Na questão do bullying, um subtipo de agressão frequente nas escolas, aspectos ligado à organização social do grupo são de importância na compreensão do fenômeno. No presente estudo, avaliamos a correlação entre o bullying/vitimização e as variáveis de popularidade percebida, preferência social e impacto social, num grupo de adolescentes entre 12 e 14 anos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Para avaliação do bullying e da vitimização utilizamos o questionário Peer Assessment e, para avaliar o status social e a popularidade percebida, usamos dois testes sociométricos, cada um com duas perguntas. Verificamos a interação entre as variáveis e os efeitos principais com o uso de Equações de Estimação (GEE) com efeito aleatório. Os resultados mostraram que os adolescentes menos gostados têm mais chance de ser vitimizados, e os mais populares, de serem agressores. Além disso, há correlação direta entre a agressividade e o impacto social de cada um (o quanto é lembrado pelos pares), e há uma relação inversa entre agressividade e preferência social. / Social organization of the group is an important aspect involved in bullying, a frequent type of aggression found in schools. In this study, we present the correlation between bullying / victimization and variables of perceived popularity, social preference and social impact in a group of adolescents between 12 and 14 years old in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Bullying and Victimization were assessed through the Peer Assessment questionnaire and, Social Status and Perceived Popularity were assessed through two sociometric tests, each one with two questions. We used generalized linear model (GEE) to check the interaction between the variables. According to our results, the less liked the more victimized an adolescent will be, and the more popular the higher the chance of being aggressor. In addition, there is a direct correlation between aggressiveness and the social impact of each one (how much the person is remembered by the peers), and there is an inverse relationship between aggressiveness and social preference.

Na questão do bullying, um subtipo de agressão frequente nas escolas, aspectos ligado à organização social do grupo são de importância na compreensão do fenômeno. No presente estudo, avaliamos a correlação entre o bullying/vitimização e as variáveis de popularidade percebida, preferência social e impacto social, num grupo de adolescentes entre 12 e 14 anos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Para avaliação do bullying e da vitimização utilizamos o questionário Peer Assessment e, para avaliar o status social e a popularidade percebida, usamos dois testes sociométricos, cada um com duas perguntas. Verificamos a interação entre as variáveis e os efeitos principais com o uso de Equações de Estimação (GEE) com efeito aleatório. Os resultados mostraram que os adolescentes menos gostados têm mais chance de ser vitimizados, e os mais populares, de serem agressores. Além disso, há correlação direta entre a agressividade e o impacto social de cada um (o quanto é lembrado pelos pares), e há uma relação inversa entre agressividade e preferência social. / Social organization of the group is an important aspect involved in bullying, a frequent type of aggression found in schools. In this study, we present the correlation between bullying / victimization and variables of perceived popularity, social preference and social impact in a group of adolescents between 12 and 14 years old in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Bullying and Victimization were assessed through the Peer Assessment questionnaire and, Social Status and Perceived Popularity were assessed through two sociometric tests, each one with two questions. We used generalized linear model (GEE) to check the interaction between the variables. According to our results, the less liked the more victimized an adolescent will be, and the more popular the higher the chance of being aggressor. In addition, there is a direct correlation between aggressiveness and the social impact of each one (how much the person is remembered by the peers), and there is an inverse relationship between aggressiveness and social preference.

La popularité des jeunes à l’adolescence est reconnue comme étant associée à l’augmentation des conduites agressives à travers le temps. Par contre, peu d’études s’intéressent aux mécanismes permettant d’expliquer ce lien. La présente étude vise à évaluer dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques des amis (i.e., niveaux moyens de popularité et d’agressivité) peuvent jouer un rôle médiateur et permettent d’expliquer la relation entre la popularité et le développement de l’agressivité au début du secondaire. Cette étude longitudinale a été menée auprès de 621 élèves de première et deuxième secondaires provenant de trois écoles secondaires publiques situées dans des milieux socio-économiques défavorisés de la région de Montréal. À trois reprises sur une période d’un an, la popularité perçue et l’agressivité des participants ont été évaluées à partir d’une procédure de nominations par les pairs. De la même façon, l’identité et les caractéristiques des amis ont été évaluées de manière répétée. Les résultats montrent que la popularité perçue en secondaire 1 favorise l’affiliation avec des amis qui sont de plus en plus populaires et agressifs au début du secondaire 2. En retour, l’établissement de relation d’amitié avec des amis agressifs permet d’expliquer l’augmentation des conduites agressives à travers le temps. Aussi bien chez les filles que chez les garçons, l’association entre la popularité perçue et la manifestation ultérieure de comportements agressifs s’explique ainsi par les caractéristiques des amis. La discussion porte sur l’importance du contexte relationnel lorsqu’il s’agit de rendre compte des conséquences développementales associées au fait d’être perçu comme étant populaire au début de l’adolescence. / Teenagers’ popularity is known to be linked to an increase in aggressive behaviors through time. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms that can explain this association. This study aims to assess to which extent friends’ popularity and aggressivity can possibly play a mediating role to explain the relationship between popularity and aggressivity at the beginning of high school. The sample of this longitudinal study consists of 621 students in 7th and 8th grade from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds who attended three public high schools in the Montreal area. The participants’ popularity and aggressivity scores were measured using a peer nominated protocol and assessed three times over a period of one year. Friends’ identity and characteristics were also measured repeatedly using the same procedure. Results show that participants’ popularity in the beginning of 7th grade promotes friendships with peers who are more and more popular and aggressive at the beginning of 8th grade. In return, friendships with aggressive peers can explain the increase in aggressive conducts at the end of 8th grade. The association between perceived popularity and aggressivity, for both boys and girls, can be explained by friends’ characteristics. The discussion focuses on the importance of the relational context when it comes to accounting for the developmental consequences associated with being perceived as popular in early adolescence.

Background: Promotional cues are commonly applied on online travel agency websites. The most common cues were identified to be scarcity, popularity and pricing, which are said to increase consumers’ perception of scarcity, popularity and price and following enhance consumers’ booking intention. There is an increasing interest in promotional cues’ impact on booking intention in the online booking context, however, the results are not coherent as well as previous studies have looked only into intention to book. By applying the theory of planned behavior model to measure booking intention, new theoretical insights regarding promotional cues and booking intention should be given. Furthermore, this should help hotel suppliers to increase booking intention on the own hotel’s website. Purpose: The purpose is to explain how promotional cues found on online hotel booking sites impact the relationship between (1) perceived scarcity, (2) perceived popularity, (3) perceived price and consumers’ booking intention, by using the theory of planned behavior model. Method: This study has taken a deductive approach with quantitative data collection methods. By using a between-subjects experimental design, a fictional online hotel booking scenario was created. In total, data from 379 respondents were collected with a web-based survey. Thereby, respondents were assigned to six different groups (three treatment groups and three control groups). With conducting a manipulation check, it was identified that the perceived pricing group did not show a significant difference between control group and treatment group, however, perceived scarcity and perceived popularity did. For the analysis a correlation and regression analysis were conducted. Several t tests were conducted to find significant differences between diverse variables. Conclusion: A positive moderate relationship was found between perceived scarcity and booking intention, when applying scarcity cues. Furthermore, implementing popularity cues, led also to a moderate positive relationship indicated between perceived popularity and booking intention, however, the relationship was not as strongly correlated as when applying scarcity cues. Thereby, implementing scarcity and popularity cues is an effective tool to increase bookings, however, only to a small amount. Hence, it is important to also pay attention to the other factors influencing booking intention and simply using the cues as support to increase the number of booking.