<p>  </p> <p>Historically, agencies have been reliant on physical infrastructure, crash data, manual data collection, and modeling to evaluate their road networks. Over the past several years, enhanced probe data has become commercially available and has shown itself to be a relatively inexpensive and scalable way to evaluate the performance of road networks. In January 2022 alone, 11.3 billion passenger vehicle trajectory waypoints and 279 million passenger vehicle event records were logged in the state of Indiana. This data, typically segmented into vehicle trajectory waypoints and vehicle event records, contains a variety of information including, but not limited to, location, speed, heading, and timestamp. </p> <p>One use for this enhanced probe data is the evaluation of traffic signals for safety improvements. Typically, agencies require 3 – 5 years of crash data to be able to statistically identify intersections in need of safety improvements. This study compared crash data over a 4.5-year period at 8 signalized intersections to one month of weekday hard-braking and hard-acceleration data from July 2019. A Spearman’s rank-order correlation test was used, and a strong to very strong correlation between event data and crashes could be found indicating that just one month of event data could be an adequate substitute for 3 – 5 years of crash data. </p> <p>The representativeness of this data is often a major concern for many agencies as the usefulness of the data is only as good as the data itself. This paper describes and demonstrates a methodology for measuring connected vehicle penetration using data provided by state highway performance monitoring stations. This study looked at 1.7 billion count station vehicle counts and 70 million connected vehicle records across 381 count stations in 11 different states (California, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin). Across the 11 states and 381 stations, the average percent penetration was 3.8% in August 2020 and 3.9% in August 2021. Drilling down to August 2021, the percent penetration observed among the 187 interstate stations varied from 1.6% in Indiana to 10.0% in Wisconsin. A similar comparison of 162 non-interstate count stations showed a variation of 2.1% in MN and 18.0% in WI on non-interstates. </p>

This paper describes an interactive computer program that can be used as a design tool in assessing the shading effects of trees in relation to buildings. The program determines the area and position of the shadow cast by a tree or group of trees on a surface of a building which can have any orientation. The program outputs numerical and · graphical hourly results at any time of the day, for any day of the year, at any location on the earth, for any relative positioning between the tree and building, and estimates percent irradiation reductions on building surfaces resulting from tree shade. The program allows three different shapes of tree (elliptical, cylindrical, and parabolic) to be used. This program is being interfaced with a commercially available building energy analysis program.

The Cedar Mountain and Dakota Formations are significant gas producers in the southern Uinta Basin of Utah. To date, however, predicting the stratigraphic distribution and lateral extent of potential gas-bearing channel sandstone reservoirs in these fluvial units has proven difficult due to their complex architecture, and the limited spacing of wells in the region. A new strategy to correlate the Cedar Mountain and Dakota Formations has been developed using core, well-log, and 3D seismic data. The detailed stratigraphy and sedimentology of the interval were interpreted using descriptions of a near continuous core of the Dakota Formation from the study area. The gamma-ray and density-porosity log signatures of interpreted mud-dominated overbank, coal-bearing overbank, and channel sandstone intervals from the cored well were used to identify the same lithologies in nearby wells and correlate similar stratal packages across the study area. Data from three 3D seismic surveys covering approximately 140 mi2 (225 km2) of the study area were utilized to generate spectral decomposition, waveform classification, and percent less-than-threshold attributes of the Dakota-Cedar Mountain interval. These individual attributes were combined to create a composite attribute that was merged with interpreted lithological data from the well-log correlations. The overall process resulted in a high-resolution correlation of the Dakota-Cedar Mountain interval that permitted the identification and mapping of fluvial-channel reservoir fairways and channel belts throughout the study area. In the future, the strategy employed in this study may result in improved well-success rates in the southern Uinta Basin and assist in more detailed reconstructions of the Cedar Mountain and Dakota Formation depositional systems.

