiao amino-terminal da proteina Esticolisina II (St II). Esta proteina e uma citolisina pertencente a familia das actinoporinas, obtida da anemona marinha Stichodactyla heliantus. Estudos estruturais e biologicos da proteina nativa indicam que a regiao amino-terminal da St II participa do processo de formacao de poros em membranas. Deste modo, visando compreender o comportamento e a importancia dessa regiao para a atividade biologica da St II, 3 analogos contendo os 30 primeiros residuos que compoem a extremidade amino-terminal da St II foram sintetizados e analisados. Os peptideos foram obtidos mediante sintese em fase solida modificando-se um residuo de leucina ou isoleucina por triptofano nas posicoes 2, 7 ou 24. Os estudos conformacionais foram realizados atraves das tecnicas de fluorescencia e dicroismo circular. Para avaliar o comportamento estrutural dos peptideos em solucao, foram realizados estudos de variacao de pH, forca ionica e titulacao com um agente indutor de estrutura, o trifluoroetanol (TFE). Na interacao com mimeticos de membranas, os peptideos foram titulados por tres tipos de detergentes: dodecil-sulfato de sodio (SDS), HPS (N-hexadecil-N,N-dimetil-3-amonio-1-propano-sulfonato) e LPC (1-palmitoil-2-hidroxi-sn-glicero-3- fosfocolina). Complementando o estudo acima, tambem foram realizados experimentos utilizando acrilamida como agente supressor de fluorescencia. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a estrategia de sintese de peptideos em fase solida atraves do protocolo Fmoc/tBu, utilizada na sintese dos peptideos deste trabalho, foi viavel. O processo de purificacao dos peptideos atraves de HPLC tambem se mostrou eficiente e viabilizou a obtencao do material com alto indice de pureza. / In this study, we describe the synthesis, the relation function-structure, the interaction with membranes and the biological activity of the N-terminus region of the protein Sticholysin II (St II). This protein is a citolisin, which belongs to the family of the actinoporins, purified from the sea anemone Stichodactyla heliantus. According to biological and structural studies of the native protein, the N-terminus region of St II is involved on the pore formation process in membranes. In order to elucidate the function and the importance of this region to the biological activity of St II, three analogs containing the first 30 residues of the N-terminus region of St II were synthesized and analyzed. The peptides were obtained by solid phase synthesis and altered through the substitution of a leucine or isoleucine for a tryptophan on the positions 2, 7 and 24. Circular dichroism (CD) and tryptophan fluorescence studies have been carried out to investigate conformational properties of the peptides. In order to evaluate the structural modification on aqueous solution, studies were performed in order to evaluate the pH, ionic strength and addition of the secondary structural-inducing solvent TFE. The interaction studies with micelles were performed using three different surfactants: sodium dodecil-sulfate (SDS), N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammoniumpropanesulfonate (HPS) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and using acrylamide as a fluorescence suppression agent. We have demonstrated that on solid phase peptides synthesis using the Fmoc/tBu strategy is a success. The purification process of peptides through HPLC, has also revealed to be efficient, once the material was obtained with high purity level above 95%. The experiments of hemolytic activity showed that the three peptides have activities in æM concentration, this results reinforce the idea that the 30 residues of the N-terminus region have an important role on pore formation in membranes.

Les foldamères sont considérés comme étant des oligomères capables de s’auto-structurer en solution par le biais de liaisons non covalentes. Ces composés peuvent présenter un grand intérêt biologique dans la mesure où l’on peut en attendre une meilleure résistance aux peptidases, la possibilité de se conjuguer aux ARN et ADN, etc… Au sein des oligomères azapseudopeptidiques, le point d’ancrage de la chaîne latérale est affecté car le CHa de l’acide aminé originel est remplacé par un atome d’azote. Cette substitution engendre la perte du centre chiral CHa et la perturbation des caractéristiques électroniques et structurales des deux liaisons amides adjacentes. Ce travail concerne l’élaboration de nouvelles voies de synthèse de 2:1-[a/aza]-oligomères en solution. Nous avons mis au point un protocole de synthèse généralisable des précurseurs azadipeptidiques Boc-azaAA-AA-OMe orthogonalement protégés. Les 2:1-[a/aza]-trimères, obtenus à partir des précurseurs azadipeptidiques, ont ensuite été engagés dans des réactions d’oligomérisation par couplage peptidique, ce qui nous a permis d’isoler les tous premiers 2:1-[a/aza]-oligomères avec de très bons rendements. La structure des composés préparés a été analysée par spectroscopies RMN, IR, diffraction des RX et par modélisation moléculaire. L’examen des 2:1-[a/aza]-trimères a révélé la formation d’un coude ßII. Les 2:1-[a/aza]-hexamères ont la capacité à s’auto-structurer. D’une manière générale, grâce aux études réalisées par RMN et par IR, nous pouvons fortement envisager que nos 2:1-[a/aza]-oligomères se structurent en solution pour former des foldamères / Foldamers are described as any oligomers with a strong tendency to adopt a specific compact conformation in solution through non covalent interactions. These compounds can make duplexes with RNA and DNA and are more resistant to peptidases. Thus foldamers can have a biological activity. Among azapseudopeptide oligomers, substitution of a nitrogen for the CHa group is a way to preserve the side chains of analogous peptides. This substitution entails the lost of chiral center and the overall conformational and local electronic states might be affected. We have synthesized 2:1-[a/aza]-oligomers on liquid phase. We have developed a new general protocol for obtaining various Boc-azaAA-AA-OMe. Then, 2:1-[a/aza]-trimers, obtained from the precursors, were used in oligomerization reaction by peptidic coupling. By this way, we obtained the first 2:1-[a/aza]-oligomers in very good yields. The structure of the obtained oligomers was analysed by NMR and IR spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction and molecular modelling. The 2:1-[a/aza]-trimers show a ßII-turn and the 2:1-[a/aza]-hexamers structure themselves. On the whole, by NMR and IR spectroscopies, we can strongly consider that our 2:1-[a/aza]-oligomers structure themselves in solution to form foldamers

Due to the pandemic, research concerning SARS-CoV-2 became of the utmost importance. In this research, we aimed to find and synthesize a library of peptide epitopes that carry functional properties of the ACE-2 receptor binding to the virus protein for the purpose of creating a therapeutic treatment (i.e. viral inhibition). In order to do this, we used MST to determine binding affinity. After that, we validated the binding properties of our peptide epitopes and applied them as SARSCoV-2 antibody indicators using ELISA. We, then, functionalized gold nanoparticles with the peptide epitopes to assess its utility as a potential SARS-CoV-2 competitive inhibitor. From the set of peptides in the library, P25 showed the most functional properties in both MST and serological ELISA, while P1 successfully conjugated to the gold nanoparticles in different forms (PEG-P1, linker-P1, and mutated P1). Finally, P1 was validated to have antibody binding through sandwich ELISA. In the future, these findings can be applied to inhibit viral activity through drug delivery.

No description available.