<p> The oxidation kinetics of a 1.5 ʷ/ₒ silicon-iron alloy in atmospheres of carbon dioxide - carbon monoxide at 890ºC and 1000ºC have been determined with a gravimetric balance as a function of gas composition. The reaction was observed to proceed in three stages. </p> <p> In The initial stage simultaneous growth of wustite-fayalite nodules and an amorphous silica film on different regions of the specimen was observed and this mixed reaction continued until complete coverage by a uniform scale was achieved. A model involving bother lateral and vertical growth of the oxide nodules and vertical growth of the silica film has been proposed to rationalize these kinetics. </p> <p> The second stage involving fluctuations in the reaction rate was observed in atmospheres of low oxidizing potential. These fluctuations were associated with the formation of massive fayalite bands, brought about by silicon supersaturation of the wustite and alloy. At high oxidizing potentials, this stage was not observed. </p> <p> At long times, a third stage consisting of linear reaction kinetics was observed. A model based on gas-oxide interfacial reaction control, involving the dissociation of carbon dioxide and incorporation of the chemisorbed oxygen into the wustite lattice has been advanced to describe these kinetics. The observed gas pressure dependence of the linear rate constants is consistent with the model. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

In this thesis, the theory of metal crystal evaporation and of vapour pressure determinations are presented, followed by a literature survey on the evaporation characteristics of iron, chromium and alloys of iron - chromium. Results are presented for an investigation carried out on the free evaporation kinetics of iron base alloys containing 5 percent and 25 percent chromium for the temperature range 900°C to 1080°C. Also, a complete description of the surface topographies of evaporated specimens is presented using normal, hot stage and interferometric microscopic techniques. These results are correlated in terms of the evaporation theory and pertinent experimental data reported for other metallic systems. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Low moisture veneer and regions of sapwood within hickory engineered wood flooring bonded with soy-flour adhesive are thought to be factors leading to potential performance deficiencies. The goal of this research was to gain a broader understanding of bonding low moisture hickory veneer with soy-based adhesive. Soyad® is of particular interest due to its novel cross-linking chemistry. Impacts of moisture content and wood region (heartwood versus sapwood) were analyzed with dry and wet shear bond strength tests, measurement of percent wood failure, lathe check characterization, and adhesive bondline thickness and penetration depth measurement. Impact of wood region and type (hickory versus red oak) was assessed by comparing wood buffering capacity and delamination following three-cycle water soaking. Dry and wet shear strength values met expectations for engineered wood flooring yet percentage wood failure results were uniformly very low for all combinations of moisture levels and wood regions. In contrast, delamination following wet and dry cycling was minor and within minimum requirements for all specimens tested. The influence of moisture level, wood region and type were inconsistent; statistically significant relationships were not evident within the moisture range studied. However, different wood regions and types exhibited differing veneer buffering capacities that had potential to interfere with pH requirements of Soyad®. Additional study of buffering capacity and resin cure is recommended to determine the significance of the buffering capacity results found in this study. / Master of Science / Performance issues including debonding and delamination have been reported for hickory engineered wood flooring products constructed using a soy-flour based adhesive. Sapwood regions within the composite and extremely low moisture veneer were provided by industry as possible factors that resulted in performance deficiencies. The goal of this research project was to gain a broader understanding of bonding low moisture hickory veneer with Soyad® adhesive. Soy-flour adhesive systems offer many environmental, health, and durability advantages. Soyad® is of particular interest due to its use of natural, renewable soy flour, a novel cross-linking resin, and no added formaldehyde. Test specimens were prepared using heartwood of hickory and red oak and sapwood of hickory. Analytical tests included determination of certain chemical properties of the adhesive and wood veneer, measurement of strength properties of the adhesive bond, and assessment of delamination tendencies of bonded panels following water soaking. Results indicate that moisture levels and the different growth regions and wood type had an inconsistent impact on the bond strengths yet percent wood failure was uniformly low and considered unacceptable by industry. Although this research established a foundation of basic knowledge, more information about adhesive bonding of wood with the recently developed soy based adhesives is needed to optimize the systems and provide technological advancements that lead to more efficient and safe utilization of woody materials from the forest.

ABSTRACT<p> Canada is currently the world leader in red lentil exports, a crop of significant economic importance to Western Canadian producers. It is important for the maintenance and growth of foreign markets that our growers are able to provide a consistent product. In the past few years, our exported red lentils have had variable quality, largely due variable weather conditions. A study was conducted to determine the effect of various preharvest treatments on the milling quality of our current red lentil cultivars. These cultivars, listed in order of increasing seed size, were CDC Robin, CDC Imperial CL, CDC Rosetown, CDC Blaze, CDC Impact CL, CDC Rouleau, CDC Redberry and CDC Red Rider. Replicated plots of each variety were grown in the summers of 2005 and 2006 at Floral, SK and Rouleau, SK. These were chosen with the intent of maximizing environmental differential between locations, especially in terms of soil texture and moisture availability. All locations were laid out using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Replicated plots of each cultivar were subjected to preharvest treatments of desiccation with Diquat or swathing at early, recommended and late stages of maturity. The milling quality of the harvested lentils was determined for all treatment and cultivar combinations.<p> Before preharvest treatments were applied, each plot was assigned a maturity rating based on a 1 (immature) 9 (very mature) scale. Plants exhibiting pods with a buckskin colour and texture on the bottom third of the plant were considered to be at early maturity and assigned a rating of 3. Similarly, when pods of buckskin colour and texture were found in the middle third of the plant, a maturity rating of 6 was assigned while a value of 9 would be assessed when the entire plant had all brown, rattling pods except for a small portion of buckskin pods in the top third of the canopy.<p> Based on this 1-9 scale, a total of six different harvest treatments were carried out: swathing or chemical desiccation at early, intermediate or late stages of maturity. Swathed plots were cut using a gas-powered sickle-mower, then covered with bird mesh which was staked to the ground until harvest to prevent wind damage. Desiccated plots were sprayed with Reglone (diquat) using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer. They were left standing until harvest. Following mechanical harvest, seed from each plot was placed in mesh bags and forced-air-dried to approximately 13% moisture, then placed in a controlled storage chamber held at 5oC.<p> Seed samples of two complete sets of replicated treatments were cleaned, then sized by passing them over round, then slotted sieves using the forty-shakes method. The two most frequent seed diameter and thickness fractions from each plot were set aside for milling. Samples were hydrated to 12.5% moisture which is the ideal moisture content for high milling quality according to research conducted by Dr. Ning Wang at the Grain Research Laboratory in Winnipeg, MB. The samples were then milled using either a Satake or a Turkish table top pulse dehuller. Following milling, samples were passed through a Carter dockage tester (Simon-Day Ltd., Winnipeg, MB) to separate whole and split seeds from broken or damaged seeds and hull material. Each sample was assessed for: 1) milling efficiency (percent split and unsplit cotyledons recovered from the total sample); 2) football recovery (percent dehulled lentils with unsplit cotyledons); and 3) dehulling efficiency (percent of cotyledons with over 98% of the seed coat removed. Dehulling efficiency values were assessed using a DuPont AcurumTM seed scanner (DuPont Canada, Toronto, ON).<p> Under favorable harvest conditions, preharvest treatments had no effect on milling efficiency, percent football recovery or dehulling efficiency. However, plots subjected to cool, wet harvest conditions produced lentil samples of highly variable milling quality. Early desiccation significantly reduced milling efficiency to below 70%, whereas early swathing resulted in milling efficiency above 85%. CDC Robin and CDC Imperial CL had the highest milling efficiencies. Similarly, cool wet harvest conditions caused percent football recovery to drop from approximately 80% to around 50%. Early swathing was the most effective for producing footballs, with smaller-seeded varieties producing the most. Cool, wet harvest caused dehulling efficiency to drop from the 97.3 99.9% range to 91.5 98.7%. Early desiccation had the most negative effect on dehulling efficiency, whereas early swathing produced the highest values. Under these conditions, smaller-seeded varieties had the lowest dehulling efficiencies.<p> The results of this study will be valuable for developing agronomic practices specific to red lentil and for improving the quality of Canadas exported product.

Zinc xanthates polymerize propylene oxide into high polymer (PPO) with coordination mechanism. In order to identify structure and stereoisomerisms of this polymer, PPO was subjected to thermal and column fractionation. Obtained fractions were characterized by end-group analysis, cryoscopy, viscometry, IR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, melting temperature. PPO is composed of a high molecular weight, stereoregular, crystallizable polymer (K-polymer) with low molecular weight (=500 g/mol) D-polymer. Presence of double bonds and hydroxyl terminals was interpreted as the product of an anionic mechanism. K-Polymers can be thermally fractionated on the basis of their melting temperature (Tm) rather than molecular weight (Mwt). It&amp / #8217 / s found that higher Tm fractions have lower Mwt, but they precipitate at higher temperatures than higher Mwt but lower Tm fractions. In column fractionation, K-polymers were deposited on glass beads from isooctane solution in a narrow temperature interval. Then the precipitated samples were split into a number of fractions by using again isooctane but at a higher temperature than the precipitation temperature by increasing residence time from 5 minutes to several hours. It&amp / #8217 / s found that rate of solubility is not controlled by molecular weight, but controlled by percentage crystallinity and Tm. Highest Tm polymers, with relatively higher Mwt showed faster rate of solution than that of lower Tm, lower Mwt but higher percent crystalline fractions. This discrepancy was accounted by suggesting a stereo-block structure where tactic blocks are bound each other with non-crystallizable atactic blocks. The mechanism of polymerization was also discussed in some detail.

ABSTRACT<p> Canada is currently the world leader in red lentil exports, a crop of significant economic importance to Western Canadian producers. It is important for the maintenance and growth of foreign markets that our growers are able to provide a consistent product. In the past few years, our exported red lentils have had variable quality, largely due variable weather conditions. A study was conducted to determine the effect of various preharvest treatments on the milling quality of our current red lentil cultivars. These cultivars, listed in order of increasing seed size, were CDC Robin, CDC Imperial CL, CDC Rosetown, CDC Blaze, CDC Impact CL, CDC Rouleau, CDC Redberry and CDC Red Rider. Replicated plots of each variety were grown in the summers of 2005 and 2006 at Floral, SK and Rouleau, SK. These were chosen with the intent of maximizing environmental differential between locations, especially in terms of soil texture and moisture availability. All locations were laid out using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Replicated plots of each cultivar were subjected to preharvest treatments of desiccation with Diquat or swathing at early, recommended and late stages of maturity. The milling quality of the harvested lentils was determined for all treatment and cultivar combinations.<p> Before preharvest treatments were applied, each plot was assigned a maturity rating based on a 1 (immature) 9 (very mature) scale. Plants exhibiting pods with a buckskin colour and texture on the bottom third of the plant were considered to be at early maturity and assigned a rating of 3. Similarly, when pods of buckskin colour and texture were found in the middle third of the plant, a maturity rating of 6 was assigned while a value of 9 would be assessed when the entire plant had all brown, rattling pods except for a small portion of buckskin pods in the top third of the canopy.<p> Based on this 1-9 scale, a total of six different harvest treatments were carried out: swathing or chemical desiccation at early, intermediate or late stages of maturity. Swathed plots were cut using a gas-powered sickle-mower, then covered with bird mesh which was staked to the ground until harvest to prevent wind damage. Desiccated plots were sprayed with Reglone (diquat) using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer. They were left standing until harvest. Following mechanical harvest, seed from each plot was placed in mesh bags and forced-air-dried to approximately 13% moisture, then placed in a controlled storage chamber held at 5oC.<p> Seed samples of two complete sets of replicated treatments were cleaned, then sized by passing them over round, then slotted sieves using the forty-shakes method. The two most frequent seed diameter and thickness fractions from each plot were set aside for milling. Samples were hydrated to 12.5% moisture which is the ideal moisture content for high milling quality according to research conducted by Dr. Ning Wang at the Grain Research Laboratory in Winnipeg, MB. The samples were then milled using either a Satake or a Turkish table top pulse dehuller. Following milling, samples were passed through a Carter dockage tester (Simon-Day Ltd., Winnipeg, MB) to separate whole and split seeds from broken or damaged seeds and hull material. Each sample was assessed for: 1) milling efficiency (percent split and unsplit cotyledons recovered from the total sample); 2) football recovery (percent dehulled lentils with unsplit cotyledons); and 3) dehulling efficiency (percent of cotyledons with over 98% of the seed coat removed. Dehulling efficiency values were assessed using a DuPont AcurumTM seed scanner (DuPont Canada, Toronto, ON).<p> Under favorable harvest conditions, preharvest treatments had no effect on milling efficiency, percent football recovery or dehulling efficiency. However, plots subjected to cool, wet harvest conditions produced lentil samples of highly variable milling quality. Early desiccation significantly reduced milling efficiency to below 70%, whereas early swathing resulted in milling efficiency above 85%. CDC Robin and CDC Imperial CL had the highest milling efficiencies. Similarly, cool wet harvest conditions caused percent football recovery to drop from approximately 80% to around 50%. Early swathing was the most effective for producing footballs, with smaller-seeded varieties producing the most. Cool, wet harvest caused dehulling efficiency to drop from the 97.3 99.9% range to 91.5 98.7%. Early desiccation had the most negative effect on dehulling efficiency, whereas early swathing produced the highest values. Under these conditions, smaller-seeded varieties had the lowest dehulling efficiencies.<p> The results of this study will be valuable for developing agronomic practices specific to red lentil and for improving the quality of Canadas exported product.